Ping Jin du bei ji : (8 juan fu xu 1 juan zai xu 1 juan 3 xu 2 juan) /

Originally published: Wu Xian : Zhu shi jia shu xing su cao tang, Guangxu 12 [1886]

A checklist for the organization, operation, and evaluation of a company library.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Earth from orbit : Apollo-Soyuz pamphlet no. 5.

Bibliography: p. 56-57.

Analogías y diferencias entre leyes de educación superior en el contexto de las políticas neoliberales de fines del milenio

Este estudio comparado de las leyes de educación superior de Argentina, Chile y España, promulgadas durante la última década del siglo pasado en el contexto dominante de la políticas liberales, apunta a determinar las analogías y diferencias existentes; así como derivar conclusiones sobre los sistemas y criterios que sirvan al perfeccionamiento y reforma de la ley de educación superior, resignificando el rol de las instituciones universitarias en la Argentina reciente. El abordaje investigativo ha estado transversalizado por el planteo acerca de cuáles han sido las consecuencias de los cambios legislativos sobre los modelos organizacionales de conocimiento, habilidades, curriculum, finanzas, rendición de cuentas y organización. Los ítems comparados fueron las regulaciones estatales y las políticas de evaluación establecidas y su incidencia en las autonomías universitarias; la emergencia de nuevos actores y modos de organización en los procesos universitarios de oferta académica y producción de saber: la diferenciación institucional y expansión de proveedores privados; la multiplicidad de las fuentes de financiamiento y las presiones en torno a la búsqueda de una mayor "utilidad social" de los contenidos impartidos y los conocimientos generados por sus investigadores; el ingreso universitario y las restricciones a la libre admisibilidad como pauta de inclusión / exclusión educativa. Las leyes de educación superior analizadas comparativamente son: la Ley de Educación Superior argentina (LES, 1995), la Ley Orgánica Constitucional de Educación chilena (LOCE, 1989) y la Ley Orgánica de Universidades española (LOU, 2001)

Analogías y diferencias entre leyes de educación superior en el contexto de las políticas neoliberales de fines del milenio

Este estudio comparado de las leyes de educación superior de Argentina, Chile y España, promulgadas durante la última década del siglo pasado en el contexto dominante de la políticas liberales, apunta a determinar las analogías y diferencias existentes; así como derivar conclusiones sobre los sistemas y criterios que sirvan al perfeccionamiento y reforma de la ley de educación superior, resignificando el rol de las instituciones universitarias en la Argentina reciente. El abordaje investigativo ha estado transversalizado por el planteo acerca de cuáles han sido las consecuencias de los cambios legislativos sobre los modelos organizacionales de conocimiento, habilidades, curriculum, finanzas, rendición de cuentas y organización. Los ítems comparados fueron las regulaciones estatales y las políticas de evaluación establecidas y su incidencia en las autonomías universitarias; la emergencia de nuevos actores y modos de organización en los procesos universitarios de oferta académica y producción de saber: la diferenciación institucional y expansión de proveedores privados; la multiplicidad de las fuentes de financiamiento y las presiones en torno a la búsqueda de una mayor "utilidad social" de los contenidos impartidos y los conocimientos generados por sus investigadores; el ingreso universitario y las restricciones a la libre admisibilidad como pauta de inclusión / exclusión educativa. Las leyes de educación superior analizadas comparativamente son: la Ley de Educación Superior argentina (LES, 1995), la Ley Orgánica Constitucional de Educación chilena (LOCE, 1989) y la Ley Orgánica de Universidades española (LOU, 2001)

Perceptual and instrumental analysis of laryngeal function after traumatic brain injury in childhood

Objective: To investigate laryngeal function and phonatory disturbance in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI), using both perceptual and instrumental techniques. Design and participants: The performance of 16 individuals with moderate to severe TBI acquired in childhood and 16 nonneurologicatly impaired control subjects was compared on a battery of perceptual (Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment, speech sample analysis) and instrumental (Aerophone II, laryngograph) assessments. Results and conclusions: As a group, the children with TBI demonstrated normal, or only minimally impaired laryngeal function, when compared with the control group, which contrasts with the significant laryngeal impairment noted in adults after TBI. Several reasons for the different findings in relation to laryngeal function in adults and children after TBI are postulated: (1) differing types of injury usually incurred by adults and children may result in a relatively decreased degree of neurologic impairment in these children, (2) differences in recovery potential between adults and children, and (3) the pediatric larynx is still developing, hence it may be better able to compensate for any impairment incurred.

Comparability of perceptual analysis of speech characteristics in Australian and Swedish speakers with multiple sclerosis

The aims of the present study were to compare the perceptual assessments of deviant speech signs (dysarthria) exhibited by Australian and Swedish speakers with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to explore whether judgements of dysarthria differed depending on whether the speakers and the judges spoke the same or different languages. Ten Australian and 10 Swedish individuals with MS (matched as closely as possible for age, gender, progression type and severity of dysarthria) were assessed by 2 Australian and 2 Swedish clinically experienced judges using a protocol including 33 speech parameters. Results show that the following perceptual dimensions were identified by both pairs of judges in both groups of speakers to a just noticeable or moderate degree: imprecise consonants, inappropriate pitch level, reduced general rate, and glottal fry. The reliability (Spearman rank-order correlation) of the consensus ratings from the Australian and the Swedish judges was high, with a mean rho of 85.7 for the Australian speakers and mean rho of 84.3 for the Swedish speakers. The most difficult perceptual parameters to assess (i.e. to agree on) included harshness, level of pitch and loudness, precision of consonants and general stress pattern. The study indicated that perceptual assessments of speech characteristics in individuals with MS are informative and can be achieved with high inter-judge reliability irrespective of the judge's knowledge of the speaker's language. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Multiple tissue-specific promoters control expression of the murine tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase gene

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is highly expressed in osteoclasts and in a subset of tissue macrophages and dendritic cells. It is expressed at lower levels in the parenchymal cells of the liver, glomerular mesangial cells of the kidney and pancreatic acinar cells. We have identified novel TRAP mRNAs that differ in their 5-untranslated region (5'-UTR) sequence, but align with the known murine TRAP mRNA from the first base of Exon 2. The novel 5'-UTRs represent alternative first exons located upstream of the known 5'-UTR. A similar genomic structure exists for the human TRAP gene with partial conservation of the exon and promoter sequences. Expression of the most distal 5'-UTR (Exon 1A) is restricted to adult bone and spleen tissue. Exon 1B is expressed primarily in tissues containing TRAP-positive nonhaematopoietic cells. The known TRAP 5'-UTR (Exon 1) is expressed in tissues characteristic of myeloid cell expression. In addition the Exon 1C promoter sequence is shown to comprise distinct transcription start regions, with an osteoclast-specific transcription initiation site identified downstream of a TATA-like element. Macrophages are shown to initiate transcription of the Exon 1C transcript from a purine-rich region located upstream of the osteoclast-specific transcription start point. The distinct expression patterns for each of the TRAP 5'-UTRs suggest that TRAP mRNA expression is regulated by the use of four alternative tissue- and cell-restricted promoters. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Higher-level language deficits resulting from left primary cerebellar lesions

Background: Contemporary neuropsychological studies suggest that cerebellar lesions may impact upon higher-level cognitive functioning via mechanisms of crossed cerebello-cerebral diaschisis. Accordingly, right cerebellar lesions have been previously associated with linguistic impairments such as reduced word fluency and agrammatic output. Recently, however, neuroimaging investigations have also identified ipsilateral cerebral hypoperfusion as a consequence of cerebellar lesions, implicating a potential role for the left cerebellum in the mediation of language processes. Aims: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of left cerebellar lesions of vascular origin, on general as well as high-level language skills. Methods & Procedures: Linguistic profiles were compiled for five individuals with left primary cerebellar lesions utilising a comprehensive language test battery. Individual scores relevant to each subtest were compared to a group of non-neurologically impaired controls. The criterion for anomalous performance was established as greater than or equal to 1.5 SD below the mean of the control group. Outcomes & Results: The findings of this research suggest that higher-level language deficits may result from left primary cerebellar lesions. All participants demonstrated deficits on measures of word fluency, sentence construction within a set context, producing word definitions, and producing multiple definitions for the same word. Deficits were also noted for several participants on measures of understanding figurative language, forming word associations, identifying and correcting semantic absurdities, and producing synonyms and antonyms. Conclusions: The results presented challenge the notion of a lateralised linguistic cerebellum, supporting a potential role for the left as well as right cerebellar hemispheres in the regulation of language processes, presumably via cerebellar-basal ganglia/thalamo-cortical pathways.

An evaluation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in the treatment of hypernasality following traumatic brain injury - A report of 3 cases

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in the treatment of hypernasality following traumatic brain injury (17111). Design: An A-B-A experimental research design. Assessments were conducted prior to commencement of the program, midway, immediately posttreatment, and 1 month after completion of the CPAP therapy program. Participants: Three adults with dysarthria and moderate to severe hypernasality subsequent to TBI. Outcome Measures: Perceptual evaluation using the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment, the Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech, and a speech sample analysis, and instrumental evaluation using the Nasometer. Results: Between assessment periods, varying degrees of improvement in hypernasality and sentence intelligibility were noted. At the 1-month post-CPAP assessment, all 3 participants demonstrated reduced nasalance values, and 2 exhibited increased sentence intelligibility. Conclusions: CPAP may be a valuable treatment of impaired velopharyngeal function in the TBI population.

Perceptual and instrumental evaluation of voice and tongue function after carotid endarterectomy

Objective: Laryngeal and tongue function was assessed in 28 patients to evaluate the presence, nature, and resolution of superior recurrent laryngeal and hypoglossal nerve damage resulting from standard open primary carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods. The laryngeal and tongue function in 28 patients who underwent CEA were examined prospectively with various physiologic (Aerophone II, laryngograph, tongue transducer), acoustic (Multi-Dimensional Voice Program), and perceptual speech assessments. Measures were obtained from all participants preoperatively, and at 2 weeks and at 3 months postoperatively. Results. The perceptual speech assessment indicated that the vocal quality of roughness was significantly more apparent at the 2-week postoperative assessment than preoperatively. However, by the 3-month postoperative assessment these values had returned to near preoperative levels, with no significant difference detected between preoperative and 3-month postoperative levels or between 2-week and 3-month postoperative levels. Both the instrumental assessments of laryngeal function and the acoustic assessment of vocal quality failed to identify any significant difference on any measure across the three assessment periods. Similarly, no significant impairment in tongue strength, endurance, or rate of repetitive tongue movements was detected at instrumental assessment of tongue function. Conclusions: No permanent changes to vocal or tongue function occurred in this group of participants after primary CEA. The lack of any significant long-term laryngeal or tongue dysfunction in this group suggests that the standard open CEA procedure is not associated with high rates of superior recurrent and hypoglossal nerve dysfunction, as previously believed.

Problem solving in social interactions on the Internet: Rumor as social cognition

Rumor discourse has been conceptualized as an attempt to reduce anxiety and uncertainty via a process of social sensemaking. Fourteen rumors transmitted on various Internet discussion groups were observed and content analyzed over the life of each rumor With this (previously unavailable) more ecologically robust methodology, the intertwined threads of sensemaking and the gaining of interpretive control are clearly evident in the tapestry of rumor discourse. We propose a categorization of statements (the Rumor Interaction Analysis System) and find differences between dread rumors and wish rumors in anxiety-related content categories. Cluster analysis of these statements reveals a typology of voices (communicative postures) exhibiting sensemaking activities of the rumor discussion group, such as hypothesizing, skeptical critique, directing of activities to gain information, and presentation of evidence. These findings enrich our understanding of the long-implicated sensemaking function of rumor by clarifying the elements of communication that operate in rumor's social context.