Characterization of instrumental and sensory quality of papaya ‘Solo' and 'Local' produced in Santiago - Cape Verde and critical analysis on the importation of papaya

O estudo teve por objectivo fazer a caracterização dos atributos de qualidade de duas variedades (Solo e Local) de papaia produzida em Santiago, Cabo Verde, e definir os atributos que os distribuidores procuram. Foram realizadas avaliações físico-químicas, sensorial e um estudo de mercado. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o peso, cor interior e exterior, textura, espessura da polpa, pH, acidez titulável, SST, fez-se avaliação sensorial a aplicação de um questionário aos importadores de papaia. Os parâmetros SST, Acidez, pH e peso variam significativamente com as variedades, sendo as papaias da variedade Local mais pesadas. A textura varia em função dos graus de maturação, a firmeza apresenta uma diminuição ao longo do amadurecimento, na deformação percebe-se um decréscimo com avançar da maturação, nos parâmetros de cor interna e externa as diferenças encontram-se na interacção entre Variedade e Estado de maturação. A variedade Solo foi mais valorizada na avaliação sensorial assim como no preço, certificação/selo qualidade e doçura pelos distribuidores.

Nutritional ecology of blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae): estimates of critical larval weight for pupation on two different

Under natural environmental conditions, blowflies utilize discrete and ephemeral feeding resources such as decaying carcasses. Competition for food on such feeding substrates is usually very severe, and only the individuals that are capable of attaining the critical larval weight for pupation will be able to survive. This critical weight is hitherto unknown for several blowfly species; therefore, the current work is aimed at obtaining such a critical value for four blowfly species of the genera Chrysomya and Lucilia, deploying two types of feeding substrate, namely, artificial diet and macerated bovine meat. On the whole, the critical weights ranged from 30 to 35 mg. The lowest larval weight which permitted pupation was 30.0 mg for Chrysomya megacephala reared on macerated bovine meat. This species was also the best adapted to pupation at low larval weights in relation to the maximum larval weight for males. Regarding the pupation of females, the best-adapted individual was a C. albiceps specimen exhibiting a critical weight that was equal to 39.20 % of the maximum value obtained. Concerning all the species and diet types, the female individuals exhibited the lowest critical weights that produced viable pupae, probably representing an evolutionary strategy that favoured the survival of females, responsible for the egg formation, contributing to the establishment of future generations. Regarding the loss (in percentage) of adult biomass in relation to the third instar larvae, the females of C. megacephala lost less weight than males in both feeding substrates. On the other hand, such a loss of weight occurred in males of C. albiceps and L. cuprina.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): state of the art techniques and future perspectives.

Transcatheter aortic valve therapies are the newest established techniques for the treatment of high risk patients affected by severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis. The transapical approach requires a left anterolateral mini-thoracotomy, whereas the transfemoral method requires an adequate peripheral vascular access and can be performed fully percutaneously. Alternatively, the trans-subclavian access has been recently proposed as a third promising approach. Depending on the technique, the fine stent-valve positioning can be performed with or without contrast injections. The transapical echo-guided stent-valve implantation without angiography (the Lausanne technique) relies entirely on transoesophageal echocardiogramme imaging for the fine stent-valve positioning and it has been proved that this technique prevents the onset of postoperative contrast-related acute kidney failure. Recent published reports have shown good hospital outcomes and short-term results after transcatheter aortic valve implantation, but there are no proven advantages in using the transfemoral or the transapical technique. In particular, the transapical series have a higher mean logistic Euroscore of 27-35%, a procedural success rate above 95% and a mean 30-day mortality between 7.5 and 17.5%, whereas the transfemoral results show a lower logistic Euroscore of 23-25.5%, a procedural success rate above 90% and a 30-day mortality of 7-10.8%. Nevertheless, further clinical trials and long-term results are mandatory to confirm this positive trend. Future perspectives in transcatheter aortic valve therapies would be the development of intravascular devices for the ablation of the diseased valve leaflets and the launch of new stent-valves with improved haemodynamic, different sizes and smaller delivery systems.

Critical Role of the GM-CSF Signaling Pathway in Macrophage Pro-Repair Activities.

OBJECTIVE: Macrophages play a critical role in intestinal wound repair. However, the molecular pathways that regulate macrophage wound repair activities remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of GM-CSF receptor signaling in the wound repair activities of macrophages. METHODS: Murine macrophages were differentiated from bone marrow cells and human macrophages from monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Crohn's disease (CD) patients. In vitro models were used to study the repair activities of macrophages. RESULTS: We provide evidence that GM-CSF receptor signaling is required for murine macrophages to promote epithelial repair. In addition, we demonstrate that the deficient repair properties of macrophages from CD patients with active disease can be recovered via GM-CSF therapy. CONCLUSION: Our data support a critical role of the GM-CSF signaling pathway in the pro-repair activities of mouse and human macrophages. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Cyclododecane exposure in the field of conservation and restoration of art objects

PURPOSE: Recent work practices in the conservation and restoration involve the use of cyclododecane (CDD, CAS 294-62-2) to protect fragile artifacts during their handling or transportation. Little is known about its toxicity, and no previous exposure has been reported. A short field investigation was conducted to characterize the exposure conditions to both CDD vapors and aerosols.METHODS: Measurements were conducted in the laboratory of conservation and restoration of the archeological service in Bern (Switzerland). Three indoor and four outdoor typical work situations, either during brush or spray gun applications, were investigated. Measurements were performed on charcoal adsorbent tube and analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector.RESULTS: Measurements have been conducted during both brush and spray gun applications. Indoor exposures were of 0.75-15.5 mg/m(3), while outdoors exposures were 19.5-53.9 mg/m(3). Exposures appear to be extremely localized due to both physicochemical properties and application methods of the CDD. Vapor exposure increases dramatically with the confinement of the workplace.CONCLUSION: Preventive measures should be undertaken to limit as much as possible these exposures. Field work in confined areas (ditches, underground) is of particular concern. CDD-coated artifacts or materials should be stored in ventilated areas to avoid delayed exposures. [Authors]

Necrophagous species of Diptera and Coleoptera in northeastern Brazil: state of the art and challenges for the Forensic Entomologist

Inventories on necrophagous insects carried out in Brazil encompass mostly species from the southeastern and central-western regions of the country. This review aims to produce the first checklist of necrophagous Diptera and Coleoptera species of forensic relevance in northeastern Brazil, an area that concentrates high rates of homicides. We performed a literature survey on scientific articles, theses and dissertations regarding necrophagous insect species in the region, and contacted scientists who develop research on forensic entomology. Fifty-two species of Diptera belonging to eight families with previous record of necrophagy were reported in the region: Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Piophilidae, Phoridae, Anthomyiidae and Stratiomyidae. Coleopteran species from six families of forensic relevance were registered, although taxonomical identification remained superficial. Bait traps were the most frequent methodology used, followed by collection on animal carcasses. Seven Dipteran species from two families were registered on human cadavers. All species had been previously reported in other Brazilian states and/or other countries, although none has been effectively used in legal procedures in the region. The status of research on forensic entomology in northeastern Brazil is incipient, and the checklist produced here contributes to the knowledge on the local diversity of necrophagous insects.

La Manie épistolaire : d'une analyse textuelle à une poétique des lettres asilaires conservées à la Collection de l'Art Brut

Relevant globalement de l'analyse de discours, cette thèse se propose en deux temps (questions de méthode, puis analyses) d'étudier dans le détail et d'interpréter des lettres asilaires initialement gardées au sein d'archives médicales de différents hôpitaux psychiatriques de Suisse romande et désormais conservées à la Collection de l'Art Brut, à Lausanne. Ce transfert institutionnel noue le problème central posé par le corpus recueilli : quelle lecture accorder à ces productions qui, dans ces conditions, semblent échapper à toute catégorisation générique a priori ou, en reformulant l'interrogation, en quoi est-ce que les oeuvres d'art brut dépassent-elles leur statut de documents cliniques? Pour répondre à cette ample question, il faut une théorie du langage qui conceptualise des modalités de réception. En l'occurrence, les textes retenus sont abordés à partir de la théorie de Yénonciation, élaborée au moins depuis Emile Benveniste, qui implique de saisir le langage non à partir de la perspective de l'interprété mais depuis celle de l'interprétant.¦Une fois ce fondement énonciatif posé, de nombreux problèmes peuvent être posés et permettent d'architecturer le travail. L'énonciation installe en premier lieu l'univers du discours, qui implique de tenir globalement compte du primat de l'interdiscursivité, autant dans le geste raisonné de constitution du corpus que dans la conduite de son interprétation. En l'occurrence, la thématique de la folie est ici centrale : les production retenues ont en effet d'abord fait l'objet du diagnostic psychiatrique et y ont eu valeur de symptômes ; elles ont ensuite intégré les rangs de la Collection de l'Art Brut, dont les principaux artisans (Jean Dubuffet et Michel Thévoz en tête) ont beaucoup insisté sur le renouvellement du regard à apporter sur la folie, celle-ci y étant considérée pour ses vertus créatrices et contestatrices.¦Le cadrage (doublement) dialogique du corpus implique à grands traits de lier la folie et le langage ou, plus spécifiquement, de faire de la folie non plus une pathologie mais un problème de (théorie du) langage. Pour conceptualiser ce passage, les notions de manie et de manière (Dessons) sont primordiales. La première est dotée d'une mémoire psychiatrique et fait de la folie une maladie mentale dont souffre un individu doté de son empirie et d'une psycho-biologie. La seconde, en revanche, est énonciative et concerne la subjectivation d'un langage, si spécifique qu'il implique de sortir des catégories linguistiques conventionnelles pour le désigner et le décrire, inaptes à le rationaliser. La manière rejoint donc la folie parce qu'elle rend, littéralement, fou (elle déstabilise nos grilles préformatées de lecture). En ce sens, elle implique, dans le discours, de passer d'une énonciation qui n'est pas une simple interlocution (où le langage permet à un sujet de communiquer à propos de quelque chose à un autre sujet) à une énonciation dont la réception fait problème.¦Pour saisir cette énonciation dans le discours, il importe de se débarrasser d'une rhétorique des genres pour passer, radicalement, à une poétique de Γénonciation. La rhétorique ne peut appréhender la spécificité des textes retenus ou, autrement dit, leur mode propre de signifier, pour plusieurs raisons : elle se centre sur les effets provoqués par le discours sur un « auditoire » en vue de certaines visées préalables, elle instrumentalise le langage à des fins uniquement communicatives, elle repose sur un réalisme linguistique (le rapport presque naturel entre le signifiant et le concept qu'il est censé transcrire de façon transparente), elle n'a pas de théorie du sujet (sinon un bien trop flou « locuteur »).¦Une poétique de l'énonciation offre « au contraire » (l'opposition est caricaturale ici) l'avantage de traiter dans le discours d'une énonciation qui n'est pas pensée à partir de modèles collectifs (genres, signe linguistique, ...). Dans ce dernier cas, l'appréhension du discours ne peut considérer que des variations (quand ce n'est pas des « déviances » ou des symptômes) internes à tel ou tel modèle générique, pas remis en cause comme tel. En somme, une poétique renverse la pensée du langage : elle ne l'appréhende plus à partir de catégories qui lui sont externes, mais s'intéresse à des « procédés » indésignables a priori, ou, plus globalement, à un mode spécifique de signifier, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne « fait sens » que pour un seul langage - et pas un autre.¦Le langage est alors si subjectivé qu'il confond son statut d'objet avec celui de sujet. Pour preuve, on ne le désigne plus dans le discours à partir d'une catégorie sociale générique (« c'est une lettre »), mais à partir d'un « nom d'auteur » ou, plus spécifiquement, une manière (« c'est un Aloïse », par exemple pour le cas d'une oeuvre apparentée à l'art brut), sujet théorique de l'énonciation artistique. Cette forme-sujet, comme la nommait Henri Meschonnic dans sa théorie dite du poème, se reconnaît dans l'unité (sémantique) du texte et ouvre dans le discours à un système-sujet d'organisation identifiable à l'échelle élargie d'une oeuvre. Elle permet d'inscrire pleinement la démarche dans le cadre englobant non seulement de l'analyse du discours mais aussi d'une anthropologie linguistique.¦En somme, l'objet au centre de nos préoccupations fait de ce passage (d'une rhétorique à une poétique) un problème épistémologique. Les oeuvres d'art brut impliquent de passer d'une discursivité à une autre, d'une folie psychiatrique à une folie artistique, déplaçant la folie dans le champ social. Le langage dessine bel et bien la société. Ce travail permet finalement de comprendre la contribution du langage à la construction des réalités sociales, dans l'élaboration du sens qui s'y fabrique. Son orientation herméneutique aboutit à identifier une nouvelle figure de l'altérité, inscrite au sein même de la pensée linguistique.

The three strands of intercultural polities: a comprehensive view. A critical review of Bouchard and Cantle recent books on interculturalism

Within the emerging policy debate on interculturalism we critically review two recent books in 2012: Bouchard’s L’interculturalisme: un point de vue quebecois, and Cantle’s Interculturalism: The New Era of Cohesion and Diversity. In my view, both contribute very directly to open a foundational debate on interculturalism. In addressing the point of convergence and the dividing lines of these two contributions, I will claim that in spite of having one core concept of interculturalism, there are, however, at least two basic conceptions that have to be interpreted in complementary ways: Bouchard’s essay represents the contractual strand, Cantle’s book the cohesion strand. At the end I would also suggest that these two strands do not manage to express explicitly that diversity can also be seen as a resource of innovation and creativity, and so can drive individual and social development. This view is based on the diversity advantage literature already informing most of the diversity debate in Europe and elsewhere. This is what I will call the constructivist strand. My ultimate purpose is to defend a comprehensive view, grounded on the argument that no one can have the sole authority to define intercultural policy, since the three strands can be applied at different moments, according to different purposes and policy needs. The challenge now is that policy managers be able to achieve a balance between these three policy drivers.