828 resultados para Code of Conduct
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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O artigo em pauta é resultante de fala em mesa-redonda proferida no Colóquio Internacional Michel Foucault, a judicialização da vida, realizado, em outubro de 2011, na Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. O texto ora descrito é parte de análises realizadas há anos em pesquisas documentais, com as ferramentas de Michel Foucault, com relatórios de agências multilaterais ligadas ao sistema Nações Unidas, em especial, UNICEF e UNESCO, no Brasil. Buscamos interpelar estas práticas e descrever como as mesmas são prescritivas de conduta e são estratégias de governo neoliberal, articulando a promoção, defesa e garantia de direitos à economia política, em nome da defesa da vida e da construção da paz e segurança mundial.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a responsabilidade do médico dentro do contexto doutrinário e jurisprudencial da atualidade e demonstrar, a partir da análise de ações judiciais por alegado erro médico, propostas perante o Poder Judiciário, que os direitos atribuídos ao consumidor pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor, bem como as prerrogativas de facilitação do acesso ao Judiciário atualmente são aplicados pelos profissionais do Direito ao exercício da atividade médica de forma generalizada, ou seja, tanto em relação às sociedades empresárias – hospitais, clínicas e planos de saúde, quanto aos profissionais liberais, sem considerar que o § 4º do art. 14 do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, ao estabelecer como requisito para a responsabilidade do profissional liberal a comprovação de culpa (imprudência, negligência e imperícia), determina, a contrario sensu, a aplicação das normas do Código Civil, de forma que, também as prerrogativas de facilitação de acesso ao Judiciário, exclusivas da legislação de consumo, não poderiam ser aplicadas ao exercício da atividade pelo profissional liberal.
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Ao disciplinar a reparação de dano do qual resulta incapacidade laboral, o Código Civil Brasileiro de 2002 trouxe, como alternativa à pensão vitalícia, a possibilidade de indenização paga de uma só vez. Diante disso, o primeiro impulso hermenêutico foi apurar tal montante multiplicando o valor da renda mensal do ofendido pela sua expectativa de sobrevida. o presente artigo busca, fundamentalmente, questionar a adequação epistemológica desta fórmula, bem como esquadrinhar as diretrizes processuais aplicáveis ao dispositivo. O fim colimado exigirá, inter alia, perscrutar o significado da expressão “arbitramento”, a extensão do conceito de “reparação integral” e as consequências jurídicas e econômicas do recebimento antecipado. Posteriormente, pretende-se minudenciar a titularidade, a efetiva existência e o momento da opção pelo prejudicado, à luz da cláusula do “devido processo”.
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[ES] La contaminación difusa por nitrato constituye una de las mayores amenazas actuales para la calidad de las aguas subterráneas. De hecho, varias directivas europeas, nacionales y regionales se han legislado con el fin de minimizar el efecto de las prácticas agrarias en la contaminación de los acuíferos por nitratos. El acuífero de La Aldea (Gran Canaria, España) se ha declarado como vulnerable a la contaminación por nitrato según dichas normas. En este estudio se presenta una metodología para desarrollar el acople de un sistema de información geográfica-SIG con el modelo de simulación de nitrato GLEAMS. Esta herramienta permite calcular la cantidad de nitrato lixiviado procedente de los cultivos de tomate bajo invernadero y da la oportunidad de simular otros rangos de fertilización para minimizar el riesgo de contaminación de las aguas subterráneas. Se comprueba que la pérdida de nitrato por lixiviación en la zona a partir de dichos cultivos podía llegar a los 500 kg N/ha, casi un 62% del aportado como fertilizante mineral en un manejo tradicional. Por ello, se aconseja la aplicación de las recomendaciones de abonado incluidas en el código de buenas prácticas agrarias de Canarias o cualquier otro sistema de recomendación de abonado mineral para reducir estas pérdidas, minimizando de esta forma el riesgo de contaminación de las aguas subterráneas. ABSTRACT: Nitrate diffuse pollution is one of the main risks that affect the groundwater quality. Several european directives, national and regional guidelines have been enacted to protect the aquifers against the effect of the agricultural management practices. The “La Aldea” aquifer was declared nitrate vulnerable area following these laws. In this study a methodology was developed to link a Geographical Information System (GIS) with a nitrogen simulation model (GLEAMS) in this area. This tool allows to assess the amount of nitrate leaching that coming from the traditional nitrogen fertilization rates in greenhouses tomato crops, and gives the opportunity to simulate other fertilization rates to reduce the risk of groundwater pollution. The nitrate leaching reached to 500 kg N/ha in several zones of the study area, that represent the 62% of the nitrogen fertiliser apply in a traditional management. It was recommended the application of the Code of Good Management Practices or other recommendation system to decrease the nitrate leaching, in order to reduce the risk of groundwater pollution.
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Agent Communication Languages (ACLs) have been developed to provide a way for agents to communicate with each other supporting cooperation in Multi-Agent Systems. In the past few years many ACLs have been proposed for Multi-Agent Systems, such as KQML and FIPA-ACL. The goal of these languages is to support high-level, human like communication among agents, exploiting Knowledge Level features rather than symbol level ones. Adopting these ACLs, and mainly the FIPA-ACL specifications, many agent platforms and prototypes have been developed. Despite these efforts, an important issue in the research on ACLs is still open and concerns how these languages should deal (at the Knowledge Level) with possible failures of agents. Indeed, the notion of Knowledge Level cannot be straightforwardly extended to a distributed framework such as MASs, because problems concerning communication and concurrency may arise when several Knowledge Level agents interact (for example deadlock or starvation). The main contribution of this Thesis is the design and the implementation of NOWHERE, a platform to support Knowledge Level Agents on the Web. NOWHERE exploits an advanced Agent Communication Language, FT-ACL, which provides high-level fault-tolerant communication primitives and satisfies a set of well defined Knowledge Level programming requirements. NOWHERE is well integrated with current technologies, for example providing full integration for Web services. Supporting different middleware used to send messages, it can be adapted to various scenarios. In this Thesis we present the design and the implementation of the architecture, together with a discussion of the most interesting details and a comparison with other emerging agent platforms. We also present several case studies where we discuss the benefits of programming agents using the NOWHERE architecture, comparing the results with other solutions. Finally, the complete source code of the basic examples can be found in appendix.
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Reinforced concrete columns might fail because of buckling of the longitudinal reinforcing bar when exposed to earthquake motions. Depending on the hoop stiffness and the length-over-diameter ratio, the instability can be local (in between two subsequent hoops) or global (the buckling length comprises several hoop spacings). To get insight into the topic, an extensive literary research of 19 existing models has been carried out including different approaches and assumptions which yield different results. Finite element fiberanalysis was carried out to study the local buckling behavior with varying length-over-diameter and initial imperfection-over-diameter ratios. The comparison of the analytical results with some experimental results shows good agreement before the post buckling behavior undergoes large deformation. Furthermore, different global buckling analysis cases were run considering the influence of different parameters; for certain hoop stiffnesses and length-over-diameter ratios local buckling was encountered. A parametric study yields an adimensional critical stress in function of a stiffness ratio characterized by the reinforcement configuration. Colonne in cemento armato possono collassare per via dell’instabilità dell’armatura longitudinale se sottoposte all’azione di un sisma. In funzione della rigidezza dei ferri trasversali e del rapporto lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro, l’instabilità può essere locale (fra due staffe adiacenti) o globale (la lunghezza d’instabilità comprende alcune staffe). Per introdurre alla materia, è proposta un’esauriente ricerca bibliografica di 19 modelli esistenti che include approcci e ipotesi differenti che portano a risultati distinti. Tramite un’analisi a fibre e elementi finiti si è studiata l’instabilità locale con vari rapporti lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro e imperfezione iniziale-diametro. Il confronto dei risultati analitici con quelli sperimentali mostra una buona coincidenza fino al raggiungimento di grandi spostamenti. Inoltre, il caso d’instabilità globale è stato simulato valutando l’influenza di vari parametri; per certe configurazioni di rigidezza delle staffe e lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro si hanno ottenuto casi di instabilità locale. Uno studio parametrico ha permesso di ottenere un carico critico adimensionale in funzione del rapporto di rigidezza dato dalle caratteristiche dell’armatura.
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Il documento pre-normativo italiano sul rinforzo di strutture in c.a. mediante l’uso di materiale fibrorinforzato. 1.1 INTRODUZIONE La situazione unica dell’Italia per quanto riguarda la conservazione delle costruzioni esistenti, è il risultato della combinazione di due aspetti, come primo, il medio-alto rischio sismico di una gran parte di territorio, come testimoniato dalla zonizzazione sismica recente, e come secondo aspetto, l'estrema complessità di un ambiente edilizio che non ha confronto nel mondo. Le tipologie della costruzione in Italia si distinguono a quelle stimate come patrimonio storico, che in alcuni casi risalgono a circa 2000 anni fa, a quelle che sono state costruite in ultimi cinque secoli, durante e dopo il Rinascimento, che sono considerate come patrimonio culturale ed architettonico dell' Italia (e del mondo!), infine a quelle fatte in tempi recenti, considerevolmente durante e dopo il boom economico del l960 ed ora visti come antiquate. Le due prime categorie in gran parte sono composte dalle edilizie di muratura, mentre agli ultimi principalmente appartengono le costruzioni di cemento armato.
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For its particular position and the complex geological history, the Northern Apennines has been considered as a natural laboratory to apply several kinds of investigations. By the way, it is complicated to joint all the knowledge about the Northern Apennines in a unique picture that explains the structural and geological emplacement that produced it. The main goal of this thesis is to put together all information on the deformation - in the crust and at depth - of this region and to describe a geodynamical model that takes account of it. To do so, we have analyzed the pattern of deformation in the crust and in the mantle. In both cases the deformation has been studied using always information recovered from earthquakes, although using different techniques. In particular the shallower deformation has been studied using seismic moment tensors information. For our purpose we used the methods described in Arvidsson and Ekstrom (1998) that allowing the use in the inversion of surface waves [and not only of the body waves as the Centroid Moment Tensor (Dziewonski et al., 1981) one] allow to determine seismic source parameters for earthquakes with magnitude as small as 4.0. We applied this tool in the Northern Apennines and through this activity we have built up the Italian CMT dataset (Pondrelli et al., 2006) and the pattern of seismic deformation using the Kostrov (1974) method on a regular grid of 0.25 degree cells. We obtained a map of lateral variations of the pattern of seismic deformation on different layers of depth, taking into account the fact that shallow earthquakes (within 15 km of depth) in the region occur everywhere while most of events with a deeper hypocenter (15-40 km) occur only in the outer part of the belt, on the Adriatic side. For the analysis of the deep deformation, i.e. that occurred in the mantle, we used the anisotropy information characterizing the structure below the Northern Apennines. The anisotropy is an earth properties that in the crust is due to the presence of aligned fluid filled cracks or alternating isotropic layers with different elastic properties while in the mantle the most important cause of seismic anisotropy is the lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of the mantle minerals as the olivine. This last is a highly anisotropic mineral and tends to align its fast crystallographic axes (a-axis) parallel to the astenospheric flow as a response to finite strain induced by geodynamic processes. The seismic anisotropy pattern of a region is measured utilizing the shear wave splitting phenomenon (that is the seismological analogue to optical birefringence). Here, to do so, we apply on teleseismic earthquakes recorded on stations located in the study region, the Sileny and Plomerova (1996) approach. The results are analyzed on the basis of their lateral and vertical variations to better define the earth structure beneath Northern Apennines. We find different anisotropic domains, a Tuscany and an Adria one, with a pattern of seismic anisotropy which laterally varies in a similar way respect to the seismic deformation. Moreover, beneath the Adriatic region the distribution of the splitting parameters is so complex to request an appropriate analysis. Therefore we applied on our data the code of Menke and Levin (2003) which allows to look for different models of structures with multilayer anisotropy. We obtained that the structure beneath the Po Plain is probably even more complicated than expected. On the basis of the results obtained for this thesis, added with those from previous works, we suggest that slab roll-back, which created the Apennines and opened the Tyrrhenian Sea, evolved in the north boundary of Northern Apennines in a different way from its southern part. In particular, the trench retreat developed primarily south of our study region, with an eastward roll-back. In the northern portion of the orogen, after a first stage during which the retreat was perpendicular to the trench, it became oblique with respect to the structure.
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Máster Universitario en Eficiencia Energética (SIANI)
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The doctorate’s theme of research - Abstract My doctorate’s theme of research is about the Investigation in the Italian criminal proceedings. The Italian Code of criminal procedure of 1988 is the fruit of a new ideology that marks a departure from Italy’s prior inquisitorial tradition. According to criminal procedure Code of 1988, an accusatorial system separates the investigation and trial stages and the judge’s decision is based only on evidence collected in oral form in his presence in a public trial containing adversarial dynamics. The Italian Code of 1988 created a separation between criminal investigations and trial. Investigations are conducted by Public Prosecutor: he conducts the investigation phase in order to deem whether to file a formal charge against the defendant or to dismiss the case and the investigative evidence collected should serve only for this purpose. According to so called “inutilizzabilità fisiologica”’s rule, the evidence collected during investigations by prosecutor is not usable during trial by the judge: the results of the investigative efforts displayed by the parties should be kept outside of court. If the proceedings go on to trial, the case shall be deemed with only evidence collected in front of the judge. To create the separation of the trial phase from the investigation stage, there is the double-dossier system. During the investigations, evidence are collected in an investigation dossier. The trial judge will never see the investigation dossier and the trial judge’s decision is based on a new dossier, the trial dossier, with the evidence collected during the trial. The issue of my research is about the investigation, the so called “inutilizzabilità fisiologica”’s rule and also the exclusionary rules that concern the investigative phase and the decisions pronounced during the investigations (for example, the decisions concerning pre-trial confinement). 2 In fact, the exclusionary rule system (so called “inutilizzabilità patologica”) provides that evidence cannot be used in Italian criminal proceedings if it was the result of illegal inquiry.
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Sect. 606, par. 1, e), as modified by Law 46, enacted on Februray 20th, 2006 introduced the chance to appeal to the Court of cassation in case of inconsistent reasoning and extended control on its existence and on other flaws and lack of obvious logic over the text of the contested decision, namely “to other acts the process specified in the grounds of burden”. The renewed provision seems to properly reappoint the “distortion of the evidence”, i.e. the omitted or distorted evidence that could be relevant and conclusive one, in the peculiar context of the grounds' vice. After a general review of the obligation to state reasons for judicial decisions, we analyze the innovative status of the vice of “distortion of evidence” and the conditions and the limits - defined by the law - within we can contest a resolution for illegitimacy. Then, we outline the systematic spin-off brought by the new form of sect. 606, par. 1, e) on some institutions in the code of criminal procedure. Finally, we make the role of the Court of cassation clear in the modern criminal trial, since the 2006 reform gave no definite answer on this fundamental aspect of the question.
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La legge n. 146 del 1990 ha istituito la Commissione di garanzia per l’attuazione della legge sullo sciopero nei servizi pubblici essenziali, un’authority deputata al controllo dell’effettivo bilanciamento del diritto di sciopero con gli altri diritti della persona di rango costituzionale nel caso dei servizi pubblici essenziali. Ad essa spettano alcuni poteri tra di loro eterogenei. Accanto a poteri propulsivi e sanzionatori, essa possiede poteri di tipo normativo. La legge prevede, infatti, che le prestazioni indispensabili e le altre misure necessarie al contemperamento siano determinate da accordi tra il datore di lavoro e le associazioni sindacali, mentre per il lavoro autonomo da codici di autoregolamentazione forniti da ognuna delle categorie interessate. Gli accordi e i codici di autoregolamentazione devono essere, comunque, sottoposti al vaglio della Commissione di garanzia la quale in ultimo stabilisce se essi siano idonei a realizzare il bilanciamento dei diritti in questione. Quando i soggetti indicati dalla legge non provvedano alla redazione dei suddetti atti, la Commissione interviene con l’emanazione di una provvisoria regolamentazione, la quale possiede natura di regolamento, giacchè partecipa dei caratteri della generalità ed astrattezza propri delle norme di legge. In effetti, anche altre authorities possiedono un potere normativo, che si sostanzia alle volte in un regolamento indipendente, altre in un regolamento simile ai regolamenti delegati ed altre al regolamento esecutivo. Poiché la legge n. 146 del 1990 prevede quali siano gli istituti idonei a realizzare il bilanciamento (preavviso, proclamazione scritta, procedure di raffreddamento e conciliazione, intervallo minimo, misure indicative delle prestazioni indispensabili), la provvisoria regolamentazione possiede i caratteri del regolamento esecutivo.
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La tesi intende offrire una disamina approfondita dell’istituto del giudicato implicito, di rito e di merito, sotto il duplice profilo dei recenti orientamenti della giurisprudenza di legittimità, da un lato, e dei rilievi critici della dottrina, dall’altro. Il candidato si sofferma, preliminarmente, sulla ratio delle recenti sentenze delle sezioni unite della Cassazione, le quali promuovono un’interpretazione restrittiva e residuale dell’art. 37 c.p.c. alla luce del principio costituzionale della ragionevole durata. Si pone, quindi, il problema del rapporto tra il giudicato implicito sulla giurisdizione e i principi processuali costituzionali, dedicando ampio spazio e rilievo alle riflessioni critiche della dottrina sulla teoria del giudicato implicito. Il candidato passa così all’esame del giudicato implicito sulle questioni preliminari di merito, dopo aver trattato il tema dell’ordine logico-giuridico delle questioni e della struttura della decisione. Nel corso di questa analisi, ravvisa nel principio della ragione più liquida la negazione dell’idea di giudicato implicito, sviluppando così alcune riflessioni critiche sul giudicato di merito implicito. A questo punto, il piano dell’indagine si incentra su un aspetto specifico dell’istituto in esame, particolarmente importante sotto il profilo dei risvolti applicativi: le implicazioni del giudicato implicito in sede di impugnazione. Segue, quindi, la parte conclusiva della tesi dedicata ai profili di criticità del recente orientamento delle sezioni unite, con particolare riguardo all’onere di appello incidentale della parte vittoriosa nel merito. La tesi mette in luce come la struttura degli istituti venga in qualche misura piegata ad esigenze di deflazione, che andrebbero però perseguite con altri e più coerenti strumenti.