Effet du calcium, plomb et cuivre sur la bioaccumulation du cadmium et la production des phytochélatines par Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Dans les milieux contaminés par les métaux, les organismes vivants sont exposés à plusieurs d’entre eux en même temps. Les modèles courants de prédiction des effets biologiques des métaux sur les organismes (p. ex., modèle du ligand biotique, BLM ; modèle de l’ion libre, FIAM), sont des modèles d’équilibre chimique qui prévoient, en présence d'un deuxième métal, une diminution de la bioaccumulation du métal d’intérêt et par la suite une atténuation de ses effets. Les biomarqueurs de toxicité, tels que les phytochélatines (PCs), ont été utilisés comme étant un moyen alternatif pour l’évaluation des effets biologiques. Les phytochélatines sont des polypeptides riches en cystéine dont la structure générale est (γ-glu-cys)n-Gly où n varie de 2 à 11. Leur synthèse semble dépendante de la concentration des ions métalliques ainsi que de la durée de l’ exposition de l’organisme, aux métaux. L'objectif de cette étude était donc de déterminer, dans les mélanges binaires de métaux, la possibilité de prédiction de la synthèse des phytochélatines par les modèles d’équilibres chimiques, tel que le BLM. Pour cela, la quantité de phytochélatines produites en réponse d’une exposition aux mélanges binaires : Cd-Ca, Cd-Cu et Cd-Pb a été mesurée tout en surveillant l’effet direct de la compétition par le biais des concentrations de métaux internalisés. En effet, après six heures d’exposition, la bioaccumulation de Cd diminue en présence du Ca et de très fortes concentrations de Pb et de Cu (de l’ordre de 5×10-6 M). Par contre, avec des concentrations modérées de ces deux métaux, le Cd augmente en présence de Cu et ne semble pas affecté par la présence de Pb. Dans le cas de la compétition Cd-Cu, une bonne corrélation a été observée entre la production de PC2, PC3 et PC4 et la quantité des métaux bioaccumulés. Pour la synthèse des phytochélatines et la bioaccumulation, les effets étaient considérés comme synergiques. Dans le cas du Cd-Ca, les quantités de PC3 et PC4 ont diminué avec le métal internalisé (effet antagoniste), mais ce qui était remarquable était la grande quantité de cystéine (GSH) et PC2 qui ont été produites à de fortes concentrations du Ca. Le Pb seul n’a pas induit les PCs. Par conséquent, il n’y avait pas de variation de la quantité de PCs avec la concentration de Pb à laquelle les algues ont été exposées. La détection et la quantification des PCs ont été faites par chromatographie à haute performance couplée d’un détecteur de fluorescence (HPLC-FL). Tandis que les concentrations métalliques intracellulaires ont été analysées par spectroscopie d’absorption atomique (AAS) ou par spectrométrie de masse à source plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS).

Fabrication and Characterization of Spray Pyrolysed Cadmium Sulphide Homojunction Solar Cells

The study on the fabrication and characterization of spray pyrolysed cadmium sulphide homojunction solar cells. As an alternative to the conventional energy source, the PV technology has to be improved. Study about the factors affecting the performance of the existing solar cells and this will result in the enhancement of efficiency of the cells. At the same time it is equally important to have R&D works on developing new photovoltaic devices and processes which are less expensive for large scale production. CdS is an important binary compound semiconductor, which is very useful in the field of photovoltaics. It is very easy to prepare large area CdS thin films. In order to fabricate thin film homojunction cadmium sulphide cells, prepared and characterized SnO2 thin film as the lower electrode, p-CdS as the active layer and n-CdS as window layer. Cadmium material used for the fabrication of homojunction solar cells is highly toxic. The major damage due to continued exposure to low levels of cadmium are on the kidneys, lungs and bones. The real advantage of spray pyrolysis process is that there is no emission of any toxic gases during the deposition. Very low concentration of the chemicals is needed in this process. The risk involved from this material is very low, though they are toxic. On large scale usage it may become necessary that the cells after their life, should be bought back by the companies to retrieve chemicals like cadmium. This will reduce environmental problem and also the material wastage

Fabrication of thin films and nano columnar structures of Fe-Ni amorphous alloys and modification of its surface properties by thermal annealing and swift heavy ion irradiation for tailoring the magnetic properties

Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology

On the crystallization kinetics and micro-structural transformations of Fe40Ni38B18Mo4 alloys

Activation energy for crystallization (Ec) is a pertinent parameter that decides the application potential of many metallic glasses and is proportional to the crystallization temperature. Higher crystallization temperatures are desirable for soft magnetic applications, while lower values for data storage purposes. In this investigation, from the heating rate dependence of peak crystallization temperature Tp, the Ec values have been evaluated by three different methods for metglas 2826 MB (Fe40Ni38B18Mo4) accurately. The Ec values are correlated with the morphological changes, and the structural evolution associated with annealing temperatures is discussed.

Vibrational behaviour of bcc Cu-based shape memory alloys close to the martensitic transition

Experimental data from ultrasonic and inelastic neutron scattering measurements are analyzed for different families of Cu-based shape-memory alloys. It is shown that the transition occurs at a value, independent of composition and alloy family, of the ratio between the elastic constants associated with the two shears necessary to accomplish the lattice distortion from the bcc to the close-packed structure. The zone boundary frequency of the TA2[110] branch evaluated at the transition point (TM), weakly depends, for each family, on composition. A linear relationship between this frequency and the inverse of the elastic constant C', both quantities evaluated at TM, has been found, in agreement with the prediction of a Landau model proposed for martensitic transformations.

Cadmium Selenide Based Core-Shell Quantum Dots for Biosensing and Imaging Applications

The overall focus of the thesis involves the synthesis and characterization of CdSe QDs overcoated with shell materials for various biological and chemical sensing applications. Second chapter deals with the synthesis and characterization of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS core shell QDs. The primary attention of this work is to develop a simple method based on photoinduced charge transfer to optimize the shell thickness. Synthesis of water soluble CdSe QDs, their cytotoxicity analysis and investigation of nonlinear optical properties form the subject of third chapter. Final chapter deals with development of QD based sensor systems for the selective detection of biologically and environmentally important analytes from aqueous media.

On the stability of the bcc phase in Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys

Measurements of the entropy change at the martensitic transition of two composition-related sets of Cu-Al-Mn shape-memory alloys are reported. It is found that most of the entropy change has a vibrational origin, and depends only on the particular close-packed structure of the low-temperature phase. Using data from the literature for other Cu-based alloys, this result is shown to be general. In addition, it is shown that the martensitic structure changes from 18R to 2H when the ratio of conduction electrons per atom reaches the same value as the eutectoid point in the equilibrium phase diagram. This finding indicates that the structure of the metastable low-temperature phase is reminiscent of the equilibrium structure.

Monte Carlo Study of the Growth of L12 ordered domains in fcc A3B binary alloys

A Monte Carlo study of the late time growth of L12-ordered domains in a fcc A3B binary alloy is presented. The energy of the alloy has been modeled by a nearest-neighbor interaction Ising Hamiltonian. The system exhibits a fourfold degenerated ground state and two kinds of interfaces separating ordered domains: flat and curved antiphase boundaries. Two different dynamics are used in the simulations: the standard atom-atom exchange mechanism and the more realistic vacancy-atom exchange mechanism. The results obtained by both methods are compared. In particular we study the time evolution of the excess energy, the structure factor and the mean distance between walls. In the case of atom-atom exchange mechanism anisotropic growth has been found: two characteristic lengths are needed in order to describe the evolution. Contrarily, with the vacancyatom exchange mechanism scaling with a single length holds. Results are contrasted with existing experiments in Cu3Au and theories for anisotropic growth.

Vacancy-assisted domain-growth in asymmetric binary alloys: A Monte Carlo Study

A Monte Carlo simulation study of the vacancy-assisted domain growth in asymmetric binary alloys is presented. The system is modeled using a three-state ABV Hamiltonian which includes an asymmetry term. Our simulated system is a stoichiometric two-dimensional binary alloy with a single vacancy which evolves according to the vacancy-atom exchange mechanism. We obtain that, compared to the symmetric case, the ordering process slows down dramatically. Concerning the asymptotic behavior it is algebraic and characterized by the Allen-Cahn growth exponent x51/2. The late stages of the evolution are preceded by a transient regime strongly affected by both the temperature and the degree of asymmetry of the alloy. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained for the symmetric case.

Magnetic phase separation in ordered alloys

We present a lattice model to study the equilibrium phase diagram of ordered alloys with one magnetic component that exhibits a low temperature phase separation between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. The model is constructed from the experimental facts observed in Cu3-xAlMnx and it includes coupling between configurational and magnetic degrees of freedom that are appropriate for reproducing the low temperature miscibility gap. The essential ingredient for the occurrence of such a coexistence region is the development of ferromagnetic order induced by the long-range atomic order of the magnetic component. A comparative study of both mean-field and Monte Carlo solutions is presented. Moreover, the model may enable the study of the structure of ferromagnetic domains embedded in the nonmagnetic matrix. This is relevant in relation to phenomena such as magnetoresistance and paramagnetism

Elecrical conduction and dielectric behaviour of thin films of vacuum evaporated amorphous silicon, hydrogenated amorphous silicon and chemically deposited cadmium sulphide

A brief account of the several methods used for the production of thin films is presented in this Chapter. The discussions stress on the important methods used for the fabrication of a-si:H thin films. This review' also reveals ‘that almost all the general methods, like vacuum evaporation, sputtering, glow discharge and even chemical methods are currently employed for the production of a-Si:H thin films. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, certain methods are generally preferred. Subsequently a detailed account of the method used here for the preparation of amorphous silicon thin films and their hydrogenation is presented. The metal chamber used for the electrical and dielectric measurements is also described. A brief mention is made-on the electrode structure, film area and film geometry.

Phonon softening in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys

The TA2 phonon dispersion curves of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys with different compositions which transform to different martensitic structures have been measured over a broad temperature range covering both paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. The branches show an anomaly (dip) at a wave number that depends on the particular martensitic structure, and there is softening of these anomalous phonons with decreasing temperature. This softening is enhanced below the Curie point, as a consequence of spin-phonon coupling. This effect is stronger for systems with higher electronic concentration.