Origens e aplicações de recursos das companhias abertas industriais e comerciais no período 1980-1985

This research had for objective to fammi1iarize the user of accounting information to an efficient instrument in the modern financiaI ana1izes of eva1uation of entities: the Statement of Sources and App1ication of Resources. This statement goes on, ti11 today, to be 1ess used by the financiaI ana1ists because it is not understood concerning its objectives, concepts of Resources and shares of to bui1d and disc10sure the statement. During the period of time between 1980 and 1985 the Brazi1's economy spent of a situation of recession to another of prosperity and growth. In the first four years of the historiaI series, the country had a recession period and it was kept unti1 the end of 1983: the national private company increased its debt degree and decreased its 1iquidity. After 1984 the economy began to grow and that was pushed by the export entities: the entities decreased its debt degree and increased its 1iquidity. The Statement of Sources and Uses of Resources has been bui1t and pub1ished in United States since the 1ast 50 years of nineteenth century, and it has been known as Statement of Funds. In Brazi1 it has just introducted after the Security Exchange Law in 1976 that put 1imits for obrigatority to disc10sure by the companies. This 1aw described, summari1y, the objective, cQII1position and manner to disc1osure. The ma in objective of the statement is to show the financiaI position of the entity. This objective envolves aspects relationed to the long-term's strategy of the company because it disclosure the policy of application of resources in long-term assets, the policy of dividends that has been used, and the structure of resources provided by long-t:erm financing, the resources of the operations, and so on. There are several means of Resources. The concept more used in Brazil is Working Capital, till for orientation of the law. Concepts as Cash and Equivalent-Cash and Net Realizable Assets can be more informatives to the users because they show informations with better complexity, including informations concerning to the short-term. Concerning to the building methods, there are three that are known: the Transations Analizing method, the T-Account method and the Work-Sheet method. AlI of them are efficient, but it's recomendable that the method used can be in accordance with the disclosured formato The statement, despite of others statements, fell \

A Common-feature approach for testing present-value restrictions with financial data

It is well known that cointegration between the level of two variables (labeled Yt and yt in this paper) is a necessary condition to assess the empirical validity of a present-value model (PV and PVM, respectively, hereafter) linking them. The work on cointegration has been so prevalent that it is often overlooked that another necessary condition for the PVM to hold is that the forecast error entailed by the model is orthogonal to the past. The basis of this result is the use of rational expectations in forecasting future values of variables in the PVM. If this condition fails, the present-value equation will not be valid, since it will contain an additional term capturing the (non-zero) conditional expected value of future error terms. Our article has a few novel contributions, but two stand out. First, in testing for PVMs, we advise to split the restrictions implied by PV relationships into orthogonality conditions (or reduced rank restrictions) before additional tests on the value of parameters. We show that PV relationships entail a weak-form common feature relationship as in Hecq, Palm, and Urbain (2006) and in Athanasopoulos, Guillén, Issler and Vahid (2011) and also a polynomial serial-correlation common feature relationship as in Cubadda and Hecq (2001), which represent restrictions on dynamic models which allow several tests for the existence of PV relationships to be used. Because these relationships occur mostly with nancial data, we propose tests based on generalized method of moment (GMM) estimates, where it is straightforward to propose robust tests in the presence of heteroskedasticity. We also propose a robust Wald test developed to investigate the presence of reduced rank models. Their performance is evaluated in a Monte-Carlo exercise. Second, in the context of asset pricing, we propose applying a permanent-transitory (PT) decomposition based on Beveridge and Nelson (1981), which focus on extracting the long-run component of asset prices, a key concept in modern nancial theory as discussed in Alvarez and Jermann (2005), Hansen and Scheinkman (2009), and Nieuwerburgh, Lustig, Verdelhan (2010). Here again we can exploit the results developed in the common cycle literature to easily extract permament and transitory components under both long and also short-run restrictions. The techniques discussed herein are applied to long span annual data on long- and short-term interest rates and on price and dividend for the U.S. economy. In both applications we do not reject the existence of a common cyclical feature vector linking these two series. Extracting the long-run component shows the usefulness of our approach and highlights the presence of asset-pricing bubbles.

Estudo do comportamento do retorno das ações ao redor da data ex-distribuição de capital no mercado acionário brasileiro

Este estudo procura avaliar o comportamento do retorno das ações ao redor das datas ex-distribuição de capital no mercado acionário brasileiro. A partir da metodologia de estudo de eventos encontramos indícios da existência de um retorno anormal médio ao redor do evento. Constatou-se que o retorno anormal persiste do longo do período de 2000 até o fim de 2010. Adicionalmente verificamos que no caso brasileiro não é possível atribuir ao efeito dos impostos a presença do retorno anormal verificado.

Previsão de preços de ativos usando restrições do modelo de valor presente

Motivados pelo debate envolvendo modelos estruturais e na forma reduzida, propomos nesse artigo uma abordagem empírica com o objetivo de ver se a imposição de restrições estruturais melhoram o poder de previsibilade vis-a-vis modelos irrestritos ou parcialmente restritos. Para respondermos nossa pergunta, realizamos previsões utilizando dados agregados de preços e dividendos de ações dos EUA. Nesse intuito, exploramos as restrições de cointegração, de ciclo comum em sua forma fraca e sobre os parâmetros do VECM impostas pelo modelo de Valor Presente. Utilizamos o teste de igualdade condicional de habilidade de previsão de Giacomini e White (2006) para comparar as previsões feitas por esse modelo com outros menos restritos. No geral, encontramos que os modelos com restrições parciais apresentaram os melhores resultados, enquanto o modelo totalmente restrito de VP não obteve o mesmo sucesso.

O BNDES gera lucro econômico? : utilização da metodologia do EVA® para verificar a criação de valor ao acionista

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o BNDES, no período entre 2000 e 2011 gerou lucro econômico para o seu principal acionista, o Governo Federal. Foram analisados demonstrativos financeiros e notas explicativas publicadas neste período para obtenção de dados para o cálculo do Valor Econômico Adicionado ou Economic Value added (EVA®). Esta metodologia deduz o custo de todo o capital empregado na empresa do lucro operacional após os impostos. Além disso, utiliza o custo médio ponderado de capital (CMPC) ou Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) como taxa de remuneração do capital investido para cálculo do custo do capital. O WACC pondera o custo de capital de terceiros, após a dedução da alíquota dos impostos incidentes sobre o lucro e o custo de capital próprio. A utilização de algumas premissas e a elaboração de alguns cenários foram necessários para a estimativa do custo do capital próprio do acionista. Além disso, alguns ajustes, como a inclusão de dividendos e juros sobre capital próprio pagos pelo BNDES ao acionista foram realizados para o cálculo do EVA®, além de outros ajustes contábeis necessários. Ao final do estudo, observamos que, em todos os cenários utilizados, a geração de lucro econômico foi negativa.

Forecasting multivariate time series under present-value-model short- and long-run co-movement restrictions

It is well known that cointegration between the level of two variables (e.g. prices and dividends) is a necessary condition to assess the empirical validity of a present-value model (PVM) linking them. The work on cointegration,namelyon long-run co-movements, has been so prevalent that it is often over-looked that another necessary condition for the PVM to hold is that the forecast error entailed by the model is orthogonal to the past. This amounts to investigate whether short-run co-movememts steming from common cyclical feature restrictions are also present in such a system. In this paper we test for the presence of such co-movement on long- and short-term interest rates and on price and dividend for the U.S. economy. We focuss on the potential improvement in forecasting accuracies when imposing those two types of restrictions coming from economic theory.

Forecasting Multivariate Time Series under Present-Value-Model Short- and Long-run Co-movement Restrictions

This paper has two original contributions. First, we show that the present value model (PVM hereafter), which has a wide application in macroeconomics and fi nance, entails common cyclical feature restrictions in the dynamics of the vector error-correction representation (Vahid and Engle, 1993); something that has been already investigated in that VECM context by Johansen and Swensen (1999, 2011) but has not been discussed before with this new emphasis. We also provide the present value reduced rank constraints to be tested within the log-linear model. Our second contribution relates to forecasting time series that are subject to those long and short-run reduced rank restrictions. The reason why appropriate common cyclical feature restrictions might improve forecasting is because it finds natural exclusion restrictions preventing the estimation of useless parameters, which would otherwise contribute to the increase of forecast variance with no expected reduction in bias. We applied the techniques discussed in this paper to data known to be subject to present value restrictions, i.e. the online series maintained and up-dated by Shiller. We focus on three different data sets. The fi rst includes the levels of interest rates with long and short maturities, the second includes the level of real price and dividend for the S&P composite index, and the third includes the logarithmic transformation of prices and dividends. Our exhaustive investigation of several different multivariate models reveals that better forecasts can be achieved when restrictions are applied to them. Moreover, imposing short-run restrictions produce forecast winners 70% of the time for target variables of PVMs and 63.33% of the time when all variables in the system are considered.

Forecasting multivariate time series under present-value-model short- and long-run co-movement restrictions

Using a sequence of nested multivariate models that are VAR-based, we discuss different layers of restrictions imposed by present-value models (PVM hereafter) on the VAR in levels for series that are subject to present-value restrictions. Our focus is novel - we are interested in the short-run restrictions entailed by PVMs (Vahid and Engle, 1993, 1997) and their implications for forecasting. Using a well-known database, kept by Robert Shiller, we implement a forecasting competition that imposes different layers of PVM restrictions. Our exhaustive investigation of several different multivariate models reveals that better forecasts can be achieved when restrictions are applied to the unrestricted VAR. Moreover, imposing short-run restrictions produces forecast winners 70% of the time for the target variables of PVMs and 63.33% of the time when all variables in the system are considered.

Sociedade em conta de participação : riscos de descaracterização do tipo societário e suas consequências

Este trabalho se dispõe a analisar as características das sociedades em conta de participação ou SCP’s, seus principais usos, os riscos de sua descaracterização e suas respectivas consequências. As SCP’s experimentaram crescimento de sua importância e uso nos últimos anos, sendo constatadas na estruturação de diversos tipos de negócios, com destaque na área imobiliária e na realização de investimentos. Como um dos tipos societários admitidos pela legislação, as SCP’s possuem grande plasticidade em sua utilização, adaptando-se às diversas necessidades de seus usuários. Algumas características específicas, no entanto, devem ser observadas pelas partes, sob risco de sua descaracterização. É o caso do papel dos sócios participantes, que não poderão se envolver na execução do objeto da SCP, nem contribuir para a formação do seu patrimônio especial com serviços que tenham relação direta com o seu objeto. E os riscos vão além daqueles previstos no Código Civil, que aponta a solidariedade, com o sócio ostensivo, do sócio participante perante terceiros afetados. Do ponto de vista fiscal, poderá haver a descaracterização da SCP para se considerar a prestação de serviços, quando ocorrerá a incidência de tributos sobre os pagamentos feitos ao sócio participante a título de dividendos. Outros riscos e consequências em modelos de negócio adotados foram explorados e apontados ao longo do trabalho, em que as SCP’s são utilizadas para dissimular uma situação jurídica, de modo a gozar de alguma vantagem. É o caso da previsão de distribuição de resultado em SCP com bens ou coisa certa e não com capital, poderia dissimular um contrato de compra e venda, e quando tal SCP for formada por um grupo de pessoas, poderia dissimular um consórcio para entrega de bens, regido pela Lei 11.795/2008. A divulgação pública de SCP, para captação de investidores, poderia caracterizar a operação como um contrato de investimento coletivo, regulado pela Lei 6.385/1976. Ao final foram listados, como sugestão, alguns cuidados a serem observados para se evitar os riscos apontados ao longo deste trabalho.

Human colostral phagocytes eliminate enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli opsonized by colostrum supernatant

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Qualidade da silagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) emurchecido ou acrescido de farelo de mandioca

Realizou-se um experimento para avaliar a silagem de capim-elefante cv. Taiwan A-146, submetida a seis tratamentos e quatro repetições: A - capim-elefante emurchecido ao sol por 8 horas; B - capim-elefante sem emurchecimento; C - capim-elefante (98%) mais farelo de mandioca (2%); D - capim-elefante (96%) mais farelo de mandioca (4%); E - capim-elefante (92%) mais farelo de mandioca (8%) e F - capim-elefante (88%) mais farelo de mandioca (12%). A adição de 12% de farelo de mandioca mostrou-se mais eficiente que o emurchecimento em aumentar o teor de matéria seca da silagem. A adição de farelo de mandioca promoveu decréscimo no teor de proteína bruta, matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e hemicelulose de forma linear, porém aumentou os teores de extrativo não nitrogenado, matéria mineral e carboidratos solúveis das silagens. Os teores de ácido lático mostraram-se baixos, indicando que o farelo de mandioca não foi utilizado de forma eficiente pelos lactobacilos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as porcentagens dos ácidos acético, propiônico, butírico e lático nas silagens. O emurchecimento e a adição de farelo de mandioca podem ser utilizados como alternativas para aumentar o teor de matéria seca da silagem.

Use of Medicines Among a Brazilian Elderly Sample: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: The use of multiple medicines is very frequent among the elderly, allowing them to perceive more often adverse side effects from drugs and present undesirable drug interactions.Methods: This article presents a cross-sectional survey about the use of medicines among 300 elderly Brazilians, equally divided into institutionalized and community-dwelling groups.Results: The average daily intake of medicines is 3.2 among institutionalized elderly, a higher (p < 0.001) number when compared with community-dwelling elderly, who takes an average of 1.8 medicines daily. The most commonly used medications are antihypertensives (58.0%), diuretics (23.0%), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (22.7%), supplements (21.7%), antidiabetics (16.3%), and antiulcerants (14.0%). Antiulcerants, diuretics, supplements, and central nervous system drugs are more frequently used by institutionalized than by community-dwelling elderly.Conclusion: In this Brazilian elderly sample, the most widely used medicines were antihypertensives, diuretics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and institutionalized used more medications than community-dwelling elderly. Copyright (C) 2011, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.