Estudi t��cnic-econ��mic de l'adaptaci�� a la Llei de Benestar Animal d'una explotaci�� porcina de la comarca d'Osona i posterior valoraci�� de la seva implementaci��

Des de la publicaci�� de la Llei de Benestar Animal RD 1135/ 2002, de 31 d���octubre que regula els tres aspectes clau de la producci�� porcina��� sistemes d���estabulaci�� i construccions permeses; formaci�� obligat��ria dels ramaders i maneig dels animals��� totes les granges de nova construcci�� han estat projectades seguint els seus preceptes. Mentre que les granges existents han hagut d���adaptar���hi les seves instal���lacions sota amena��a de tancament si no es complien els requisits. L���objectiu d���aquest treball ha estat l���elaboraci�� de l���estudi t��cnic��� econ��mic per a l���adaptaci�� a la Llei de Benestar Animal d���una explotaci�� porcina de la comarca d���Osona. Despr��s d���avaluar la situaci�� inicial de les instal���lacions, establir les l��nies de previsi�� de creixement i analitzar els avantatges i inconvenients de cada sistema i model, s���opta pel sistema d���alimentaci�� electr��nic model Nedap en grup din��mic de truges sobre s��l amb ja�� de palla. Una decisi�� no massa extesa en granges del sud d���Europa on se sol preferir l���slat de formig�� i/o superf��cie pavimentada, per�� imprescindible perqu�� aquesta explotaci�� pogu��s aconseguir una millor gesti�� de les dejeccions ramaderes i assegurar una millora agron��mica de les terres de conreu. El treball conclou amb el seguiment del desenvolupament de l���alternativa escollida i una valoraci�� dels canvis derivats de l���adaptaci�� al Benestar Animal despr��s del primer any i mig en ��s. Les millores obtingudes en termes de maneig, funcionament de la granja, salut dels animals i ��ndex productius s��n remarcables. D���una banda, cal destacar el fet de tenir un nombre de coixeres molt menor respecte les granges amb superf��cie dura, aix�� com la facilitat i rapidesa en els parts degut al benestar. De l���altra,la reducci�� del volum de pur��, l���increment de la fracci�� s��lida i la disponibilitat de compost per al camp. Per aix��, no ��s exagerat observar el ja�� amb palla com una de les solucions m��s adequades i equilibrades per aquesta explotaci�� que combina bov��, porc�� i terra per a la producci�� de cultius.

Adapta����es em forno de microondas dom��stico para utiliza����o em laboratório

Domestic microwave oven was modified for laboratory applications. Electronic system was made for controlling magnetron irradiation time. Exhaustion and air circulation systems were installed to clean the internal oven atmosphere during operation. The cavity walls were coated with aluminized thermal paint to avoid chemical corrosion. These modifications allowed the usage of the oven for drying and processes using reflux.

Simula����o do processo Solvay no laboratório did��tico

The Solvay Process is an important route for the industrial preparation of sodium carbonate from brine and CO2. However, experiments illustrating such process are performed only in a few chemistry courses, mainly because of the difficulties to precipitate out the intermediate product NaHCO3 within the 3 or 4 hours generally available for laboratory classes. In this article we describe a method that properly simulates the Solvay process using glass apparatus that can be found in any chemistry laboratory. The good yields and purity attainable, associated with the short time (~3 hours) required to get the sodium bicarbonate, account for the suitability of our method for chemistry or chemical engineering undergraduate students laboratory classes.

��Animales...?: 'No nada'. Reflexiones de ��tica animal

Article sobre l'��tica animal i la situaci�� general a nivell espanyol

Constru����o e otimiza����o de um sistema para produ����o e aplica����o de oz��nio em escala de laboratório

This paper shows the assembly of an ozonization system to be used in laboratory scale, mainly to study effluent treatability. The system is simple, practical and provides easy acquisition of data when interfaced to a microcomputer. The performance of ozone generation and K La values are also described.

Qu��micos brasileiros esquecidos Adelino Leal: um professor que ensinava no laboratório

Chemistry is a experimental science and should be taught emphasizing the experimental work at laboratories. Brazilian teachers either in secondary level teaching as well at University gave minor attention in laboratory experiments as a tool to improve the quality of the teaching. Adelino Leal published a monograph in 1926 which emphasizes the experimental work in the teaching of Chemistry. The French chemist Jungfleisch had a important influence in the Adelino Leal's work and was the main reference for both his work and published books.

Sistema em fluxo para determina����o espectrofotom��trica de ur��ia em plasma de sangue animal empregando leguminosa como fonte natural da enzima urease

A spectrophotometric flow injection analysis (FIA) procedure employing natural urease enzyme source for the determination of urea in animal blood plasma was developed. Among leguminous plants used in the Brazilian agriculture, the Cajanus cajan specie was selected as urease source considering its efficiency and availability. A minicolumn was filled with leguminous fragments and coupled to the FIA manifold, where urea was on-line converted to ammonium ions and subsequently it was quantified by spectrophotometry. The system was employed to determine urea in animal plasma samples without any prior treatment. Accuracy was assessed by comparison results with those obtained employing the official procedure and no significant difference at 90 % confidence level was observed. Other profitable features such as an analytical throughput of 30 determinations per hour, a reagent consumption of 19.2 mg sodium salicylate, 0.5 mg sodium hipochloride and a relative standard deviation of 1.4 % (n= 12) were also obtained.

Sacarose no laboratório de qu��mica org��nica de gradua����o

An experiment showing the readily available disaccharide (sucrose) as reagent for experiments in undergraduate chemistry laboratory is described. The preparation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose from sucrose is very simple, uses low cost materials, requires two periods of 4 hours and is useful for classroom support in undergraduate courses.

The use of non-animal alternatives in the safety evaluations of cosmetics ingredients by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS)

In Europe, the safety evaluation of cosmetics is based on the safety evaluation of each individual ingredient. Article 3 of the Cosmetics Regulation specifies that a cosmetic product made available on the market is to be safe for human health when used normally or under reasonably foreseeable conditions. For substances that cause some concern with respect to human health (e.g. colorants, preservatives, UV-filters), safety is evaluated at the Commission level by a scientific committee, presently called the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). According to the Cosmetics Regulations, in the EU, the marketing of cosmetics products and their ingredients that have been tested on animals for most of their human health effects, including acute toxicity, is prohibited. Nevertheless, any study dating from before this prohibition took effect is accepted for the safety assessment of cosmetics ingredients. The in vitro methods reported in the dossiers summited to the SCCS are here evaluated from the published reports issued by the scientific committee of the Directorate General of Health and Consumers (DG SANCO); responsible for the safety of cosmetics ingredients. The number of studies submitted to the SCCS that do not involve animals is still low and in general the safety of cosmetics ingredients is based on in vivo studies performed before the prohibition.

Um experimento com propostas m��ltiplas para um laboratório de qu��mica geral

This article suggests a sequence of experiments on the preparation, analysis and some photochemical aspects of potassium tris (oxalato) ferrate(III) trihydrate. The sequence of experiments could be carried out in four or five 4-hour laboratory periods. The new part of this article is related to the kinetics studies involving the ambient illumination as well as the use of the cellophane paper of different colors as light filters. The aspects such as quantum yield, light absorption and photochemical reactions are explored in order to illustrate the relationships between the exposure time, light intensity and wavelength range on the photochemical reactions.

Laboratório de res��duos qu��micos do campus USP-S��o Carlos: resultados da experi��ncia pioneira em gest��o e gerenciamento de res��duos qu��micos em um campus universit��rio

A novel and unique in a brazilian university experience for rigorous handling of chemical residues of research and teaching is described. The activities since 1998 of a laboratory for the adequate treatment and recovery of chemicals at the S��o Carlos Campus of the University of S��o Paulo are summarized. The necessity of environment conscience future professional is enhanced.

Gerenciamento de res��duos qu��micos e ��guas servidas no laboratório de is��topos est��veis do CENA/USP

A system for disposal and recovery of the main effluents and chemical waist from isotope separation plants and enriched compounds-15N and 34S production has been carried out at the Stable Isotope Laboratory (LIE) of the CENA/USP. Around four hundred thousand liters of effluents has been recovered yearly. Among the recovered chemical wastes, the more relevant are: ammonia; brome; ammonium and sodium sulfate; sodium hydroxide; sulfur dioxide; and hydrochloric acid. Chemical wastes containg recoverable heavy metals (Ag, Cr and Cu) and solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) are processed and recovered. Gaseous emissions, mainly H2S are used for recovery of heavy metals solutions. The minimization of the residues waters, as well the reduction of electric energy consume was established using a water deionization system. A cost/effect balance of the process is reported.

The evaluation of hazardous gas components caused by the thermal degradation of plant oils and animal fats

Neste Oil has introduced plant oils and animal fats for the production of NExBTL renewable diesel, and these raw materials differ from the conventional mineral based oils. One subject of new raw materials study is thermal degradation, or in another name pyrolysis, of these organic oils and fats. The aim of this master���s thesis is to increase knowledge on thermal degradation of these new raw materials, and to identify possible gaseous harmful thermal degradation compounds. Another aim is to de-termine the health and environmental hazards of identified compounds. One objective is also to examine the formation possibilities of hazardous compounds in the produc-tion of NExBTL-diesel. Plant oils and animal fats consist mostly of triglycerides. Pyrolysis of triglycerides is a complex phenomenon, and many degradation products can be formed. Based on the literature studies, 13 hazardous degradation products were identified, one of which was acrolein. This compound is very toxic and dangerous to the environment. Own pyrolysis experiments were carried out with rapeseed and palm oils, and with a mix-ture of palm oil and animal fat. At least 12 hazardous compounds, including acrolein, were analysed from the gas phase. According to the experiments, the factors which influence on acrolein formation are the time of the experiment, the sphere (air/hydrogen) in which the experiment is carried out, and the characteristics of the used oil. The production of NExBTL-diesel is not based on pyrolysis. This is why thermal degradation is possible only when abnormal process conditions prevail.

Laboratório qu��mico-pr��tico do Rio de Janeiro: primeira tentativa de difus��o da Qu��mica no Brasil (1812- 1819)

Until the present date, historians of science have described inaccurately the first laboratory created in Brazil for establishing and divulging Chemistry, namely the "Laboratório Qu��mico-Pr��tico do Rio de Janeiro". During recent research carried out in the Arquivo do Museu Imperial (Petr��polis, RJ), I localized a document entitled "Ensaio hist��rico anal��tico das opera����es do Laboratório Qu��mico-Pr��tico do Rio de Janeiro", which allowed me to gain the relevant information to correct some of the observations made in the first chronicles.