Controle de mobilidade infraestruturado e orientado à qualidade para maximização de admissões em sistemas WiNeMO: uma abordagem definida por software

The spread of wireless networks and growing proliferation of mobile devices require the development of mobility control mechanisms to support the different demands of traffic in different network conditions. A major obstacle to developing this kind of technology is the complexity involved in handling all the information about the large number of Moving Objects (MO), as well as the entire signaling overhead required to manage these procedures in the network. Despite several initiatives have been proposed by the scientific community to address this issue they have not proved to be effective since they depend on the particular request of the MO that is responsible for triggering the mobility process. Moreover, they are often only guided by wireless medium statistics, such as Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of the candidate Point of Attachment (PoA). Thus, this work seeks to develop, evaluate and validate a sophisticated communication infrastructure for Wireless Networking for Moving Objects (WiNeMO) systems by making use of the flexibility provided by the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm, where network functions are easily and efficiently deployed by integrating OpenFlow and IEEE 802.21 standards. For purposes of benchmarking, the analysis was conducted in the control and data planes aspects, which demonstrate that the proposal significantly outperforms typical IPbased SDN and QoS-enabled capabilities, by allowing the network to handle the multimedia traffic with optimal Quality of Service (QoS) transport and acceptable Quality of Experience (QoE) over time.

A interação ensino-serviço no processo de formação dos graduandos em fisioterapia da UFPB: a percepção dos docentes

The health paradigm, consolidated in the last century, directed the training of health professionals, educated under the aegis of the Flexnerian training, fragmentary and hospital-centered model. However, it proved to be insufficient to meet the demands of the Unified Health System and the population. In this sense, the National Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate health courses emerge as a normative framework in proposing a new professional profile, as well as the recommendation of strategies for the restructuring of curricula and teaching practices, and one of them is the teaching-service integration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the process of training of Physiotherapy course students of the Federal University of Paraíba with the guiding principle of teaching-service integration, considering DCN. In this sense, the chosen method was a case study with qualitative approach. The sample was intentional, including all faculty members of the permanent staff of the Department of Physiotherapy at UFPB, linked to curriculum components whose practice scenarios occur in the SUS network and time longer than one year in that component. The data collection technique was the semi-structured interview. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis technique. The following categories were considered: professional training for SUS, integration of students to the SUS network services, the relationship between theory and practice in the training of physiotherapists, teaching and health professional partnership in the teaching-learning process and programs of training reorientation and their integration with the course. The results allowed identifying positive points in the teaching-service integration: recognition of the importance of integration activities between university and health services based on the insertion of students in the network, the combined actuation with health service professionals and the opportunity to work in a multidisciplinary team; the existence of structured and organized School Network; participation of students and teachers in government programs that offer the experience of insertion in the labor market. The following weaknesses stood out: difficulties in agreement, planning and evaluation of activities by the service; gap between theoretical and practical activities; lack of definition of roles of teacher and health service professionals in the training process and the fragile relationship of reorientation of vocational training programs with the curricular activities of the course. The teaching-service integration as a guiding principle in the analysis of the formation of physiotherapists reveals limits and possibilities for training that meets the health needs of the population. Thus, the choices of educational institutions regarding the care model have an influence on health practices, as well as the commitment by management and services and the permeability to social control instances decisively contribute to the improvement in the training of future professionals. Thus, the commitment of all involved for the effective change in the training process of health paradigm is indispensable.

A interação ensino-serviço no processo de formação dos graduandos em fisioterapia da UFPB: a percepção dos docentes

The health paradigm, consolidated in the last century, directed the training of health professionals, educated under the aegis of the Flexnerian training, fragmentary and hospital-centered model. However, it proved to be insufficient to meet the demands of the Unified Health System and the population. In this sense, the National Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate health courses emerge as a normative framework in proposing a new professional profile, as well as the recommendation of strategies for the restructuring of curricula and teaching practices, and one of them is the teaching-service integration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the process of training of Physiotherapy course students of the Federal University of Paraíba with the guiding principle of teaching-service integration, considering DCN. In this sense, the chosen method was a case study with qualitative approach. The sample was intentional, including all faculty members of the permanent staff of the Department of Physiotherapy at UFPB, linked to curriculum components whose practice scenarios occur in the SUS network and time longer than one year in that component. The data collection technique was the semi-structured interview. Data analysis was performed using the content analysis technique. The following categories were considered: professional training for SUS, integration of students to the SUS network services, the relationship between theory and practice in the training of physiotherapists, teaching and health professional partnership in the teaching-learning process and programs of training reorientation and their integration with the course. The results allowed identifying positive points in the teaching-service integration: recognition of the importance of integration activities between university and health services based on the insertion of students in the network, the combined actuation with health service professionals and the opportunity to work in a multidisciplinary team; the existence of structured and organized School Network; participation of students and teachers in government programs that offer the experience of insertion in the labor market. The following weaknesses stood out: difficulties in agreement, planning and evaluation of activities by the service; gap between theoretical and practical activities; lack of definition of roles of teacher and health service professionals in the training process and the fragile relationship of reorientation of vocational training programs with the curricular activities of the course. The teaching-service integration as a guiding principle in the analysis of the formation of physiotherapists reveals limits and possibilities for training that meets the health needs of the population. Thus, the choices of educational institutions regarding the care model have an influence on health practices, as well as the commitment by management and services and the permeability to social control instances decisively contribute to the improvement in the training of future professionals. Thus, the commitment of all involved for the effective change in the training process of health paradigm is indispensable.

O controle da tuberculose no contexto da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil

O Brasil é um dos países que concentram 80% da carga de tuberculose no mundo. No contexto da atenção primária brasileira, fatores interferem para que as equipes de saúde da família possam incorporar as atividades de controle da doença no processo de trabalho. O controle da doença depende da forma como os serviços de saúde estão organizados para garantir o acesso ao diagnóstico precoce e ao tratamento. Esse estudo tem como objetivo geral analisar o controle da tuberculose no contexto da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil. Os objetivos específicos são comparar o tratamento diretamente observado com o regime autoadministrado em pessoas com tuberculose; Verificar se o Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose é avaliável e elaborar um modelo teórico e lógico para avaliação deste programa; avaliar a relação entre porte populacional dos municípios e as características de estrutura e processo de cuidado a pacientes de tuberculose na atenção primária no Brasil. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática, seguida de um estudo de avaliabilidade e de um estudo transversal. Os achados da revisão sistemática revelam que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos de tratamento (observado e não observado) para cura (OR 1,06. IC95% 0,75 - 1,50) e para conclusão do tratamento (OR 1,64, IC 95% 0,79 - 3,42). Menor abandono no grupo com tratamento supervisionado e não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (OR 0,73, CI 95% 0,58-0,92). O risco de morte foi maior no regime de tratamento autoadministrado (OR 1,49 IC 95% 1,03 - 2,45). A hetorogeinadade entre os estudos analisados não permite afirmar que nao há diferença estatisticamente significativa para cura e tratamento concluído. A pré-avaliação do Programa de Controle de Tuberculose possibilitou a descrição do Programa, elaboração e pactuação do modelo lógico e a matriz de relevância dos indicadores. Caracterizou-se os seus elementos estruturantes, definição de indicadores de estrutura e processo, além das perguntas avaliativas. Uma avaliação somativa com enfoque na análise dos efeitos da intervenção de controle da tuberculose é recomendada. A avaliação das características de estrutura e processo de cuidado à pessoa com tuberculose revelou melhor desempenho para as equipes de atenção básica de municípios classificados como metrópole no acesso, coordenação do cuidado e qualidade técnica da atenção. Em relação ao acesso: 98,5% acolhimento a demanda espontânea; 95,8% programação de consultas. Na coordenação do cuidado, 93,2% existência de protocolo para tuberculose. Quanto a qualidade técnica da atenção à tuberculose verifica-se que 93,4% acompanhamento de tratamento diretamente observado, 95,8% com busca ativa de faltosos ao tratamento, 64,0% oferta de ações educativas, 91,3% busca ativa de sintomáticos respiratórios. Cabe destacar que metrópoles apresentaram maior tempo médio de espera para escuta/acolhimento (24,41 minutos); para consulta previamente agendada (23,52 dias); para consulta em pneumologia (87,12 dias). Percebem-se fragilidades na estrutura e processo da atenção à tuberculose, principalmente no controle especializado da doença e na qualidade técnica entre os municípios. Recomenda-se reforço, particularmente na qualidade técnica para aumentar a cobertura de acompanhamento do tratamento, busca de sintomáticos respiratórios e das ações educativas.

Influência da utilização do fluido de corte com adição de grafeno na temperatura de usinagem e formação de rebarba no processo de micro fresamento

As time passed, humanity needed the development of new materials used in various activities. High strength materials such as titanium and Inconel for example, had been studied because they are widely used for implants in biomedicine, as well as their use in aerospace and automotive industries. Because of its thermal and mechanical properties, these materials are considered difficult to machine, promoting a rapid wear of cutting tools, primarily caused by the high temperatures in machining. With the development of new materials has emerged the need of developing new manufacturing processes. One of today’s innovative processes is the micro-manufacturing. Being a process with a defined cutting tool geometry, burr formation is a constant and undesirable phenomenon formed during the machininig process. Being detrimental to the manufacturing process, overspending deburring operations are constantly employed leading to increase the aggregate cost to the manufactured material. Assembly components are also impaired if there is no control of the burr, with consequences including the disposal of components due to the occurence of this phenomenon. This paper presents the study of micro-milling Inconel 718, investigating influential parameters in the formation of burrs in order to minimize the occurrence of this phenome non. Different feed rates per tooth and cutting speed are evaluated, and different cutting fluids with different methods of applying the fluid. Adding graphene to cutting fluids was considered as a variable to be investigated, which is considered an excellent solid lubricant, in addition to increasing the thermal conductivity of the cooling solution (AZIMI; MOZAF FARI, 2015). The micro-milling temperature was evaluated in the present work. It was observed a new phenomenon that causes the machined surface temperature decreases below room temperature when using the solution water + oil. This phenomenon is explained in further chapters. In order to unravel this phenomenon, a new test was proposed and, from this test, it can be concluded, comparatively, which cutting fluid has a better cooling property.Using cutting fluid with different thermal properties has shown influence when analy zing burr formation and reducing machining temperature.

Avaliação da soldagem GMAW mecanizada e automatizada para união de dutos utilizando fontes convencional e com controle de curto- circuito

Welding is one of the most employed process for joining steel pipes. Although, manual welding is still the most used one, mechanized version and even automatized one have increased its demand. Thus, this work deals with girth welding of API 5L X65 pipes with 8” of nominal diameter and 8.0 mm thickness, beveled with V-30º narrow gap. Torch is moved by a bug carrier (mechanized welding) and further the parameters are controlled as a function of angular position (automatized welding). Welding parameters are presented for filling the joint with two-passes (root and filling/capping passes). Parameters for the root pass were extracted from previous author´s work with weldments carried out in plates, but validated in this work for pipe welding. GMAW processes were assessed with short-circuit metal transfer in both conventional and derivative modes using different technologies (RMD, STT and CMT). After the parameter determination, mechanical testing was performed for welding qualification (uniaxial tension, face and root bending, nick break, Charpy V-notch impact, microhardness and macrograph). The initially obtained results for RMD and CMT were acceptable for all testing and, in a second moment, also for the STT. However, weld beads carried out by using the conventional process failed and revealed the existence of lack of fusion, which required further parametrization. Thus, a Parameter-Variation System for Girth Welding (SVP) was designed and built to allow varying the welding parameters as a function of angular position by using an inclinometer. The parameters were set for each of the three angular positions (flat, vertical downhill and overhead). By using such equipment and approach, the conventional process with parameter variation allowed reducing the welding time for joint accomplishment of the order of 38% for the root pass and 30% for the filling/capping pass.

Do trabalho de Deus... Adeus ao trabalho? Ontologia, precarização, controle do trabalho e fetichismo em A caverna de José Saramago

The aim of this study is to undertake a theoretical analysis of the literary and sociological Cave, Jose Saramago, having as main theme the precariousness of work and control, followed by some key developments. Anchored in the sociology of work and endorsed by the sociology of literature methodologically by Antonio Candido, and guided by the narrative Saramago in the cave, seeking to understand the work activity as central and essential to the production and reproduction of material life. It discusses the precariousness of work, as well as the historical forms of ownership and control of labor activity. Scales the impact of large corporations that control and the conflict between mechanized and manual labor in the process, questioning the nefarious effects of the restructuring of the productive working class, especially on small businesses and craft work. It also addresses the rise of a category gestorial in the process of labor control throughout history Finally, invoking the metaphor of Plato\'s cave in this work Saramago, explores how labor control by large corporations causes the estrangement in all dimensions of life, establishing relationships between fetishism, consumer relations and sociability.

Importãncia da Auditoria interna no Processo Decisório das Organizações

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral tratar da importância da auditoria interna no processo decisório das organizações. Com o acirramento do mercado e a velocidade em que as informações são geradas torna-se de grande relevância o aperfeiçoamento e gerenciamento dos processos. A auditoria interna tem vindo a assumir um papel de extrema importância, no seio das organizações na medida em que o reconhecimento da utilidade e relevância desta função revolucionou a forma de estar das empresas, fazendo com que o campo de actuação das auditorias se alargasse da vertente contabilístico - financeira para a vertente operacional e informática, de forma a permitir formular recomendações de melhoria das limitações identificadas apoiando a gestão no processo decisório, de forma que as decisões sejam atempadas e adequadas. Procurou-se demonstrar a importância do controle interno para levantamento dos dados que possibilite a geração de informações necessárias para aprimorar e controlar a administração da empresa garantindo eficácia e eficiência operacional. A nossa investigação foi desenvolvida a partir de um estudo de caso, onde complementamos os conceitos teóricos explorados na revisão da literatura. Neste sentido aplicamos questionários aos colaborados da instituição, uma entrevista ao Diretor do Gabinete de Auditoria e procedemos a análise do manual de controlo interno.

Vigilância eletrônica no trabalho bancário: do controle consentido ao totalitarismo corporativo

This dissertation addresses the electronic surveillance theme in the banking context. The research that originated it, which was held in an organization called for the fiction name Banco Total, started from the following driving question: How do workers at a bank perceive electronic surveillance at their process of work? The research s main objective was to comprehend how workers perceive electronic surveillance at their process of work. The study adopted an interdisciplinary perspective, having Management as the original field, establishing a dialogue with others disciplines, like Philosophy and Sociology. About its methodology, it s a qualitative research that addressed its object in oral (interviews with live history elements) way. . Ten individuals were interviewed. The analytical process utilized the hermeneutical-dialectics technique.. From the analyses (hermeneutics) of the data, the following themes have emerged: (i) Acquiescence ; (ii) Monitoring; (iii) Time and Motion; (iv) Fear; (v) Interdiction; and (vi) Resistance . From the discussion (dialectic) of the results, this work presents three synthetic propositions that culminate in the following dimensions (i) control; (ii) acquiescence; (iii) corporative totalitarianism. It can be concluded that electronic surveillance is one mechanism of control emerged from the apply of technology at Total Bank; that information technology has been improving the control mechanisms of management theories; and that the imbrications between management and material technology control mechanisms at a context where there is acquiescence by workers contribute for the emergency of corporative totalitarianism components

Os programas de incentivo à cultura e o processo de fomento às organizações culturais no Rio Grande do Norte: o caso da Casa da Ribeira em Natal

Since the emergence of the first demands for actions that were intended to give greater attention to culture in Brazil, came the first discussions which concerned the way the Brazilian government could have a positive influence in encouraging the culture, as is its interaction with the actors interested and involved with the cause. During the military dictatorship, there were programs which relied on the direct participation of the State to ensure that right, from the viewpoint of its support and implementation of public resources in developing the "cultural product" to be brought to society in its various forms of expression - all this, funded by the government. It is an example of "EMBRAFILMES" and "Projeto Seis e Meia", continued until the present day in some regions of the country, though maintained by entities not directly connected with the administration or the government. However, it was from the period of democratization and the end of the dictatorship that the Brazilian government began to look at the different culture, under its guarantee to the society. Came the first incentive laws, led by "Lei Sarney" Nº 7.505/86, which was culture as a segment which could receive foreign assistance in order to assist the government in fulfilling its public duty. After Collor era and the end of the embargo through the encouragement of culture incentive laws, consolidated the incentive model proposed in advance of Culture "Lei Sarney" and the federal laws, state and local regimentares as close to this action. This applies to the Rouanet Law (Lei Rouanet), Câmara Cascudo Law (Lei Câmara Cascudo) and Djalma Maranhão Cultural Incentive Law (Lei de Incentivo à Cultura Djalma Maranhão), existing in Natal and Rio Grande do Norte. Since then, business entities could help groups and cultural organizations to keep their work from the political sponsorship under control and regiment through the Brazilian state in the form of their Cultural Incentive Law. This framework has contributed to the strengthening of NGOs and with the consolidation of these institutions as the linchpin of Republican guaranteeing the right to access to culture, but corporate social responsibility was the one who took off in the segment treated here, through the actions of Responsibility Cultural enterprises arising from the Cultural Organizations. Therefore, in the face of this discourse, this study ascertains the process of encouraging the Culture in Rio Grande do Norte from the Deviant Case Analysis at the Casa da Ribeira, the main Cultural Organization that operates, focused action in Natal in order to assess the relationships established between the same entity and the institutions which are entitled to maintain the process of encouraging treated in this study - Enterprise, from the viewpoint of corporate sponsorship and Cultural Responsibility and State in the form of the Laws Incentive Funds and Public Culture Incentive

INOVAÇÃO NA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA: APLICAÇÃO DO MODELO TAM/TTF PARA AVALIAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE CONTROLE DE AFASTAMENTO NA UFMG.

O governo federal tem realizado esforços e iniciativas a fim de modernizar e melhorar a eficiência da máquina publica. Dentre essas iniciativas está o incentivo do uso de sistemas de informação por meio do programa de governo eletrônico e o mais recente esforço o decreto nº 8.539, que dispõe sobre o uso do meio eletrônico para a realização do processo administrativo no âmbito dos órgãos e das entidades da administração pública federal. Neste sentido de modernização e melhoria foi desenvolvido um sistema de informação que permite controlar todo o processo de afastamento de servidores da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Porém de nada adianta investir em sistemas de informação sem o mesmo seja efetivamente utilizado e aceito pelos seus usuários. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o uso do sistema de informação para controle de afastamentos da UFMG, por meio da integração dos modelos TAM e TTF, sob a percepção dos usuários que utilizam o sistema como parte de seu processo de trabalho. A pesquisa é classificada como quantitativa, descritiva e exploratória tendo como método de pesquisa o tipo survey e como população os funcionários dos setores que participam diretamente do processo de afastamento.

Gráficos de controle: aspectos teóricos e práticos a partir da ótica da lógica formal e da lógica fuzzy

O presente trabalho faz um enlace de teorias propostas por dois trabalhos: Transformação de valores crisp em valores fuzzy e construção de gráfico de controle fuzzy. O resultado desse enlace é um gráfico de controle fuzzy que foi aplicado em um processo de produção de iogurte, onde as variáveis analisadas foram: Cor, Aroma, Consistência, Sabor e Acidez. São características que dependem da percepção dos indivíduos, então a forma utilizada para coletar informações a respeito de tais característica foi a análise sensorial. Nas analises um grupo denominado de juízes, atribuía individualmente notas para cada amostra de iogurte em uma escala de 0 a 10. Esses valores crisp, notas atribuídas pelos juízes, foram então, transformados em valores fuzzy, na forma de número fuzzy triangular. Com os números fuzzy, foram construídos os gráficos de controle fuzzy de média e amplitude. Com os valores crisp foram construídos gráficos de controle de Shewhart para média e amplitude, já consolidados pela literatura. Por fim, os resultados encontrados nos gráficos tradicionais foram comparados aos encontrados nos gráficos de controle fuzzy. O que pode-se observar é que o gráfico de controle fuzzy, parece satisfazer de forma significativa a realidade do processo, pois na construção do número fuzzy é considerada a variabilidade do processo. Além disso, caracteriza o processo de produção em alguns níveis, onde nem sempre o processo estará totalmente em controle ou totalmente fora de controle. O que vai ao encontro da teoria fuzzy: se não é possível prever com exatidão determinados resultados é melhor ter uma margem de aceitação, o que implicará na redução de erros.

Influência das etapas do processo de abate de suínos na prevalência de patógenos e níveis de microrganismos indicadores de qualidade e higiene

The pig slaughter process involve different steps that can influence the microbiological quality of carcasses. At this, the understanding of the slaughter process on the microbiological aspects is necessary for the implementation and evaluation of critical control points. The microbiological control of the slaughter process should involve the evaluation of pathogens prevalence and levels of quality and hygiene indicator microorganisms. This study aimed at investigating the influence of steps slaughter process on the microbiological levels of pig carcasses, and evaluate if there is correlation between pathogens (Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) and indicators (aerobic mesophilic counts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae) microorganisms. A high Salmonella soroprevalence in pigs were founded before the slaughter (57.49 %). While the Salmonella prevalence in carcasses at the initial stage of the slaughter was 26.67 % and in the final stage 1.11 %, L. monocytogenes was detected only in the final washing and cooling steps, with a prevalence of 21.11 and 8.89 %, respectively. The aerobic mesophilic counts, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms and E. coli levels in initial steps of slaughter process were 4.25 ± 0.37; 1.25 ± 0.38; 1.10 ± 0.35 and 0.86 ± 0.36, respectively. At the end of slaughter process the results were lower (ranging from 0.16 at 2.70 log CFU/cm2). The step that most reduced microbiological levels was the scalding. The dehairing was a critical step that led to a significant increase of microorganisms levels in the process (p < 0.05). The evisceration not proved to be a critical step on the increase of microbial levels, differently of the final washing, which showed significant increases (p < 0.05) over the levels of aerobic counts, total coliforms, E. coli and enterobacterias (0.30; 0.36; 0.27 and 0.42 log respectively) and Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes. The chilling contributes significantly to the reduction of microbiological levels of carcasses, bringing them to levels below the all process stages, with the exception of scalding. No correlation between the hygiene indicator microorganisms used and presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were obtained (p < 0.05). The results show that steps in the process are critical to the sanitary profile, which implies the need to implement actions in the process to reducing the microbiological levels.

Controle social e políticas públicas: contribuições para aprimorar o controle social do programa nacional de alimentação escolar

The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) is a public policy in Brazil for over 60 years and represents one of the most important programs of feeding and nutrition in the world. The role of family farming as a source of employment in rural areas, food provider and for ensuring much of the Brazil’s food security is constantly present at the government's and social movement’s agendas. Law 11.947 of 2009 marked its integration in the food supply for the National School Feeding Programme. Article 14 of aforementioned law highlights that a minimum of 30% (thirty percent) of the funds transferred by the National Development Fund Education (FNDE) to the Programme must be used for the purchase of food directly from family farmers or their organizations. The national school feeding policy under the responsibility of the FNDE and is subjected to agencies of internal control, such as the General Controllership of the Union (CGU), of external control, such as the Audit Courts of the Union and the of the states, and to the social control of the school feeding councils. Those funds are transferred to the implementing agencies, which are the education offices of the states, municipalities and of the Federal District. These entities must annually present their accountings to the School Feeding Councils, which analyze them and then issue a conclusive report to the FNDE, approving with or without reservations, or rejecting them. In this sense, this research aims to propose parameters that should contribute to the improvement of the social control over purchases from family farming for the National School Feeding Programme. The study was conducted by non parametric sampling alongside the managers of the implementing entities, school feeding councils and Family Farming Organizations all across Brazil, from the databases provided by FNDE and by the National Union of Cooperatives of Family Agriculture and Solidarity Economy (Unicafes). The study points out that the legal framework of PNAE seeks to ensure the participation of family farming in the food supply for the Programme, despite allowing the executing agencies to justify the non-compliance of the minimum required in a number of ways. The survey also signalizes that the school feeding councils follow the implementation of the Programme very shyly, and points out that there is room to expand and enhance the participation of these councils and organizations of family farming in the execution of PNAE. Its effectiveness requires a constant and effective process of training of the agents involved in the Programme.

Degradação de Ocratoxina a: estudo de processo e toxicidade

A ocratoxina A (OTA), micotoxina encontrada em diferentes níveis e em diversas matrizes, apresenta efeitos carcinogênicos, nefrotóxicos e teratogênicos. O desenvolvimento de métodos capazes de diminuir esta contaminação a níveis permitidos pela legislação é incentivado e os processos biológicos utilizados envolvem o uso de enzimas e/ou microrganismos para degradação da OTA e são preferenciais pela especificidade, bem como pelas condições brandas para a detoxificação. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a ação de carboxipeptidase A nos níveis e na toxicidade de OTA, visando aplicar a técnica para detoxificar farinhas de trigo. Primeiramente foi estimado o risco de exposição à ocratoxina A pelo consumo de farinhas de trigo. Para isso foram estabelecidas condições de determinação de OTA em farinhas de trigo, empregando técnicas de estatística multivariada para definir os principais interferentes na extração de OTA pelo método de QuEChERS e detecção em CLAE-FL. O método validado permitiu a avaliação da ocorrência natural em 20 amostras de farinha de trigo, estando estas contaminadas na faixa de 0,22 a 0,85 µg.kg-1 , apresentando um valor de ingestão diária de 0,08 ngOTA.dia-1 .kgmassacorpórea -1 e uma disponibilidade de 94,4%. Em seguida foi realizada a padronização da extração de carboxipeptidase A em biomassa de Rhizopus oryzae que consistiu em agitação ultrassônica durante 30 minutos numa potencia fixa de 150 W e 40 kHz e a triagem de agentes biológicos para degradação de OTA. Para o estudo da degradação in vitro de OTA, método de extração e detecção de OTA e OTα em CLAEFL foi validado e o processo de degradação foi realizado com Rhizopus oryzae e Trichoderma reesei, obtendo-se uma redução máxima de 63,5% e 57,7%, respectivamente. A degradação apresentou uma correlação alta (R>0,9) e significativa (p<0,05) com a produção de Otα, indicando que ocorreu a produção de enzimas capazes de hidrolisar a micotoxina, por exemplo, a carboxipeptidase A. O estudo da toxicidade de OTA e seu metabólito OTα foi realizado em neutrófilos humanos, onde foi observado a ausência de efeito tóxico de OTα. Também foi determinado o mecanismo de toxicidade de OTA pelo aumento de Ca2+ intracelular pela liberação a partir das reservas internas. Esta liberação, subsequentemente, provoca uma cascata de eventos, nomeadamente: a produção de espécies reativas, depleção de ATP, perda de ΔΨm, levando à morte por necrose. Para reduzir o risco de exposição à micotoxina pela ingestão de matéria prima contaminada, carboxipeptidase A extraída de diferentes fontes foi aplicada na hidrólise de OTA em farinha de trigo para posterior determinação do conteúdo residual de OTA e OTα, empregando método validado. O estudo mostrou uma redução de OTA entre 16,8 e 78,5% e produção de OTα entre 2 a 8,2 ng.g-1 . As carboxipeptidases mais promissoras para degradação foram as provenientes de Rhizopus e Trichoderma e a carboxipeptidase comercial. Ficou demonstrado que se pode recomendar a aplicação de enzimas proteolíticas, tipo carboxipeptidase, para reduzir o risco de exposição à micotoxina quando utilizada matéria prima contaminada, por exemplo, farinha de trigo para diferentes processos. A transformação de OTA para OTα e seus efeitos na redução da toxicidade da micotoxina corroboram com esta afirmação.