A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Impact of a Nutrition-Sensitive Intervention on Adult Women With Cancer Cachexia Undergoing Palliative Care in India

Purpose. Advanced cancer patients with disease progression develop cachexia. Nevertheless, cancer patients at nutritional risk have shown improved body weight and quality of life with oral nutritional supplements. Method. This was a randomized controlled trial in adult female cancer patients (n = 63) attending palliative clinics, with symptoms of cachexia. Eligible patients were randomly distributed into control (n = 33) and intervention (n = 30) groups. Both groups were provided with nutritional and physical activity counseling, but the intervention group received an additional 100 g of Improved Atta (IAtta) for 6 months daily consumption. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of IAtta (with counseling) in enhancing the health status of cachexic patients. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, physical activity level and quality of life parameters were assessed at baseline, after 3 months, and at the end of 6 months. Results. Patients in the control group (n = 15) had significantly decreased body weight (P = .003), mid–upper-arm circumference (P = .002), and body fat (P = .002) by the end of intervention. A trend of body weight gain in the intervention group (n = 17; P = .08) and significant increase of body fat (P = .002) was observed; moreover, patients reported a significant improvement in fatigue (P = .002) and appetite scores (P = .006) under quality-of-life domains at the end of intervention. Conclusions. Embedding a nutrition-sensitive intervention ( IAtta ) within Indian palliative care therapy may improve quality of life and stabilize body weight in cancer cachexia patients.

Lifestyle Risk Factors for Serrated Colorectal Polyps: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background & Aims: Certain subsets of colorectal serrated polyps (SP) have malignant potential. Weperformed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between modifiablelifestyle factors and risk for SPs. 
Methods: We conducted a systematic search of Medline, Embase, and Web of Science, forobservational or interventional studies that contained the terms risk or risk factor, and serrated orhyperplastic, and polyps or adenomas, and colorectal (or synonymous terms), published by March2016. Titles and abstracts of identified articles were independently reviewed by at least 2 reviewers.Adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs were combined using random effects meta-analyses toassess the risk of SP, when possible. 
Results: We identified 43 studies of SP risk associated with 7 different lifestyle factors: smoking,alcohol, body fatness, diet, physical activity, medication and/or hormone replacement therapy.When we compared the highest and lowest categories of exposure, factors we found to significantlyincrease risk for SP included tobacco smoking (RR, 2.47; 95% CI, 2.12–2.87), alcohol intake (RR, 1.33;95% CI, 1.17–1.52), body mass index (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.22–1.61), and high intake of fat or meat.Direct associations for smoking and alcohol, but not body fat, tended to be stronger for sessileserrated adenomas/polyps than hyperplastic polyps. In contrast, factors we found to significantlydecrease risks for SP included use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65–0.92) or aspirin (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67–0.99), as well as high intake of folate, calcium, or fiber. Nosignificant associations were detected between SP risk and physical activity or hormone replacementtherapy. 
Conclusions: Several lifestyle factors, most notably smoking and alcohol, are associated with SP risk.These findings enhance our understanding of mechanisms of SP development and indicate that riskof serrated pathway colorectal neoplasms could be reduced with lifestyle changes.

Molecular cloning and expression of leptin in gray and harbor seal blubber, bone marrow, and lung and its potential role in marine mammal respiratory physiology

Leptin is a multifunctional hormone, produced predominantly in adipocytes. It regulates energy balance through its impact on appetite and fat metabolism, and its concentration indicates the size of body fat reserves. Leptin also plays a vital role in stretch-induced surfactant production during alveolar development in the fetus. The structure, expression pattern, and role of leptin have not previously been explored in marine mammals. Phocid seals undergo cyclical changes in body composition as a result of prolonged fasting and intensive foraging bouts and experience rapid, dramatic, and repeated changes in lung volume during diving. Here, we report the tissue-specific expression pattern of leptin in these animals. This is the first demonstration of leptin expression in the lung tissue of a mature mammal, in addition to its expression in the blubber and bone marrow, in common with other animals. We propose a role for leptin in seal pulmonary surfactant production, in addition to its likely role in long-term energy balance. We identify substitutions in the phocine leptin sequence in regions normally highly conserved between widely distinct vertebrate groups, and, using a purified seal leptin antiserum, we confirm the presence of the leptin protein in gray seal lung and serum fractions. Finally, we report the substantial inadequacies of using heterologous antibodies to measure leptin in unextracted gray seal serum.

How much walking should be advocated for good health in adolescent girls?

Background: It is currently not known how much walking should be advocated for good health in adolescent girls. The aim of this study was therefore to recommend health referenced standards for step defined physical activity relating to appropriate health criterion/indicators in a group of adolescent girls. Method: Two hundred and thirty adolescent girls aged between 12-15years volunteered to take part in the study. Each participant undertook measurements (BMI, waist circumference, % body fat and blood pressure) to define health status. Activity data were collected by pedometer and used to assess daily step counts and accumulated daily activity time over seven consecutive days. Results: Individuals classified as ‘healthy’ did not take significantly more steps·day−1 nor spend more time in moderate intensity activity than individuals classified as at health risk or with poor health profiles. Conclusion: ‘Healthy’ adolescent girls do not walk significantly more in term of steps·day−1 or time spent in activity than girls classified as ‘unhealthy’. This could suggest that adolescent girls may not walk enough to stratify health and health related outcomes and as a result the data could not be used to inform an appropriate step guideline for this population.

Glycemic index role on visceral obesity, subclinical inflammation and associated chronic diseases

Background: It is believed that the glycemic index (GI) may be used as a strategy to prevent and control noncommunicable diseases (NCD). Obesity is a multifactorial condition, a risk factor for development of other NCDs. Among the different types, abdominal obesity is highlighted, which is essential for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, and it is related to insulin resistance, dyslipi-demia, hypertension and changes in levels of inflammatory markers. Such indicators are closely related to the development of Type 2 Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: Discuss the role of GI as a strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of visceral obesity, subclinical inflammation and chronic diseases. Results and discussion: The intake of low GI diets is associated with glycemic decreases, and lower and more consistent postprandial insulin release, avoiding the occurrence of hypoglycemia. Moreover, consumption of a low GI diet has been indicated as beneficial for reducing body weight, total body fat and visceral fat, levels of proinflammatory markers and the occurrence of dyslipidemia and hypertension. The intake of low GI foods should be encouraged in order to prevent and control non-communicable diseases.

Aerobic performance and morphological modifications after a 4 month physical activity training program in elderly women

Research clearly shows that physical activity (PA) is an important factor to develop and maintain good health and adequate body functions in older people. In this context, the purpose of this study was to determine aerobic performance and morphological modifications after a 4 month physical activity program (PAP) in elderly. METHODS Forty subjects divided in two groups (control, n=20; and experimental, n=20) were evaluated twice, at the beginning and after a 4-month-activity program period. This program called “+ age + health” consists of 3 week sessions of one hour each, based on walking and aerobic exercises. The control group had, at its first evaluation, the followings characteristics: average body mass 68kg±15, 28±5 BMI, 37%±5 body fat, 2.2kg±0.4 bone mass, 42%±9 lean body mass and did 129 repetitions ± 46 on a 2-Minute Step Test (2MST). The assessment of anthropometric and morphological variables was measured through an electrical bioimpedance scale (TANITA - BC 545). Aerobic endurance was evaluated from a 2MST.RESULTS In the control group only the percentage of body fat changed significantly, and increased over time. In the experimental group we found a positive relationship between PAP and the majority of morphological variables. The percentage of variation changed in: body fat (-4.3%±7.6, p=0.014), bone mass (2.4%±3.1, p=0.004) and 2MST (33.6%±63.1, p=0.023). In the remaining variables there were no significant modifications. The significant modification in 2MST after the activity period means that the aerobic performance can be improved in elderly, and attenuates the negative effects of age. Moreover, the benefits of PAP can be seen by positive alterations registered in lean body mass and in the percentage of body fat.

Plejotropowe działanie neuropeptydów allatostatynowych w regulacji procesów fizjologicznych u chrząszczy

Wydział Biologii

Effects of a rhythmic and choreographic program in obese and overweight participants

Introduction: Currently there is a growing trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. This increased prevalence trend leads to an increase in the costs of health care. Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects on physical fitness and bone mineral density through an intervention program of physical activity based on rhythmic and choreographic activities in an overweight and obese population. Method: An 8-month physical activity based on rhythmic and choreographic activities was conducted in overweight and obese people. Thirty-four participants aged 50.43 ± 10.57 with a body mass index (BMI) 38.37 ± 4.82 took part in the physical activity program. This study assesses the effects of fitness, percentage of body fat and bone mineral density (BMD). Results: After an 8-month physical activity intervention program based on rhythmic and choreographic activities, significant differences were found in: percentage of body fat (p = 0.004), aerobic capacity (p = 0.023), flexibility of the lower limbs (flexibility in the right leg p = 0.029 and left leg p = 0.002), balance (p < 0.001), strength in lower limbs (p = 0..003) and strength in upper limbs (p < 0.001). Besides that, significant differences were found in parameters related with BMD such as T-Score (p = 0.025) and Z-Score (p = 0.012), Bone Quality Index (BQI) (p = 0.026) and an increase in Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (BUA) although not a statistically significant one (p = 0.939). Conclusions: These findings suggest that a physical activity program based on rhythmic and choreographic activities can act as a preventive method of mobility and fragility, as well as preventing bone loss.

Percepção e conhecimento sobre o açúcar : sua relação com o excesso de peso em servidores de uma instituição de ensino superior de Brasília-DF

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição Humana, 2016.

Relatório de estágio em controlo e gestão do peso corporal

Este relatório de estágio baseia-se na descrição de algumas atividades desenvolvidas no âmbito do controlo de peso, nomeadamente na prevenção e tratamento de indivíduos com a condição de excesso de peso e obesidade. Fez-se uma análise estatística de forma a comparar as diferenças de peso, de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e de percentagem de Massa Gorda (% MG) ao longo do tempo nas pessoas que treinam num health club. Comparou-se a perda de peso e de % MG nos indivíduos que afirmaram possuir “história familiar de obesidade” e/ou “problemas de saúde”, assim como a diferença de peso e de % MG com o número de treinos semanais. Por fim, elaborou-se uma proposta de um programa de controlo de peso com o objetivo de diminuir a prevalência do número de sócios que têm excesso de peso ou obesidade adaptada a esse health club. Com este intuito foram efetuados dois estágios em duas empresas distintas: Clínica Metabólica, em Oeiras, onde foi observada a dinâmica de uma equipa multidisciplinar e como esta influencia o cliente no controlo do seu peso; e no health club – Club L (Villa-Park), em Lisboa – Amadora, onde foi abordada a mesma temática por uma equipa de fisiologistas do exercício. Nesta última empresa foi facilitado o acesso à base de dados para serem analisados estatisticamente alguns dados e utilizados para a elaboração da análise estatística. Analisaram-se dois grupos distintos para efeitos de análise de controlo de peso: o Grupo A, observado durante cerca de 3 meses em 2 momentos diferentes; e o Grupo B observado durante cerca de 6 meses em 3 momentos. Verificou-se que em ambos os grupos, e em ambos os géneros, a média do peso, do IMC e da % MG diminuiu ao longo do tempo, enquanto o número médio de treinos semanais aumentou. Concluiu-se que o grupo de indivíduos que afirmou não ter “história familiar de obesidade” demonstrou uma maior tendência para a perda de peso comparativamente aos que afirmaram ter. Enquanto os indivíduos que afirmaram ter “problemas de saúde” apresentaram uma maior tendência para a perda de peso comparativamente aos que negaram esses problemas. A proposta do programa de controlo de peso apresentada teve em conta uma equipa multidisciplinar visto ser atualmente aquela que ostenta resultados com mais sucesso, no que diz respeito à prevenção e tratamento do peso excessivo. No entanto, não houve oportunidade de colocar esta proposta em prática no health club em questão.

Efectos de un programa de aquaerobic sobre la composición corporal, en las mujeres activas de mediana edad

Objetivo: Describir y analizar las modificaciones en la composición corporal, en las mujeres de mediana edad, después de realizar un programa de actividad física, basado en el aquaerobic, y un posterior periodo de desentrenamiento. Material y método: El grupo analizado estuvo integrado por diecisiete mujeres de Arroyo de San Serván (Badajoz), físicamente activas (habían realizado programas de gimnasia de mantenimiento, con una frecuencia de una a tres sesiones semanales, durante los últimos tres meses), con una edad media de 53,6 ± 9,1 años. El programa se desarrolló con sesiones de sesenta minutos durante cinco días a la semana, por seis semanas, con un periodo de desentrenamiento de cuatro semanas. Se realizaron tres evaluaciones antropométricas: al iniciar el programa, al finalizar el mismo, tras el periodo de desentrenamiento. En cada medición, se determinaban la talla y el peso, seis pliegues cutáneos, cuatro perímetros corporales y tres diámetros óseos. El porcentaje de grasa fue obtenido a través de los datos arrojados en cuatro pliegues cutáneos (tricipital, subescapular, suprailíaco y abdominal) mediante la fórmula de Yuhasz, modificada por Faulkner (1968). Por su parte, el porcentaje muscular fue calculado, a partir del porcentaje de la masa total, menos el porcentaje óseo (Rocha, 1975), el porcentaje graso (Faulkner, 1968) y el porcentaje residual, a través de la ecuación de Wurch (Esparza, 1993), de los sujetos medidos, según la propuesta básica de Matiegka (modelo de los cuatro componentes). Resultados: después de realizar el programa, se observó un aumento significativo en el porcentaje muscular: 32.69 ± 2.69% vs. 33.44 ± 2.89% (p < 0.05), en el peso muscular: 23.45 ± 3.53 kg vs. 24.02 ± 3.33 kg (p <0.05), y un descenso significativo del componente graso reflejado, mediante el sumatorio de pliegues cutáneos: 193.66 ± 25.54 mm vs. 188.38 ± 25.67 mm (P <0,05), más específicamente, en el pliegue suprailíaco, 30.47 ± 8.49 mm vs. 28.00 ± 8.78 mm (p <0,05) Estas tendencias se mantuvieron durante el periodo de desentrenamiento, en el porcentaje muscular: 33.44 ± 2.89% vs. 34,25 ± 3,04% (p<0,01 con respecto a la inicial), en el peso muscular: 24.02 ± 3.33 kg vs 24,74 ± 3,64kg (p<0,01 con respecto a la inicial), el sumatorio de pliegues cutáneos: 188.38 ± 25.67 mm vs 183,41 ± 26,65 mm (p<0,05 con respecto a la inicial). Conclusiones: La participación en programas de aquaerobics de corta duración bajo las condiciones de este estudio provoca descensos del componente graso y aumentos significativos en el componente muscular, en las mujeres activas de mediana edad.

La influencia de un programa de actividad física sobre parámetros corporales y cardiovasculares en mujeres premenopáusicas

Durante el ciclo de la vida, la figura corporal de la mujer se modifica paulatinamente, pero al llegar la edad mediana, a consecuencia de la pérdida folicular de la función ovárica entre otros factores, se acentúan los cambios fisiológicos que pueden aumentar el riesgo para la salud y el bienestar. La androgenia, en asociación con la obesidad, aumenta el riesgo de padecer diabetes, hipertensión, dislipidemia, arterosclerosis, enfermedades cardiovasculares, colelitiasis, artrosis, artritis, carcinomas femeninos y otras patologías de la edad mediana. El ejercicio físico ha adquirido cada vez mayor importancia dentro de la terapéutica en el climaterio. Se han demostrado los efectos positivos del ejercicio sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el mantenimiento del peso. Por todo ello, el estudio pretende conocer la influencia de un programa de actividad física de cinco meses de duración sobre factores de riesgo cardiovasculares como la hipertensión arterial y la composición corporal en mujeres premenopáusicas. Participaron 20 mujeres premenopáusicas, separadas en dos grupos de mujeres: menores de 35 años (n=10), y mayores de 35 años (n=10). Las valoraciones previas y al finalizar el programa fueron: valoración de la tensión arterial y de la composición corporal. Los resultados mostraron una reducción significativa en mayor medida en la tensión arterial diastólica y en la masa grasa en el grupo de mujeres mayores de 35 años premenopáusicas. Por ello, practicar un programa de ejercicio físico basado en el aeróbic, clases de step y tonificación con mancuernas, mejora factores de riesgo cardiovasculares como la hipertensión arterial y la composición corporal en mujeres adultas mayores de 35 años premenopáusicas.

Farinha de resíduos da indústria de filetagem de tilápias como fonte de proteína e minerais para alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da farinha de resíduos da indústria de filetagem de tilápias (FR) como fonte de proteína e de minerais em rações práticas na alimentação de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 120 alevinos de tilápias do Nilo com peso e comprimento iniciais de 0,58 ± 0,05 g e 3,49 ± 0,09 cm, respectivamente, distribuídos em 24 aquários com capacidade para 30 L, em um delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações contendo 30% de proteína digestível e 3.000 kcal de energia digestível/kg, de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: CO - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, sem suplementação de fósforo; FB - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, com fosfato bicálcico; FB + FR - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, suplementada com fosfato bicálcico (50%) e farinha de resíduos (50%); FT - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, suplementada com farinha de resíduos. Ao final do experimento, os melhores resultados de desempenho foram observados nos animais que receberam suplementação de P. Quanto às características de carcaça, os animais que receberam a ração CO apresentaram maior teor de gordura corporal e menores teores de cinzas, Ca e P. A FR pode ser utilizada em rações para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo como fonte de P, sem prejuízos no desempenho e na composição corporal.

Tecido hepático e corpo adiposo de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) submetido a diferentes fotoperíodos

The study was conducted to evaluate the liver tissue weight, body fat weight, the fatty somatic index and the liver somatic index of bullfrogs subjected to three photoperiod during the growing phase (initial 30 days) and finishing (60 days). The treatments were 16 h light and 8 h dark, 12 h of light and dark and 8 h light and 16 h dark. The experimental design was completely randomized design with three replications. We used 36 bullfrogs/m2 weighing from 22 to 28 g. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey Test at 5% probability. Differences were found for the weight of body fat, liver tissue weight, liver somatic index and fatty somatic index the bullfrog to the treatments and the study periods and there is greater accumulation of energy to ninety days. The photoperiod did not influence body weight and fat weight of the liver tissue of bullfrog at the end of the fattening period and the difference fatty somatic index and liver somatic index were influenced by body weight of animals.

Sex-Positive Curricula: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Physical Fitness, Self-Concept and Sexual Functioning

Despite the well-recognized benefits of exercise, Americans are gaining weight in astounding proportions and levels of physical activity are on the decline. The purpose of this study was to investigate a relationship between physical fitness, self-concept and sexual health. There is a dearth of knowledge on this relationship specifically in the context of sex-negative curricula, which is the dominate discourse in the United States. One hundred and thirty-three participants between the ages of 18 - 50 volunteered for fitness testing and data collection. Physical fitness was assessed through body fat, resting metabolic rate, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance and flexibility. Self-reported exercise was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Self-concept was measured by the Six Factor Self-Concept Scale, which presented a total self-concept score and as six individual concepts of self (likability, morality, task accomplishment, giftedness, power and vulnerability). Additionally, sexual function was measured by Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning and presented as both an aggregate score and five separate constructs of sexual functioning (fantasy/cognition, arousal, orgasm, behavior/experience, and drive/desire). Questions pertaining to sexual partners, sex education, and demographic information were also included. The results of the General Linear Model indicated significant relationships between physical fitness, self-concept and total sexual functioning. The sexual behavior/experience of men was predicted by body fat percentage and flexibility. In women, behavior/experience was predicted by body fat percentage and arousal was predicted by cardiovascular endurance. Total self-concept was related to muscular endurance. When men were isolated in the analysis, likability was positively related to sexual behavior/experience, and task accomplishment was inversely related to sexual behavior/experience. In women, giftedness was related to cognition/fantasy, arousal, orgasm and total sexual functioning. No relationships were found between physical fitness and the number of sexual partners in men; however, both muscular strength and the power self-concept were significantly related to number of sexual partners in women. As a result of these findings, women may be inclined to exercise to improve arousal and sexual functioning. Furthermore, educators should note the findings of a positive relationship between physical and psychological health and sexual well-being because they provide support for the development and adoption of sex-positive curricula that incorporate potential benefits of sexual activity.