Grammatical structures in code-switching among second generation Chinese-Australian students

This paper is based on an analysis of audio-recordings of interviews conducted at three primary schools in Victoria. The syntactic convergence or transference, which accompanies switching takes place at three levels: typological, structural and classificatory. The matrix Language Frame Model (Myers-Scotton 1993b, 1997a), revised to include the Composite Matrix Language (Bolonyai 1998), successfully deals with all forms of switching in my corpus. However, it is highly doubtful if grammatical constraints (Clyne 1987) as such exist ins witching between Chinese and English. My data rather supports the existence of facilitators or tendencies.

Delivering sustainability through the adaptive reuse of commercial buildings : the Melbourne CBD challenge

The City of Melbourne is aiming to be carbon neutral by 2020 (Arup 2008) and have set a target of adapting twelve hundred commercial buildings to incorporate sustainability initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the sector (AECOM 2008). In order to meet this target the City of Melbourne is taking a proactive approach to establish strategies to deliver sustainability in the built environment within the 2020 timeframe. With regards to upgrading and building maintenance 71% of investment is used for such works (Department of the Environment 2008) and the total Australian property stock was worth over $6 trillion in June 2008. Given that building services in commercial buildings typically lasts between 20-30 years and the average age of the stock is 31 years – it appears that many properties are due for adaptation and there is major opportunity for adaptation that alleviates the impact of global warming and climate change.

Uncertainty surfaces such as; how much adaptation of existing stock is typically undertaken? And is the target of 1200 adaptations before 2020 achievable? Furthermore how could the City identify which buildings are most probable to be adapted prior to 2020? This paper details the configuration of a database of Melbourne buildings populated with data about physical, social, economic legislative and environmental attributes. There is a discussion about how the database will be used to determine; how much adaptive reuse has been undertaken historically; if any triggers to adaptation can be identified; and whether any relationships between adaptation physical, social, economic, legislative and environmental attributes and adaptation exist. The relevance of this research is obvious to all policy makers where adaptation of existing commercial buildings is perceived a as key component of delivering sustainability.

Innovative reuse options for water treatment plant sludges

Reuse options were investigated for drinking water sludge. Research found sludges could be included with raw materials in brick and cement manufacturing with minimal impact. Poly-aluminium chloride sludge was found to an excellent adsorbent of phosphorus from wastewaters thus indirectly reducing potential algal blooms in our rivers.

Multilabel classification by BCH code and random forests

This paper uses error correcting codes for multilabel classification. BCH code and random forests learner are used to form the proposed method. Thus, the advantage of the error-correcting properties of BCH is merged with the good performance of the random forests learner to enhance the multilabel classification results. Three experiments are conducted on three common benchmark datasets. The results are compared against those of several exiting approaches. The proposed method does well against its counterparts for the three datasets of varying characteristics.

‘Coded in a code of the world' : minor literature and the time-image hidden in Janet Frame’s late fiction?

This article seeks to demonstrate how Janet Frame’s late fiction can be read as a theoretical engagement with the conceptual investigations of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, especially the notions of minor literature and the in her late novels Living in the Maniototo (1981) and The Carpathians (1989). For this reason, my approach must be sharply distinguished from a more commonplace analogical framing of Frame or a simple one-to-one translation of her fiction into alternative terms. By weaving theory through her fiction, Frame makes a significant contribution to literature that responds to the still-emerging field of Deleuzean literary critical theory.

Reclaiming spent liquor from cotton reactive dyebaths using nanofiltration membrane for possible reuse of water and salt

During dyeing, salts are placed in a dyebath to aid the fixation of various dyes on to the fabric while bases are added to raise the pH from around neutral to pH 11. Afterwards, the used dyebath solution, called dyebath spent liquor, is discharged with almost all the salts and bases added as well as unfixed dyes. Consequently, a lot of raw materials are lost in the waste stream ending up in the environment as pollutants. In this study, possibilities of reusing water and salts of dyebathes were investigated, using a nanofiltration membrane. When the salt concentration in the spent liquor was increased from 10 to 80 g/L, the salt rejection by membrane was found to decrease initially; however, the salt rejection increased over the time, which was not expected. The aggregation of dye was also studied and found to decrease in the concentrate when the salt concentration was increased. This may be due to the aggregation of salt in the concentrate, which explains the increase in salt rejection. This information is useful for the textile industry in evaluating the treated water quality for the purpose of reuse.

Application of novel technologies in water reclamation, reuse and recycle

Water reuse has become an integral element of the "total water resources planning and management" along with the other elements such as water conservation, water use efficiency and management of the allocation of existing water sources. Researchers are working actively on the following aspects of water reuse: identification and characterization of different wastewaters that could be reclaimed, development of treatment technologies and effluent standards, quantification of potential gains due to recycling and risk management. The wastewaters that can be reclaimed are domestic and industrial wastewaters, grey water, black water, stormwater and rain water and their potential reuse lies in agriculture, aquaculture, industries, non-potable use in residential and community fronts and indirect and direct potable use. The treatment of wastewater ranges from secondary treatment to advanced treatment, which produces different "Classes" of reclaimed water. This paper evaluates the current status of the research on the above-mentioned important aspects of water reuse with relevant case studies and the future demand for reuse water. The direction in which the future-reuse schemes should be formulated so that they are safe, environmentally sustainable and cost effective are also discussed.

Nanofiltration for the possible reuse of water and recovery of sodium chloride salt from textile effluent

During the reactive dyeing of cotton, salts such as sodium chloride (NaCI) are placed in a dyebath to aid the exhaustion of various dyes onto the fabric while bases are added to raise the pH from around neutral to pH 11 to achieve fixation. Afterwards, the used dyebath solution, called dyebath spent liquor, is discharged with almost all the salts and bases added as well as unfixed dyes. Consequently, many raw materials are lost in the waste stream ending up in the environment as pollutants. In this study possibilities of reusing the water and salts of dyebaths were investigated using a nanofiltration membrane. When the NaCI concentration in the spent liquor was increased from 10 to 80 g/L, the NaC1 rejection by the membrane was found to decrease initially; however, the NaC1 rejection increased over time, which was not expected. The aggregation of dye was also studied and found to decrease in the concentrate when the salt concentration was increased. This information is useful for the textile industry in evaluating the treated water quality for the purpose of reuse.

Application of submerged membrane bioreactor for aquaculture effluent reuse

Discharging the nutrient rich aquaculture effluents into inland water bodies and oceans is becoming a serious concern due to the adverse effect that brings in the form of eutrophication and subsequent damages to those waters. A laboratory scale biological reactor consisting of a denitrifying compartment followed by a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) compartment was used to treat 40 L d−1 of aquaculture effluent with an average concentration of 74 mg L−1 nitrate (NO3 − ). Sugar was added to the aquaculture effluent in order that to enter into the denitrifying compartment at a carbon: nitrogen ratio (C:N) of 2:1 and 4:1. A hollow fibre membrane with a pore size of 0.4 μm and a filtration area of 0.20 m2 was used in the SMBR and was operated at an average flux of 0.20 m3 m−2 d−1. An intermittent suction period of 12 min followed by a relaxation period of 3 min was maintained in the SMBR throughout the experiment. Different aeration rates of 1, 3, 5 and 10 Lpm were applied to the SMBR to determine the rate of membrane fouling and 5 Lpm aeration rate was found to be optimum with respect to the rate of fouling of membrane at a C:N ratio of 4:1. The average rate of fouling at 1, 3, 5 and 10 Lpm were 1.17, 0.70, 0.48 and 0.52 kPa d−1, respectively. The increase in the rate of fouling when the aeration was increased from 5 to 10 Lpm may be due to the breakage of suspended particles into finer particles which could have increased the fouling of membrane. It was also found that increasing the C:N ratio from 2:1 to 4:1 resulted in more cake being formed on the membrane surface as well as an increase in the reduction of NO3 − from 64% to 78%. Preliminary calculations show that 2.4 to 3.2 g of suspended solids could be accumulated per square meter of membrane surface before physical cleaning of membrane is required (at a transmembrane pressure of 20 kPa).

Performance evaluation of different ultrafiltration membranes for the reclamation and reuse of secondary effluent

This study investigates and compares the performance of two different types of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in the recovery of water from secondary treated wastewater. Filtration experiments were carried out on a pilot scale cross-flow unit using synthetic wastewater similar to the quality of secondary treated wastewater by varying the operating parameters such as transmembrane pressure (TMP), feed composition and membrane configuration. The filtration experiments demonstrated that the flux recovery through spiral polymeric UF membrane was more sensitive to the variation in TMP compared to the tubular ceramic UF membrane over the range of TMP studied. The resistance in series model was used for the evaluation of the resistance to the permeate flux. The fouling resistance, particularly irreversible resistance compared to reversible resistance plays a major role in the total resistance for the tubular ceramic membrane. In contrast clean membrane resistance is the major contributor for the total resistance of the spiral polymeric membrane. Finally, the effectiveness of the filtration treatment was determined by evaluating the rejection coefficients for various pollution indices of the wastewater. Significant differences in the performance of the membrane types were observed which are likely to impact on the selection, operation and maintenance of the membrane system.