Poéticas del silencio: el Color de lo blanco, de Alvaro Rodríguez y Sacra, de Alexis Naranjo

La presente disertación constituye un breve acercamiento a las poéticas del silencio, constitutivas de El color de lo blanco del poeta colombiano Álvaro Rodríguez Torres y de Sacra del poeta ecuatoriano Alexis Naranjo. Para la aproximación teórica a los textos poéticos, he aplicado ciertas categorías fundamentales de la hermenéutica de Paul Ricoeur. El aporte del pensador francés es interpretar los poemas como un escenario de convergencia entre los niveles semántico, morfosintáctico y fonológico. Así, tras un capítulo introductoria, donde marco la orientación teórica y metodológica de la tesis, he procedido a revisar cada texto de los libros. Dicho estudio lo realicé bajo la premisa de encontrar los distintos elementos compositivos que caracterizan –o caracterizarían- a una determinada poética del silencio. Como parte de las conclusiones preliminares y finales, he propuesto una clasificación de las poéticas del silencio: el despojamiento y la contención. Debo apuntar, además, que las imágenes míticas presentes en cada uno de los textos han sido estudiadas con el propósito de evitar cualquier tipo de digresiones.

El color de la razón y del pensamiento crítico en las Américas

El color de la razón y del pensamiento crítico en las Américas, ha requerido de búsquedas encaminadas a explicar el porqué del color y sus matices. La modernidad europea y latinoamericana, constituyen el escenario en donde hemos visualizado la actuación de imágenes conceptuales que enfatizan el “color” de cada actor y acción. Para el efecto, analizamos “ciertos” aspectos de las propuestas de algunos pensadores, en tres momentos: En el primero a Leopoldo Zea, quien enfatiza la articulación entre la dialéctica del colonialismo y la dependencia, mediada por la dialéctica hegeliana y marxista; y, a Bolívar Echeverría, en lo referente a la relación que se da en América Latina entre modernidad, capitalismo y mestizaje (barroco) o apartheid. En el segundo, la intersección mediada clase/raza manifiesta en las tesis de Aimé Césaire y Frantz Fanon. En el tercero, la “crítica negativa” del paradigma modernidad/colonialidad, elaborada por Aníbal Quijano, Enrique Dussel, Walter Mignolo y Nelson Maldonado, entre otros. La elaboración teórica y la re-construcción de los momentos históricos, simultáneamente concebidos, nos han permitido descifrar el “color” de la razón, como momento necesario para establecer las condiciones que posibilitan un diálogo filosófico intercultural.

Dos textualidades diferentes que rememoran la escena esclavista: color, cuerpo y raza en la novela Jonatás y Manuela de la escritora Argentina Chiriboga y en el video Ecuatoriano Freddy Quiñones, detenido por cruzar con luz roja en Chile

El presente trabajo pretende contribuir en la ampliación de un corpus de estudio sobre la imagen del afrodescendiente. Se trata del análisis de la novela Jonatás y Manuela, de la afroecuatoriana Luz Argentina Chiriboga y del video Ecuatoriano Freddy Quiñones, detenido por cruzar con luz roja en Chile. En ambas narrativas se muestra la subyugación a la que son sometidos los cuerpos de los afrodescendientes. Con este propósito se procura rastrear cómo la percepción del color, asociada a las marcas étnicas y racistas heredadas de los discursos coloniales del siglo XVI al XVIII y los nacionalistas del XIX, se resemantiza en el siglo XX exponiendo las tensiones entre etnia/territorio/cultura a través de sujetos sociales que tradicionalmente han carecido de espacios de visibilidad para su propia representación, como agentes históricos y de acción política. Con esta intención, vale entonces emprender nuestro recorrido junto a las reflexiones de Hering, Cunin, Ariza, Chaves, Ramos, Montelongo, Miranda y Handelsman, quienes exploran las continuidades y discontinuidades que los diferentes discursos canónicos han sustentado alrededor de la percepción del color de piel en relación a la “raza” y a la identidad latinoamericana. Además, de manera simultánea, se analizarán los escenarios de subyugación desde la enunciación, los conceptos de utopía y heterotopía –de Michael Focuault-. De este modo, por razones de organización del corpus de estudio, tanto la novela como el video serán estudiados en cada uno de tres capítulos que componen el presente trabajo desde la configuración del color y del cuerpo en distintos escenarios: primero, el de subyugación que produce perspectivas indicadas.

Predation in Ground-Nesting Birds: an Experimental Study Using Natural Egg-Color Variation

We tested the hypothesis that cryptically colored eggs would suffer less predation than conspicuous eggs in the ground-nesting red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. We used A. rufa as a model species because it has a wide range of natural egg colors, the eggs are widely available from breeding farms, and nests are easily mimicked because they are scrapes containing no vegetation. The study was conducted in the spring of 2001 in forest and fallow fields of central Spain in Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real. We used 384 clutches of natural eggs that were white, white spotted, brown, or brown spotted. Within clutches, eggs were consistent in color and size; among clutches, color differences were distributed across habitats. Clutches were checked once after 2 wk of exposure. Cryptic coloration had a survival advantage that was dependent on the local suite of predators. Rodent predation was nonselective with respect to clutch color; however, avian predation was significantly higher for conspicuous clutches. In addition, there was an interaction of landscape and egg color for avian predation. In forest landscapes, the clutches with highest survival were brown spotted, whereas in fallow landscapes, brown and brown spotted clutches had higher survival than white and white potted clutches. Thus, both the predator suite and the landscape had significant effects on the value of cryptic egg coloration. Our study is relevant for conservationists and managers in charge of restocking programs in hunting areas. The release of other partridge species or their hybrids could result in hybridization with wild partridges, potentially leading to nonoptimal clutch pigmentation and reduced survival of the native species. We therefore recommend that local authorities, managers, and conservationists be cautious with the use of alien species and hybrids and release only autochthonous species of partridges within their natural ranges.

Do the Golden-winged Warbler and Blue-winged Warbler Exhibit Species-specific Differences in their Breeding Habitat Use?

We compared habitat features of Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) territories in the presence and absence of the Blue-winged Warbler (V. cyanoptera) on reclaimed coal mines in southeastern Kentucky, USA. Our objective was to determine whether there are species specific differences in habitat that can be manipulated to encourage population persistence of the Golden-winged Warbler. When compared with Blue-winged Warblers, Golden-winged Warblers established territories at higher elevations and with greater percentages of grass and canopy cover. Mean territory size (minimum convex polygon) was 1.3 ha (se = 0.1) for Golden-winged Warbler in absence of Blue-winged Warbler, 1.7 ha (se = 0.3) for Golden-winged Warbler coexisting with Blue-winged Warbler, and 2.1 ha (se = 0.3) for Blue-winged Warbler. Territory overlap occurred within and between species (18 of n = 73 territories, 24.7%). All Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warblers established territories that included an edge between reclaimed mine land and mature forest, as opposed to establishing territories in open grassland/shrubland habitat. The mean distance territories extended from a forest edge was 28.0 m (se = 3.8) for Golden-winged Warbler in absence of Blue-winged Warbler, 44.7 m (se = 5.7) for Golden-winged Warbler coexisting with Blue-winged Warbler, and 33.1 m (se = 6.1) for Blue-winged Warbler. Neither territory size nor distances to forest edges differed significantly between Golden-winged Warbler in presence or absence of Blue-winged Warbler. According to Monte Carlo analyses, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) seedlings and saplings, and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) saplings were indicative of sites with only Golden-winged Warblers. Sericea lespedeza, goldenrod (Solidago spp.), clematis vine (Clematis spp.), and blackberry (Rubus spp.) were indicative of sites where both species occurred. Our findings complement recent genetic studies and add another factor for examining Golden-winged Warbler population decline. Further, information from our study will aid land managers in manipulating habitat for the Golden-winged Warbler.

Experiences with sustainability indicators and stakeholder participation: A case study relating to a 'Blue Plan' project in Malta

The practical application of systemic sustainability analysis (SSA; Bell and Morse, 1999) as applied in-a project instigated and managed by 'Blue Plan', one of the regional activity centres of the Mediterranean Action Plan, is set out and explained in this paper. The context in which SSA was applied and adapted to SPSA (systemic and prospective sustainability analysis). is described in the Mediterranean, primarily in Malta. The SSA process is summarized, its extension and linkage to the prospective approach is described and the comments of stakeholders in the context are added. Some preliminary outcomes are suggested. The pauticular focus of the paper is on the lessons learned from doing SSA/SPSA within a classic blueprint project framework. It is-not assumed that SSA/SPSA is 'finished' or 'definitive'. Rather, we suggest that it is a developing and changing approach that practitioners can adapt and change to meet the specific needs of the circumstances that confront them. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

A comparison of the role of two blue-green algae in THM and HAA formation

The contribution of two blue-green algae species, Anabaeria flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa, to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was investigated. The experiments examined the formation potential of these disinfection by-products (DBPs) from both algae cells and extracellular organic matter (EOM) during four algal growth phases. Algal cells and EOM of Anabaena and Microcystis exhibited a high potential for DBP formation. Yields of total THMs (TTHM) and total HAAs (THAA) were closely related to the growth phase. Reactivity of EOM from Anabaena was slightly higher than corresponding cells, while the opposite result was found for Microcystis. Specific DBP yields (yield/unit C) of Anabaena were in the range of 2-11 mu mol/mmol C for TTHM and 217 mu mol/mmol C for THAA, while those of Microcystis were slightly higher. With regard to the distributions of individual THM and HAA compounds, differences were observed between the algae species and also between cells and EOM. The presence of bromide shifted the dominant compounds from HAAs to THMs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Do EU direct payments to beef producers belong in the 'blue box'?

In the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, so-called 'blue box' support measures were exempted from reduction commitments, provided they were delivered under 'production-limiting' programs. Although classified as 'blue box', the EU system of direct payments (DP) to beef farmers imposes 'claim-limiting' restrictions rather than 'production-limiting' restrictions, allowing farmers to keep additional animals over and above the number upon which they are eligible to claim DP. The present paper provides empirical evidence that EU direct payments capitalise into the market prices of male calves and young steers in Ireland. It is also likely that DP capitalises into the prices of beef cows and heifers. Given this capitalisation process, some farmers can obtain 'capitalised' DP on animals produced over and above the 'claim-limiting' restrictions, by selling these animals through auction markets. Thus, 'capitalised' DP probably encourages production over and above the limiting measures.

Composition, color, and texture of Thai indigenous and broiler chicken muscles

Chemical compositions and physical properties of mixed-sex Thai indigenous (Gallus domesticus) and broiler (commercial breed, CP707) chicken biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles were determined. Indigenous chicken muscles contained higher protein contents but lower fat and ash contents compared to broiler muscles (P < 0.001). The amino acid profile of the indigenous chicken muscles was similar to that of the broiler muscles except they were slightly richer in glutamic acid (P < 0.05). The indigenous chicken muscles contained more saturated and less polyunsaturated fatty acids than the broiler muscles. There were no differences in the monounsaturated fatty acid contents between the breeds. The total collagen contents of indigenous pectoralis and biceps femoris muscles were 5.09 and 12.85 mg/g, respectively, which were higher than those found in broiler pectoralis (3.86 mg/g) and biceps femoris muscles (8.70 mg/g) (P < 0.001). Soluble collagen contents were lower for indigenous pectoralis and biceps femoris muscles, 22.16 vs. 31.38% and 26.06 vs. 33.87%, respectively. The CIE system values of lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) of indigenous chicken muscles were higher than those of broiler muscles. The shear values of indigenous chicken muscles either raw or cooked were higher than those of broiler muscles (P < 0.05). After cooking, the shear values decreased for broiler biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05), whereas no change was observed for indigenous chicken biceps femoris muscle (P > 0.05). Shear values increased for indigenous chicken pectoralis muscle (P < 0.05).

Effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity, color, and free phenolic acid profile of malt

Green malt was kilned at 95 degrees C following two regimens: a standard regimen (SKR) and a rapid regimen (RKR). Both resulting malts were treated further in a tray dryer heated to 120 degrees C, as was green malt previously dried to 65 degrees C (TDR). Each regimen was monitored by determining the color, antioxidant activity (by both ABTS(center dot+) and FRAP methods), and polyphenolic profile. SKR and RKR malts exhibited decreased L* and increased b* values above approximately 80 degrees C. TDR malts changed significantly less, and color did not develop until 110 degrees C, implying that different chemical reactions lead to color in those malts. Antioxidant activity increased progressively with each regimen, although with TDR malts this became significant only at 110-120 degrees C. The RKR malt ABTS(center dot+) values were higher than those of the SKR malt. The main phenolics, that is, ferulic, p-coumaric, and vanillic acids, were monitored throughout heating. Ferulic acid levels increased upon heating to 80 degrees C for SKR and to 70 degrees C for RKR, with subsequent decreases. However, the levels for TDR malts did not increase significantly. The increase in free phenolics early in kilning could be due to enzymatic release of bound phenolics and/or easier extractability due to changes in the matrix. The differences between the kilning regimens used suggest that further modification of the regimens could lead to greater release of bound phenolics with consequent beneficial effects on flavor stability in beer and, more generally, on human health.