1000 resultados para Derivados ácidos de fósforo
Resumo:
Palm oil containing 40% fatty acids was converted to methyl esters using zinc carboxylates as the esterification/transesterification catalyst. The reaction was optimized using a factorial design in which the effects of the alcohol:fatty acids molar ratio (MRAG) and the catalyst concentration (CAT) were assessed. The best conversion was achieved with CAT at 4 wt% and MRAG at 4:1. However, the solid catalyst presented significant structural changes after use. For instance, laurate anions were replaced by carboxylates of higher molecular mass, leading to the formation of a new catalytically active layered structure. Also, the glycerin obtained as a co-product contained 86 wt% glycerol.
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Podophyllotoxin is the most studied lignan because of its use as an antimitotic agent and because it is a precursor of pharmacologically active derivatives. This review describes the anticancer activities of podophyllotoxin and the different processes that have been developed for its extraction and purification from Podophyllum spp. In addition, the synthesis routes of this compound and the development of three semi-synthetic procedures to obtain etoposide, teniposide, and Etopophos are detailed.
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Environmentally friendly acid carbon (CG) catalysts, containing a high amount of sulfonated and oxygenated groups, were prepared from glycerin, a biodiesel waste. CGs were produced by glycerin carbonization in the presence of H2SO4 at 1:3 m:m ratio in a closed autoclave at 180ºC for different times: 0.25; 1; 3 and 6 hours (CG-0.25h; CG-1h; CG-3h and CG-6h, respectively). The catalyst properties for all carbons were evaluated in the glycerol etherification reaction with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). The yield for mono-tert-butyl glycerol (MTBG), di-tert-butyl glycerol (DTBG) and tri-tert-butyl-glycerol (TTBG) was high and very similar for all CGs, of about 43% and 20% for the MTBG and DTBG + TTBG, respectively. Furthermore, the activity of these catalysts were close to those obtained using a commercial resin, Amberlyst-15, of about 50% and 27% for MTBG and DTBG + TTBG, respectively.
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The synthesis of 3-coumarin-carboxylic acids and their application to the total synthesis of the natural products ayapin, coumarin, and umbeliferone in undergraduate organic chemistry experiments is described herein. The synthetic approach consists of a one-pot cyclization between salyciladehydes and Meldrum's acid in water to produce the above mentioned acids, followed by decarboxylation under basic or radical conditions.
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This work presents the biofuel production results of the esterification of fatty acids (C12-C18) and high-acid-content waste vegetable oils from different soap stocks (soybean, palm, and coconut) with methanol, ethanol, and butanol by acid catalysis. We used Amberlyst-35 (A35) sulfonic resin as a heterogeneous acid catalyst and p-toluenesulfonic acid as a homogeneous catalyst for comparison. Both the heterogeneous (A35) and homogeneous (p-toluenesulfonic acid) reactions were performed with 5% w/w of catalyst. The final products were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The homogeneous catalyzed esterification of fatty acids with methanol, ethanol, and butanol produced esters with yields higher than 90%. In the reaction with fatty acids and methanol catalyzed by A35, the best results were achieved with lauric acid and methanol, with a yield of 97%. An increase in the hydrocarbon chain decreased the rate of conversion and yield for stearic acid with methanol, which was 90%. Maximum biodiesel production was achieved from coconut and soybean soap stocks and methanol (96%-98%), which showed conversions very close to those obtained from their respective fatty acids. Microwave irradiation reduced the reaction time from 6 to 1 h in the esterification reaction of fatty acids with butanol.
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We report herein a study on the glycosylation of cyclohexanol with four D-glucosamine-based peracetylated glycosyl chlorides bearing different substituents at C-2 and three glycosylation promoters, silver carbonate, silver triflate and mercury II chloride/mercury II oxide, by the Koenigs-Knorr method. Under the conditions studied, glycosylation was successful only when 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-α-D-glucopyranosyl chloride was used as the glycosyl donor, with silver carbonate proving the best promoter. In order to investigate the influence of the nature of the halogen at C-1, we also carried out the glycosylation of cyclohexanol with 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, a more reactive glycosyl donor. As expected, the yield with the bromide derivative was higher with the three promoters and, again, silver carbonate was the most efficient promoter. Finally, to illustrate the well-known efficient procedure for conversion of the phtalimido group at C-2 to the corresponding acetamido group, cyclohexyl 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phtalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside was converted into cyclohexyl 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-β-D-glucopyranoside in two steps, namely, hydrazinolysis of the phtalimido group followed by chemoselective acetylation of the free amino group by treatment with acetic anhydride in methanol, at 77% overall yield.
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Both primary and secondary amines react with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene to give derivatives of 1-alkylamino-2,4-dinitrobenzene. These compounds are important intermediates for the synthesis of a diverse range of products. The methodology reported in the present study involves either the room temperature reaction or heating at 70 °C in ethanol in the presence of triethylamine. This transformation occurs via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The 1-alkylamino-2,4-dinitrobenzene derivatives were obtained in greater than 90% purified yield. The selective reduction of dinitro compounds is an important synthetic strategy for the synthesis of intermediates for dyes, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The use of SnCl2 as a suspension in EtOAc is a promising method for the regio- and chemo-selective reduction of 1-alkylamino-2,4-dinitrobenzenes to 1-alkylamino-2-amino-4-nitrobenzenes. These products are useful intermediates in organic synthesis.
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The present paper demonstrates the application of functional GGA hybrids, with long-range corrections, for the calculation of the electronic properties of artemisinin and two of its derivatives - artemether e artesunate. Due to the relatively large amount of data obtained, the statistical method of Principal Component Analysis was employed. The functionals of the WB97 family are observed to be the most appropriate for the determining of reactivity indexes, which are the principal descriptors that, probably, are associated with the antimalarial and anticancer properties of this group of molecules. In addition, it was also observed that all the functionals obtained satisfactorily describe the geometric properties of the studied.
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The phenanthridinone heterocyclic system has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the diverse array of physical, chemical and pharmacological properties demonstrated by natural and synthetic derivatives. As a consequence there has been considerable development of synthetic methodology for the synthesis of this and related heterocyclic ring systems. The synthetic literature is discussed and is compared with a direct arylation methodology for the intramolecular cyclization of tertiary (2-iodo)benzoylamides to generate the biaryl bond of these compounds. The efficient methodology allowed the synthesis of a number of previously unknown phenanthridinone products. The photoluminescent properties of representative examples were characterized and it is proposed that the previously unknown compound 1s reveals dual fluorescence in a manner similar to the known compound 1r.
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O fornecimento de nutrientes minerais para a cultura da soja favorece a redução da severidade de Phakopsora pachyrhizi. As cultivares de soja "Embrapa 48" e "Al 83", utilizadas no experimento, apresentam expressão diferenciada da resistência parcial, sendo a "Embrapa 48" mais resistente que a "Al 83". As cultivares foram semeadas em vasos plásticos com substrato composto de areia lavada, terra argilosa e casca de arroz não carbonizada (3:1:2). Os tratamentos adicionados ao substrato, foram constituídos de diferentes níveis de fósforo (P), potássio (K) e combinações. A inoculação das plantas com uredosporos de P. pachyrhizi foi realizada nos estádios fenológicos V2 e R5. Para avaliação foi utilizada a severidade da ferrugem medida aos 14, 17, 21 e 25 dias após a inoculação, sendo calculada a taxa de progresso. Os resultados mostraram influência significativa da nutrição da planta, reduzindo tanto a severidade final como a taxa de progresso da ferrugem com o aumento nos níveis de P e K, para os estádios e cultivares testados. A maior redução foi verificada no estádio V2. A expressão da resistência parcial nas cultivares utilizadas foi influenciada pela variação nos níveis de P e K, sendo em baixas dosagens de P e K, observado maior diferença na expressão no período de latência do fungo. A associação de cultivares com resistência parcial elevada e nutrição mineral equilibrada, são elementos para um programa de manejo integrado que possibilitam maior eficiência no controle da ferrugem da soja, em adição às estratégias com base na evasão e proteção.
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As concentrações de nutrientes (fósforo e nitrogênio) na nascente, cidade e foz do ribeirão Lavapés/ Botucatu-SP foram avaliadas e comparadas com as do rio Capivara. O rio Capivara como o ribeirão Lavapés, possui nascente no alto da cuesta e desemboca suas águas na represa de Barra Bonita/ rio Tietê (Figura 1). O rio Capivara possui uma das nascentes próxima a uma do ribeirão Lavapés e, ambos possuem a foz próxima uma da outra na represa de Barra Bonita. O uso e tipo de solo nas margens de ambos cursos d´águas são bastante parecidos, o que implica em uma poluição rural semelhante, assim a grande diferença que afeta a qualidade da água, entre os dois cursos d´águas é a poluição urbana, na cidade de Botucatu (ribeirão Lavapés). Deste modo procurou-se avaliar a contribuição de nutrientes (fósforo e nitrogênio) do ribeirão Lavapés e rio Capivara na represa de Barra Bonita , e estimar a carga retida no lodo do ribeirão Lavapés e a despejada na represa em função dos lançamentos de esgotos sanitários no mesmo, na cidade de Botucatu. O trabalho foi realizado em um período de seca, sem alagamentos, o que permitiu medir as vazões próximas da foz e avaliar a carga diária, no período, de nutrientes lançados na represa. Foram avaliados também, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda química do oxigênio e condutividade Elétrica. Embora os resultados sejam estimativos e variáveis no tempo, podemos concluir que a poluição na cidade de Botucatu por esgoto sanitário além de inviabilizar o uso da água no seu percurso, e causar outros prejuízos, contribui para agravar a eutrofização na represa de Barra Bonita.
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Na busca de novos nematicidas sintéticos, oito derivados da piperazina foram preparados. Esses compostos, e também dois derivados da piperazina e a piperazina, disponíveis comercialmente, foram submetidos a ensaios biológicos para avaliar a atividade dos mesmos sobre os fitonematóides Meloidogyne incognita e Heterodera glycines. Na concentração de 20 mig mL-1, os compostos causaram de 3 a 73% de mortalidade em M. incognita e de 7 a 58% de mortalidade em H. glycines.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar ácidos húmicos (HA) de diferentes origens por eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE) e avaliar a influência da concentração do tampão borato nesta caracterização. Os resultados mostraram que HA de diferentes origens podem ser rapidamente caracterizados por CZE. Por esta técnica, a caracterização de HA é devido a diferenças na razão carga/tamanho e das propriedades dos componentes individuais, conseqüência de suas diferentes origens.
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A reação de cicloadição [4+3] entre o furano e o cátion oxialílico, gerado in situ a partir da 2,4-dibromopentan-3-ona, forneceu o 2alfa,4alfa-dimetil-8-oxabiciclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ona (1). A oxidação catalítica do oxabiciclo 1 com tetróxido de ósmio em presença de peróxido de hidrogênio em excesso levou à formação do acetonídeo 10, a partir do qual foram obtidos os álcoois 2, 11-15, com rendimentos de 23-86%. O tratamento dos álcoois 11-13 com cloreto de tionila, em presença de piridina, resultou nos respectivos alquenos 17 (94%), 18 (89%) e 19 (80%). A atividade herbicida dos compostos foi avaliada sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular de Sorghum bicolor L. e Cucumis sativus L., nas concentrações de 100 e 250 ppm.
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Neste trabalho foram sintetizados 12 derivados azalactônicos pela metodologia clássica de Plöchl-Erlenmeyer. Destes, um foi avaliado quanto a fotoestabilidade em solução por meio de experimentos de fotodegradação utilizando agentes encapsulantes e diferentes solventes. Para a irradiação das amostras foi empregada uma lâmpada de mercúrio de 80W. Os resultados mostram que a fotodegradação do corante ocorre muito mais rapidamente em solventes polares e que o agente encapsulante é fundamental na sua fotoestabilidade.