Nanotoxicité des points quantiques : étude in vitro chez les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires humaines A549

Les nanoparticules (NPs) sont définies comme des particules ayant au moins une dimension comprise entre 1 à 100 nanomètres. Plusieurs études in vitro et in vivo indiquent que les NPs pourraient constituer un risque potentiel pour la santé des personnes les synthétisant ou les manipulant lors de leur incorporation dans d’autres matériaux. La nanotoxicologie est un domaine de recherche émergeant. Les propriétés physico-chimiques particulières des NPs sont responsables d’interférences non spécifiques entre les nanomatériaux et certains des composants des essais in vitro pouvant mener à de faux résultats. L’inhalation a été identifiée comme une voie d’exposition présentant un risque important de toxicité. Dans le cadre de ce projet, nous avons utilisé la lignée de cellules épithéliales alvéolaires humaines, A549. Nous avons étudié chez cette lignée les conséquences de l’exposition aux points quantiques (PQs), NPs d’intérêt pour leurs applications potentielles en médecine (nanovecteur ou nanosonde). La mise au point des conditions expérimentales (interférence entre l’essai LDH et le milieu de culture) a permis de valider les essais de cytotoxicité MTS et LDH en présence des PQs. Nous avons montré que les PQs présentaient une cytotoxicité à court et long terme, et nous avons par la suite étudié un des mécanismes de toxicité potentielle, la mesure du cadmium (Cd2+) libéré des PQs. Nous avons déterminé que la mesure du Cd2+ comportait plusieurs interférences qui invalident cet essai. En conclusion, notre étude a permis d’identifier des interférences qui remettent en question plusieurs conclusions d’études publiées qui n’ont pas vérifié l’existence de telles interférences.

Overexpression of catalase prevents gentamicin – induced apoptosis of renal proximal tubular cells in transgenic mice.

Introduction : La néphrotoxicité est une complication majeure de la gentamicine, qui est largement utilisée dans le traitement des infections bactériennes, en particulier celles provoquées par des bactéries à Gram-négatif. La gentamicine induit l'apoptose tubulaire, mais les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués demeurent mal compris. Dans l’étude présente, nous avons examiné le rôle des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) , des proteins Bax, Bmf et Caspase-12 (Csp-12) dans le mécanisme d’action de la gentamicine sur l'apoptose des tubules proximaux rénaux (RPT) et les dommages rénaux induits par ce médicament chez la souris. Méthode: Des souris adultes (âgées 18-19 semaines) mâles non-Tg et des souris transgéniques (CAT-Tg) qui surexpriment la catalase spécifiquement dans leurs cellules des RPT ont été traitées par injections intra-péritonéales de gentamicine (20 mg/kg/jour) pour 5 jours consécutifs, puis euthanasiés. Les reins ont été examinés et analysés par histologie, immunohistochimie pour presansance de la stress oxidative, expression des proteins Bax, Bmf et Csp-12 et essai TUNEL pour étudier de l’apoptose . Nous avons aussi examiné l'effet de la gentamicine sur génération des ROS et l’apoptose dans les cellules RPTC immortalisées de rat (IRPTC) in vitro. Résultats: In vivo, chez les souris non-Tg, la gentamicine induit une tubulopathie et l'apoptose des RPT , stimule la production de ROS et induit une augmentation de Bax et Bmf détectée par immunohistochimie et augmont activité du caspase-12. Ces changements sont atténués chez les souris Cat-Tg. In vitro, la gentamicine induit l’apoptos des cellulles. Le co-traitement avec la catalase normalise ces effets dans les IRPTC. Conclusion : Ces données démontrent que l'apoptose des RPTC induite par la gentamicine s’effectue, au moins en partie, par l'intermédiaire de la génération des ROS.

In vitro effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. Among monogastric farm animals, swine are the most susceptible to DON as it markedly reduces feed intake and decreases weight gain. DON has also been shown to increase susceptibility to viral infections; therefore the objective of this study was to investigate in vitro impact of DON on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Permissive cells were infected or not with PRRSV and were treated with increasing concentrations of DON. Cell survival and mortality were evaluated by determining the number of viable cells with a tetrazolium compound and by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, respectively. Virus titration and antiviral cytokines mRNA expression were evaluated by quantitative PCR. DON significantly affected the survival of noninfected cells in a dose dependent manner. However, DON concentrations between 140 and 280 significantly increased the survival of cells infected with PRRSV. These concentrations significantly decreased PRRSV replication by inducing a pro-inflammatory cytokines environment and an early activation of apoptosis, which in turn seem to interrupt viral replication. For the first time, this study showed that DON had significant effects on the survival of PRRSV infected cells and on virus replication, in a dose dependent manner.

Effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on in vivo and in vitro porcine circovirus type 2 infections.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp and is a common contaminant of grains in North America. Among farm animals, swine are the most susceptible to DON because it markedly reduces feed intake and decreases weight gain. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main causative agent of several syndromes in weaning piglets collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). The objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of DON on PCV2 replication in NPTr permissive cell line, and to determine eventual potentiating effects of DON on PCV2 infection in pigs. Noninfected and infected cells with PCV2 were treated with increasing concentrations of DON (0, 70, 140, 280, 560, 1200 ng/mL) and cell survival and virus titer were evaluated 72 h postinfection. Thirty commercial piglets were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups of 10 animals based on DON content of served diets (0, 2.5 and 3.5 mg/kg DON). All groups were further divided into subgroups of 6 pigs and were inoculated with PCV2b virus. The remaining pigs (control) were sham-inoculated with PBS. In vitro results showed that low concentrations of DON could potentially increase PCV2 replication depending on virus genotype. In vivo results showed that even though viremia and lung viral load tend to be higher in animal ingesting DON contaminated diet at 2.5 mg/kg, DON had no significant effect on clinical manifestation of PCVAD in PCV2b infected animals. DON has neither in vitro nor in vivo clear potentiating effects in the development of porcine circovirus infection despite slight increases in viral replication.

In vitro and in vivo effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets

Les récoltes de céréales sont souvent contaminées par des moisissures qui se développent pendant la récolte et l’entreposage et produisent des métabolites secondaires appelés mycotoxines. Le porc est reconnu pour être sensible au déoxynivalénol (DON). L’infection virale la plus importante chez le porc est causée par le virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (VSRRP). Celui-ci provoque un syndrome grippal et des troubles de reproduction. L’objectif du présent projet était de déterminer l'effet in vitro de DON sur la réplication du VSRRP dans de lignées cellulaires permissives, MARC-145 et PAM, et déterminer in vivo l'impact de DON dans des aliments naturellement contaminés sur l’infection au VSRRP chez le porcelet. Tout d’abord, les cellules ont été incubées avec des doses croissantes de DON et ont été infectées avec du VSRRP pour évaluer la viabilité et la mortalité cellulaire, la réplication virale et l’expression de cytokines. Les résultats ont montré que les concentrations de DON de 560ng/ml et plus affectaient significativement la survie des cellules MARC-145 et PAM infectées par le VSRRP. En revanche, il y avait une augmentation significative de la viabilité et une réduction de la mortalité cellulaire à des concentrations de DON de 140 à 280 ng/ml pour les cellules PAM et de 70 à 280 ng/ml pour les cellules MARC-145 avec une réduction de l'effet cytopathique provoqué parle VSRRP. Au niveau in vivo, 30 porcelets divisés en 3 groupes de 10 porcelets et nourris pendant 2 semaines avec 3 différentes diètes naturellement ont été contaminées avec DON (0; 2,5 et 3,5 mg/kg). Les porcelets ont été subdivisés en 6 groupes, 3 groupes de 6 porcelets et ont été exposés au DON pendant 2 semaines et infectés par voie intratrachéale et intramusculaire avec le virus. Les 3 autres groupes de 4 porcelets servaient de contrôle non infectés. Les signes cliniques ont été enregistrés pendant 21 jours. La virémie a été évaluée par PCR. À la fin de l’expérimentation, les porcelets ont été euthanasiés et les lésions pulmonaires ont été évaluées. Les résultats ont montré que l’ingestion de DON à 3,5 mg/kg a augmenté l’effet du VSRRP sur la sévérité des signes cliniques, les lésions pulmonaires et la mortalité. L’ingestion de DON à 2,5 mg/kg a entrainé une augmentation de la virémie au jour 3 après l’infection mais sans impact sur les signes cliniques et les lésions pulmonaires. Mot clés: DON, VSRRP, MARC-145, PAM, effet cytopathique, cytokines, PCR

Establishing a Robust In Vitro Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Assay to Monitor the Hematopoietic Potential of DELES Clones

Afin d’effectuer des études fonctionnelles sur le génome de la souris, notre laboratoire a généré une bibliothèque de clones de cellules souches embryonnaires (ESC) présentant des suppressions chromosomiques chevauchantes aléatoires – la bibliothèque DELES. Cette bibliothèque contient des délétions couvrant environ 25% du génome murin. Dans le laboratoire, nous comptons identifier de nouveaux déterminants du destin des cellules hématopoïétiques en utilisant cet outil. Un crible primaire utilisant la benzidine pour démontrer la présence d'hémoglobine dans des corps embryoïdes (EBS) a permis d’identifier plusieurs clones délétés présentant un phénotype hématopoïétique anormal. Comme cet essai ne vérifie que la présence d'hémoglobine, le but de mon projet est d'établir un essai in vitro de différenciation des ESC permettant de mesurer le potentiel hématopoïétique de clones DELES. Mon hypothèse est que l’essai de différenciation hématopoïétique publié par le Dr Keller peut être importé dans notre laboratoire et utilisé pour étudier l'engagement hématopoïétique des clones DELES. À l’aide d’essais de RT-QPCR et de FACS, j’ai pu contrôler la cinétique de différenciation hématopoïétique en suivant l’expression des gènes hématopoïétiques et des marqueurs de surface comme CD41, c-kit, RUNX1, GATA2, CD45, β-globine 1 et TER-119. Cet essai sera utilisé pour valider le potentiel hématopoïétique des clones DELES candidats identifiés dans le crible principal. Mon projet secondaire vise à utiliser la même stratégie rétro-virale a base de Cre-loxP utilisée pour générer la bibliothèque DELES pour générer une bibliothèque de cellules KBM-7 contenant des suppressions chromosomiques chevauchantes. Mon but ici est de tester si la lignée cellulaire leuémique humaine presque haploïde KBM-7 peut être exploitée en utilisant l'approche DELES pour créer cette bibliothèque. La bibliothèque de clones KBM-7 servira à définir les activités moléculaires de drogues anti-leucémiques potentielless que nous avons identifiées dans le laboratoire parce qu’elles inhibent la croissance cellulaire dans plusieurs échantillons de leucémie myéloïde aiguë dérivés de patients. Elle me permettra également d'identifier les voies de signalisation moléculaires qui, lorsque génétiquement perturbées, peuvent conférer une résistance à ces drogues.

Increased Insulin Secretion by Muscarinic M1 and M3 Receptor Function from Rat Pancreatic Islets in vitro

Parasympathetic system plays an important role in insulin secretion from the pancreas. Cholinergic effect on pancreatic beta cells exerts primarily through muscarinic receptors. In the present study we investigated the specific role of muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors in glucose induced insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets in vitro. The involvement of muscarinic receptors was studied using the antagonist atropine. The role of muscarinic MI and M3 receptor subtypes was studied using subtype specific antagonists. Acetylcholine agonist, carbachol, stimulated glucose induced insulin secretion at low concentrations (10-8-10-5 M) with a maximum stimulation at 10-7 M concentration. Carbachol-stimulated insulin secretion was inhibited by atropine confirming the role of muscarinic receptors in cholinergic induced insulin secretion. Both M1 and M3 receptor antagonists blocked insulin secretion induced by carbachol. The results show that M3 receptors are functionally more prominent at 20 mM glucose concentration when compared to MI receptors. Our studies suggest that muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors function differentially regulate glucose induced insulin secretion, which has clinical significance in glucose homeostasis.

Enhanced dopamine D2 receptor function in hypothalamus and corpus striatum: their role in liver, plasma and in vitro hepatocyte ALDH regulation in ethahol treated rats

Dopamine D2 receptors are involved in ethanol self- administration behavior and also suggested to mediate the onset and offset of ethanol drinking. In the present study, we investigated dopamine (DA) content and Dopamine D2 (DA D2) receptors in the hypothalamus and corpus striatum of ethanol treated rats and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity in the liver and plasma of ethanol treated rats and in vitro hepatocyte cultures. Hypothalamic and corpus striatal DA content decreased significantly (P\0.05, P\0.001 respectively) and homovanillic acid/ dopamine (HVA/DA) ratio increased significantly (P\0.001) in ethanol treated rats when compared to control. Scatchard analysis of [3H] YM-09151-2 binding to DA D2 receptors in hypothalamus showed a significant increase (P\0.001) in Bmax without any change in Kd in ethanol treated rats compared to control. The Kd of DA D2 receptors significantly decreased (P\0.05) in the corpus striatum of ethanol treated rats when compared to control. DA D2 receptor affinity in the hypothalamus and corpus striatum of control and ethanol treated rats fitted to a single site model with unity as Hill slope value. The in vitro studies on hepatocyte cultures showed that 10-5 M and 10-7 M DA can reverse the increased ALDH activity in 10% ethanol treated cells to near control level. Sulpiride, an antagonist of DA D2, reversed the effect of dopamine on 10% ethanol induced ALDH activity in hepatocytes. Our results showed a decreased dopamine concentration with enhanced DA D2 receptors in the hypothalamus and corpus striatum of ethanol treated rats. Also, increased ALDH was observed in the plasma and liver of ethanol treated rats and in vitro hepatocyte cultures with 10% ethanol as a compensatory mechanism for increased aldehyde production due to increased dopamine metabolism. A decrease in dopamine concentration in major brain regions is coupled with an increase in ALDH activity in liver and plasma, which contributes to the tendency for alcoholism. Since the administration of 10-5 M and 10-7 M DA can reverse the increased ALDH activity in ethanol treated cells to near control level, this has therapeutic application to correct ethanol addicts from addiction due to allergic reaction observed in aldehyde accumulation.

Primary hemocyte culture of Penaeus monodon as an in vitro model for white spot syndrome virus titration, viral and immune related gene expression and cytotoxicity assays

Immortal cell lines have not yet been reported from Penaeus monodon, which delimits the prospects of investigating the associated viral pathogens especially white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In this context, a method of developing primary hemocyte culture from this crustacean has been standardized by employing modified double strength Leibovitz-15 (L-15) growth medium supplemented with 2% glucose, MEM vitamins (1 ), tryptose phosphate broth (2.95 g l 1), 20% FBS, N-phenylthiourea (0.2 mM), 0.06 lgml 1 chloramphenicol, 100 lgml 1 streptomycin and 100 IU ml 1 penicillin and hemolymph drawn from shrimp grown under a bio-secured recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). In this medium the hemocytes remained viable up to 8 days. 5-Bromo-20-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling assay revealed its incorporation in 22 ± 7% of cells at 24 h. Susceptibility of the cells to WSSV was confirmed by immunofluoresence assay using a monoclonal antibody against 28 kDa envelope protein of WSSV. A convenient method for determining virus titer as MTT50/ml was standardized employing the primary hemocyte culture. Expression of viral genes and cellular immune genes were also investigated. The cell culture could be demonstrated for determining toxicity of a management chemical (benzalkonium chloride) by determining its IC50. The primary hemocyte culture could serve as a model for WSSV titration and viral and cellular immune related gene expression and also for investigations on cytotoxicity of aquaculture drugs and chemicals

Apatite-Polymer Composite Particles for Controlled Delivery of BMP-2: In Vitro Release and Cellular Response

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has the ability to induce osteoblast differentiation of undifferentiated cells, resulting in the healing of skeletal defects when delivered with a suitable carrier. We have applied a versatile delivery platform comprising a novel composite of two biomaterials with proven track records – apatite and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) – to the delivery of BMP-2. Sustained release of this growth factor was tuned with variables that affect polymer degradation and/or apatite dissolution, such as polymer molecular weight, polymer composition, apatite loading, and apatite particle size. The effect of released BMP-2 on C3H10T1/2 murine pluripotent mesenchymal cells was assessed by tracking the expression of osteoblastic makers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin. Release media collected over 100 days induced elevated ALP activity in C3H10T1/2 cells. The expression of osteocalcin was also upregulated significantly. These results demonstrated the potential of apatite-PLGA composite particles for releasing protein in bioactive form over extended periods of time.

Expresión de TRF2 y GAPDH en el envejecimiento de las células del epitelio superficial del ovario in vitro

Se ha demostrado que la proteína GAPDH se puede unir al ADN telomérico de cadena sencilla, tanto in vitro como in vivo. Por lo tanto, se ha planteado la hipótesis de que la GAPDH juega un papel importante en la protección de los telómeros, papel que podría ser compartido con la TRF2, proteína que participa en una gran variedad de funciones relacionadas con la homeostasis telomérica. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existe una correlación entre la expresión de ambos genes en el epitelio superficial del ovario in vitro. Materiales y métodos: la expresión relativa de cada gen fue establecida mediante qRT-PCR, en cultivos primarios de células del epitelio superficial del ovario provenientes de un grupo de 22 donantes colombianas mestizas sanas. Resultados: las pruebas no paramétricas de Kendall y Spearman permitieron establecer que existe una correlación significativa entre los niveles de expresión de GAPDH y TRF2 a lo largo de la historia replicativa de los cultivos, en forma independiente de la edad de las donantes. Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren un efecto sinérgico entre TRF2 y GAPDH, que podría estar orientado a contrarrestar la reducción de los telómeros in vitro.

Senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in the in vitro ovarian stromal fibroblasts

Introduction: A growing biological research field is the cellular senescence, a mechanism that has been associated, under certain circumstances, with malignant transformation. Given the high incidence of ovarian cancer and its main origin from the ovarian surface epithelium, as well as the possibility that an epithelial-mesenchymal transition occurs, we evaluated both the in vitro growth of stromal fibroblasts from the ovarian cortex and their β-galactosidase activity at pH 6, enzyme whose expression is considered as a marker of replicative senescence. Methods: 48 samples of ovarian cortical fibroblasts from donors without a history of cancer were serially cultured until the end of their replicative life. β-galactosidase activity at pH 6 was quantified in each passage by the chemiluminiscent method. As control, we used ovarian epithelial cell cultures from the same donors. The enzyme activity was also evaluated in fibroblasts previously induced to senescence by exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Results: The analysis of the enzyme activity and the replicative capacity taken together showed that the fibroblast cultures reached the senescent state at passages 4-5, as what happened with the control epithelial cells. Fibroblasts induced to senescence showed high variability in the values of enzymatic activity. Conclusions: The similarity between both types of cells in reaching the senescent state deserves to be taken into account in relation to the epithelialmesenchymal transition that has been proposed to explain their behavior in the genesis of cancer arising from ovarian surface epithelium. Low β-galactosidase activity values at pH 6 would suggest possible inactivation of the response pathways to oxidative stress.

A novel component of cannabis extract potentiates excitatory synaptic transmission in rat olfactory cortex in vitro

Cannabis is a potential treatment for epilepsy, although the few human studies supporting this use have proved inconclusive. Previously, we showed that a standardized cannabis extract (SCE), isolated Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), and even Delta(9)-THC-free SCE inhibited muscarinic agonist-induced epileptiform bursting in rat olfactory cortical brain slices, acting via CB1 receptors. The present work demonstrates that although Delta(9)-THC (1microM) significantly depressed evoked depolarizing postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in rat olfactory cortex neurones, both SCE and Delta(9)-THC-free SCE significantly potentiated evoked PSPs (all results were fully reversed by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A, 1microM); interestingly, the potentiation by Delta(9)-THC-free SCE was greater than that produced by SCE. On comparing the effects of Delta(9)-THC-free SCE upon evoked PSPs and artificial PSPs (aPSPs; evoked electrotonically following brief intracellular current injection), PSPs were enhanced, whereas aPSPs were unaffected, suggesting that the effect was not due to changes in background input resistance. Similar recordings made using CB1 receptor-deficient knockout mice (CB1(-/-)) and wild-type littermate controls revealed cannabinoid or extract-induced changes in membrane resistance, cell excitability and synaptic transmission in wild-type mice that were similar to those seen in rat neurones, but no effect on these properties were seen in CB1(-/-) cells. It appears that the unknown extract constituent(s) effects over-rode the suppressive effects of Delta(9)-THC on excitatory neurotransmitter release, which may explain some patients' preference for herbal cannabis rather than isolated Delta(9)-THC (due to attenuation of some of the central Delta(9)-THC side effects) and possibly account for the rare incidence of seizures in some individuals taking cannabis recreationally

Investigation of the effects of the novel anticonvulsant compound carisbamate(RWJ-333369) on rat piriform cortical neurones in vitro

Background and purpose: Carisbamate is being developed for adjuvant treatment of partial onset epilepsy. Carisbamate produces anticonvulsant effects in primary generalized, complex partial and absence-type seizure models, and exhibits neuroprotective and antiepileptogenic properties in rodent epilepsy models. Phase IIb clinical trials of carisbamate demonstrated efficacy against partial onset seizures; however, its mechanisms of action remain unknown. Here, we report the effects of carisbamate on membrane properties, evoked and spontaneous synaptic transmission and induced epileptiform discharges in layer II-III neurones in piriform cortical brain slices. Experimental approach: Effects of carisbamate were investigated in rat piriform cortical neurones by using intracellular electrophysiological recordings. Key results: Carisbamate (50–400 mmol·L-1) reversibly decreased amplitude, duration and rise-time of evoked action potentials and inhibited repetitive firing, consistent with use-dependent Na+ channel block; 150–400 mmol·L-1 carisbamate reduced neuronal input resistance, without altering membrane potential. After microelectrode intracellular Cl- loading, carisbamate depolarized cells, an effect reversed by picrotoxin. Carisbamate (100–400 mmol·L-1) also selectively depressed lateral olfactory tract-afferent evoked excitatory synaptic transmission (opposed by picrotoxin), consistent with activation of a presynaptic Cl conductance. Lidocaine (40–320 mmol·L-1) mimicked carisbamate, implying similar modes of action. Carisbamate (300–600 mmol·L-1) had no effect on spontaneous GABAA miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents and at lower concentrations (50–200 mmol·L-1) inhibited Mg2+-free or 4-aminopyridine-induced seizure-like discharges. Conclusions and implications: Carisbamate blocked evoked action potentials use-dependently, consistent with a primary action on Na+ channels and increased Cl- conductances presynaptically and, under certain conditions, postsynaptically to selectively depress excitatory neurotransmission in piriform cortical layer Ia-afferent terminals.

Over expression of Plk1 does not induce cell division in rat cardiac myocytes in vitro

BACKGROUND: Mammalian cardiac myocytes withdraw from the cell cycle during post-natal development, resulting in a non-proliferating, fully differentiated adult phenotype that is unable to repair damage to the myocardium, such as occurs following a myocardial infarction. We and others previously have shown that forced expression of certain cell cycle molecules in adult cardiac myocytes can promote cell cycle progression and division in these cells. The mitotic serine/threonine kinase, Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1), is known to phosphorylate and activate a number of mitotic targets, including Cdc2/Cyclin B1, and to promote cell division. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The mammalian Plk family are all differentially regulated during the development of rat cardiac myocytes, with Plk1 showing the most dramatic decrease in both mRNA, protein and activity in the adult. We determined the potential of Plk1 to induce cell cycle progression and division in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. A persistent and progressive loss of Plk1 expression was observed during myocyte development that correlated with the withdrawal of adult rat cardiac myocytes from the cell cycle. Interestingly, when Plk1 was over-expressed in cardiac myocytes by adenovirus infection, it was not able to promote cell cycle progression, as determined by cell number and percent binucleation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, in contrast to Cdc2/Cyclin B1 over-expression, the forced expression of Plk1 in adult cardiac myocytes is not sufficient to induce cell division and myocardial repair.