Study on phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

A study on the phlebotomine sand fly fauna in Belo Horizonte city, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, was carried out. From April 2001 to March 2003, monthly systematic collections were performed in three houses from each of the nine regions of the city, using CDC light traps for four consecutive days. The traps were set into the houses and in peridomestic areas totaling 54 traps. A number of 3871 sand fly specimens of the genera Lutzomyia and Brumptomyia were collected. Sixty eight percent of the specimens were L. longipalpis and 16% L. whitmani, insect vectors of visceral and American cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and frequency of precipitation suggest that the number of insects increases after rainy periods. During the same period mentioned above, seasonal captures were carried out in parks and green areas of Belo Horizonte, using Shannon trap. A total of 579 phlebotomine sand flies were collected from which 398 (68.7%) were females with the predominance of L. whitmani and L. monticola. Those specimens were used for natural infection examination, by polymerase chain reaction. No Leishmania DNA was present in any of the specimens tested.

Regional-scale integration of multi-scale hydrological and geophysical data using a two-step Bayesian sequential simulation approach

Significant progress has been made with regard to the quantitative integration of geophysical and hydrological data at the local scale for the purpose of improving predictions of groundwater flow and solute transport. However, extending corresponding approaches to the regional scale still represents one of the major challenges in the domain of hydrogeophysics. To address this problem, we have developed a regional-scale data integration methodology based on a two-step Bayesian sequential simulation approach. Our objective is to generate high-resolution stochastic realizations of the regional-scale hydraulic conductivity field in the common case where there exist spatially exhaustive but poorly resolved measurements of a related geophysical parameter, as well as highly resolved but spatially sparse collocated measurements of this geophysical parameter and the hydraulic conductivity. To integrate this multi-scale, multi-parameter database, we first link the low- and high-resolution geophysical data via a stochastic downscaling procedure. This is followed by relating the downscaled geophysical data to the high-resolution hydraulic conductivity distribution. After outlining the general methodology of the approach, we demonstrate its application to a realistic synthetic example where we consider as data high-resolution measurements of the hydraulic and electrical conductivities at a small number of borehole locations, as well as spatially exhaustive, low-resolution estimates of the electrical conductivity obtained from surface-based electrical resistivity tomography. The different stochastic realizations of the hydraulic conductivity field obtained using our procedure are validated by comparing their solute transport behaviour with that of the underlying ?true? hydraulic conductivity field. We find that, even in the presence of strong subsurface heterogeneity, our proposed procedure allows for the generation of faithful representations of the regional-scale hydraulic conductivity structure and reliable predictions of solute transport over long, regional-scale distances.

4th annual conference on Clinical Trials in Alzheimer's Disease: Highlights

��In a sign that researchers are grappling with therapy development, the 4th annual conference on Clinical Trials in Alzheimer's Disease was filled beyond its venue's capacity, drawing 522 researchers from around the globe. Held 3-5 November 2011 in San Diego, CTAD is the brainchild of Paul Aisen, Jacques Touchon, Bruno Vellas, and Michael Weiner. The conference posted no ringing trial successes. Instead, scientists worked on methodological aspects they hope will improve future trials' chances. They discussed Bayesian models, simulated placebos, and biomarker data standards. They presented alternative outcome measures to the ADAS-cog, ranging widely from composite scales that are sensitive early on to continuous measures that encompass a patients' day-to-day variability. They focused on EEG, and on a collective effort to develop patient-reported outcomes. Highlights include:Whence and Where To: History and Future of AD Therapy Trials��Webinar: Evolution of AD Trials��Nutrient Formulation Appears to Grease Memory Function��Door Slams on RAGE��Clinical Trials: Making "Protocols From Hell" Less Burdensome��EEG: Coming in From the Margins of Alzheimer's Research?��EEG: Old Method to Lend New Help in AD Drug Development?������

Uncertainty about the true source. A note on the likelihood ratio at the activity level.

This paper focuses on likelihood ratio based evaluations of fibre evidence in cases in which there is uncertainty about whether or not the reference item available for analysis - that is, an item typically taken from the suspect or seized at his home - is the item actually worn at the time of the offence. A likelihood ratio approach is proposed that, for situations in which certain categorical assumptions can be made about additionally introduced parameters, converges to formula described in existing literature. The properties of the proposed likelihood ratio approach are analysed through sensitivity analyses and discussed with respect to possible argumentative implications that arise in practice.

Environmental and biological controls on the geochemistry (δ18O, δ13C, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca) of living ostracods from Lake Geneva

ABSTRACT : Ostracods are benthic microcrustaceans enclosed in low-Mg calcite bivalves. Stable isotope compositions, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca ratios of ostracod fossil valves have proven useful to reconstruct past environmental conditions. Yet, several discrepancies persist and the influence of many factors remains unclear. It is the aim of this study to improve the use of ostracod valve geochemistry as palaeoenvironmental proxies by examining the extent of isotope fractionation and trace element partitioning during valve calcification. To achieve this, the environmental parameters (pH, temperature) and chemical composition of water (C-and O-isotope composition and calcium, magnesium, and strontium content) were measured at sites where living ostracods were sampled. The sampling was on a monthly basis over the course of one year at five different water depths (2, 5, 13, 33, and 70 m) in Lake Geneva, Switzerland. The one-year sampling enabled collection of environmental data for bottom and interstitial pore water. In littoral to sublittoral zones, C-isotope composition of DIC and the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of water are found to vary concomitantly with water temperature. This is due to the precipitation of calcite, which is induced by higher photosynthetic activity as temperature and/or solar radiation intensify in summer. In deeper zones, environmental parameters remain largely constant throughout the year. Variations of pH, DIC concentrations and C-isotope compositions in interstitial water result from aerobic as well as anaerobic respiration, calcite dissolution and methanogenesis. Bathymetric distribution, life cycles, and habitats were derived for 15 ostracod species and are predominantly related to water temperature and sediment texture. O-isotope compositions of ostracod valves in Lake Geneva reflect that of water and temperature. However, offsets of up to 3 permil are observed in comparison with proposed inorganic calcite precipitation equilibrium composition. Deprotonation of HCO3- and/or salt effect at crystallisation sites may explain the disequilibrium observed for O-isotopic compositions. C-isotope compositions of ostracod valves are not as well constrained and appear to be controlled by a complex interaction between habitat preferences and seasonal as well as spatial variations of the DIC isotope composition. For infaunal forms, C-isotope compositions reflect mainly the variation of DIC isotope composition in interstitial pore waters. For epifaunal forms, C-isotope compositions reflect the seasonal variation of DIC isotope compositions. C-isotope compositions of ostracod valves is at equilibrium with DIC except for a small number of species (L. inopinata, L. sanctipatricii and possibly C. ophtalmica, and I. beauchampi). Trace element uptake differs considerably from species to species. For most epifaunal forms, trace element content follows the seasonal cycle, recording temperature increases and/or variations of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of water. In contrast, infaunal forms are predominantly related to sediment pore water chemistry. RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS : Les ostracodes sont de petits crustacés benthiques qui possèdent une coquille faite de calcite à faible teneur en magnésium. La composition isotopique et les rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca d'ostracodes fossiles ont été utilisés maintes fois avec succès pour effectuer des reconstructions paléoenvironnementales. Néanmoins, certains désaccords persistent sur l'interprétation de ces données. De plus, l'influence de certains facteurs pouvant biaiser le signal reste encore inconnue. Ainsi, le but de cette étude est de rendre plus performant l'emploi de la composition géochimique des ostracodes comme indicateur paléoenvironnemental. Pour réaliser cela, cinq sites situés dans le Léman à 2, 5, 13, 33 et 70 m de profondeur ont été choisis pour effectuer les échantillonnages. Chaque site a été visité une fois par mois durant une année. Les différents paramètres environnementaux (pH, température) ainsi que la composition géochimique de l'eau (composition isotopique de l'oxygène et du carbone ainsi que teneur en calcium, magnésium et strontium) ont été déterminés pour chaque campagne. Des ostracodes vivants ont été récoltés au cinq sites en même temps que les échantillons d'eau. Ce travail de terrain a permis de caractériser la géochimie de l'eau se trouvant juste au-dessus des sédiments ainsi que celle de l'eau se trouvant dans les interstices du sédiment. Dans les zones littorales à sublittorales, la composition isotopique du carbone inorganique dissout (CID) ainsi que les rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca de l'eau varient linéairement avec la température. Ceci peut être expliqué par la précipitation de calcite qui est contrôlée par l'activité photosynthétique, variant elle même linéairement avec la température. Dans les zones plus profondes, les paramètres environnementaux restent relativement constants tout au long de l'année. Les variations du pH, de la concentration et de la composition isotopique du CID dans les sédiments résultent de la libération de carbone engendrée par la dégradation de la matière organique avec présence d'oxygène ou via réduction de nitrates et de sulfates, par la dissolution de carbonates, ainsi que par la méthanogenèse. La distribution bathymétrique, le cycle de vie ainsi que l'habitat de 15 espèces ont été déterminés. Ceux-ci sont principalement reliés à la température de l'eau et à la texture des sédiments. La composition isotopique de l'oxygène des valves d'ostracodes reflète celle de l'eau et la température qui régnait lors de la calcification. Néanmoins, des écarts pouvant aller jusqu'à 3 0/00 par rapport à l'équilibre théorique ont été obtenus. La déprotonation de HCO3 ou un 'effet de sel' pourrait être à l'origine du déséquilibre observé. La composition isotopique du carbone des valves d'ostracodes n'est pas aussi bien cernée. Celle-ci semble être principalement contrôlée par une interaction complexe entre l'habitat des ostracodes et les variations saisonnières et spatiales de la composition isotopique du CID. Pour les espèces endofaunes, la composition isotopique du carbone reflète principalement la variation de la composition isotopique du CID à l'intérieur des sédiments. Pour les formes épifaunes, c'est la variation saisonnière de la composition du CID qui contrôle celle de la coquille des ostracodes. En général, la composition isotopique du carbone des valves d'ostracodes est en équilibre avec celle de CID, hormis pour quelques rares espèces (L. inopinata, L. sanctipatricii et peut-être C. ophtalmica et I. beauchampi). L'incorporation des éléments traces diffère passablement d'une espèce à l'autre. Pour la plupart des espèces épifaunes, la teneur en éléments traces des coquilles reflète les variations saisonnières. Ces espèces semblent enregistrer les variations soit de la température soit des rapports Mg/Ca et Sr/Ca de l'eau. La teneur en élément traces des formes infaunales, au contraire, est principalement reliée à la chimie de l'eau interstitielle. RÉSUMÉ GRAND-PUBLIC : La connaissance de l'évolution du climat dans le futur est primordiale pour notre société, car elle permet de développer différentes stratégies pour faire face aux problèmes engendrés pas le changement climatique : stratégies environnementale, humanitaire, ou encore économique. Cette problématique est actuellement, à juste titre, sujet d'une vive préoccupation. La géologie peut-elle contribuer à l'effort communautaire entrepris? Naturellement, ce sont les climatologues qui sont sur le devant de la scène. Il n'empêche que ces derniers, pour pouvoir prédire l'avenir, doivent s'appuyer sur le passé. La géologie est alors d'un grand intérêt car c'est effectivement la seule science qui permette d'estimer les variations climatiques à grande échelle sur de longues périodes. Ainsi, voulant moi-même contribuer aux recherches menées dans ce domaine, je me suis tourné à la fin de mes études vers la paléoclimatologie, science qui a pour but de reconstruire le climat des temps anciens. Nous nous sommes rendu compte que l'évolution climatique de la région où nous habitons n'avait pas encore fait le sujet d'études approfondies. Il est pourtant important de connaître la variation locale des changements climatiques pour obtenir des modèles climatiques fiables. En conséquence, un vaste projet a vu le jour : reconstruire, à l'aide des sédiments du lac Léman, les variations paléoclimatiques et paléo-environnementales depuis le retrait du Glacier de Rhône, il y a environ 15'000 ans, jusqu'à nos jours. Pour ce genre de travail, la géochimie, qui est une forme de chimie, utilisée en science de la terre regroupant la chimie classique et la chimie isotopique, est une alliée particulièrement efficace. Elle permet en effet, via différentes mesures faites sur des archives géologiques (par exemple des fossiles ou des sédiments) d'obtenir des informations, souvent quantitatives, sur les conditions (le climat, la flore ou encore la bio productivité, etc...) qui régnaient il y a fort longtemps. Les coquilles d'ostracodes, qui sont de petits animaux vivant au fond des lacs, sont une des archives les plus prometteuses. Ces animaux sont des petits crustacés s'entourant d'une coquille calcaire qu'ils sécrètent eux-mêmes. A la mort de l'animal, la coquille est intégrée dans les sédiments et reste intacte à travers les âges. Des études ont montré qu'en analysant la géochimie de ces coquilles fossiles, il est possible de reconstruire les conditions environnementales qui régnaient à l'époque de vie de ces fossiles. Cette démarche nécessite qu'une condition bien précise soit remplie: la composition géochimique de la coquille doit enregistrer de manière fidèle la chimie de l'eau et/ou la température de l'eau présentes au moment de la sécrétion de la coquille. Le but spécifique de notre recherche a précisément été d'étudier la façon dont la chimie de l'eau ainsi que sa température sont enregistrées dans la coquillé des ostracodes. Une fois les relations entre ces divers paramètres dans l'étant actuel du système établies, il sera alors possible de les utiliser pour interpréter des données issues de coquilles fossiles. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré la température de l'eau de manière continue et récolté mensuellement des échantillons d'eau et des ostracodes vivants pendant une année. Cinq sites situés à 2, 5, 13, 33 et 70 mètres de profondeur ont été choisis pour effectuer ces échantillonnages dans le Léman. Le travail de terrain nous a amené à étudier la biologie de 15 espèces. Nous avons pu établir la profondeur à laquelle vivent ces animaux, leur période de développement ainsi que leur habitat respectifs. Ces résultats ont permis de mieux cerner la relation qu'il existe entre la chimie de l'eau, sa température et la composition géochimique des coquilles d'ostracodes. Nous avons ainsi pu confirmer que les coquilles d'ostracodes enregistrent de manière fidèle la composition chimique et isotopique de l'eau. De même, nous avons pu établir de manière plus précise l'effet de la température sur la géochimie des coquilles. Néanmoins, les relations trouvées entre ces trois éléments sont plus complexes pour certaines espèces, cette complexité étant souvent liée à un caractère spécifique de leur écologie. Nous avons mis en lumière certains effets qui biaisent les résultats et défini précisément les conditions dans lesquelles on peut s'attendre à avoir des difficultés dans leur interprétation. Maintenant que nous avons établi les relations entre le climat actuel et la composition géochimique des coquilles d'ostracodes actuels, nous pouvons, sur la base de ce modèle, reconstruire le climat depuis le retrait du Glacier du Rhône jusqu'à nos jours à l'aide d'ostracodes fossiles. Mais cela est une autre histoire et fera, je l'espère, le sujet de nos futures recherches.

A Bayesian network approach to the database serch problem in criminal proceedings

Background The 'database search problem', that is, the strengthening of a case - in terms of probative value - against an individual who is found as a result of a database search, has been approached during the last two decades with substantial mathematical analyses, accompanied by lively debate and centrally opposing conclusions. This represents a challenging obstacle in teaching but also hinders a balanced and coherent discussion of the topic within the wider scientific and legal community. This paper revisits and tracks the associated mathematical analyses in terms of Bayesian networks. Their derivation and discussion for capturing probabilistic arguments that explain the database search problem are outlined in detail. The resulting Bayesian networks offer a distinct view on the main debated issues, along with further clarity. Methods As a general framework for representing and analyzing formal arguments in probabilistic reasoning about uncertain target propositions (that is, whether or not a given individual is the source of a crime stain), this paper relies on graphical probability models, in particular, Bayesian networks. This graphical probability modeling approach is used to capture, within a single model, a series of key variables, such as the number of individuals in a database, the size of the population of potential crime stain sources, and the rarity of the corresponding analytical characteristics in a relevant population. Results This paper demonstrates the feasibility of deriving Bayesian network structures for analyzing, representing, and tracking the database search problem. The output of the proposed models can be shown to agree with existing but exclusively formulaic approaches. Conclusions The proposed Bayesian networks allow one to capture and analyze the currently most well-supported but reputedly counter-intuitive and difficult solution to the database search problem in a way that goes beyond the traditional, purely formulaic expressions. The method's graphical environment, along with its computational and probabilistic architectures, represents a rich package that offers analysts and discussants with additional modes of interaction, concise representation, and coherent communication.

Compositional ideas in the bayesian analysis of categorical data with application to dose finding clinical trials

Compositional random vectors are fundamental tools in the Bayesian analysis of categorical data.Many of the issues that are discussed with reference to the statistical analysis of compositionaldata have a natural counterpart in the construction of a Bayesian statistical model for categoricaldata.This note builds on the idea of cross-fertilization of the two areas recommended by Aitchison (1986)in his seminal book on compositional data. Particular emphasis is put on the problem of whatparameterization to use

Inference of distributional parameters from compositional samples containing nondetects

Low concentrations of elements in geochemical analyses have the peculiarity of beingcompositional data and, for a given level of significance, are likely to be beyond thecapabilities of laboratories to distinguish between minute concentrations and completeabsence, thus preventing laboratories from reporting extremely low concentrations of theanalyte. Instead, what is reported is the detection limit, which is the minimumconcentration that conclusively differentiates between presence and absence of theelement. A spatially distributed exhaustive sample is employed in this study to generateunbiased sub-samples, which are further censored to observe the effect that differentdetection limits and sample sizes have on the inference of population distributionsstarting from geochemical analyses having specimens below detection limit (nondetects).The isometric logratio transformation is used to convert the compositional data in thesimplex to samples in real space, thus allowing the practitioner to properly borrow fromthe large source of statistical techniques valid only in real space. The bootstrap method isused to numerically investigate the reliability of inferring several distributionalparameters employing different forms of imputation for the censored data. The casestudy illustrates that, in general, best results are obtained when imputations are madeusing the distribution best fitting the readings above detection limit and exposes theproblems of other more widely used practices. When the sample is spatially correlated, itis necessary to combine the bootstrap with stochastic simulation

Pragmatic approach for interpreting antiretroviral drug concentrations based on a systematic review of population pharmacokinetic studies

Objectives: The study objective was to derive reference pharmacokinetic curves of antiretroviral drugs (ART) based on available population pharmacokinetic (Pop-PK) studies that can be used to optimize therapeutic drug monitoring guided dosage adjustment.¦Methods: A systematic search of Pop-PK studies of 8 ART in adults was performed in PubMed. To simulate reference PK curves, a summary of the PK parameters was obtained for each drug based on meta-analysis approach. Most models used one-compartment model, thus chosen as reference model. Models using bi-exponential disposition were simplified to one-compartment, since the first distribution phase was rapid and not determinant for the description of the terminal elimination phase, mostly relevant for this project. Different absorption were standardized for first-order absorption processes.¦Apparent clearance (CL), apparent volume of distribution of the terminal phase (Vz) and absorption rate constant (ka) and inter-individual variability were pooled into summary mean value, weighted by number of plasma levels; intra-individual variability was weighted by number of individuals in each study.¦Simulations based on summary PK parameters served to construct concentration PK percentiles (NONMEM®).¦Concordance between individual and summary parameters was assessed graphically using Forest-plots. To test robustness, difference in simulated curves based on published and summary parameters was calculated using efavirenz as probe drug.¦Results: CL was readily accessible from all studies. For studies with one-compartment, Vz was central volume of distribution; for two-compartment, Vz was CL/λz. ka was directly used or derived based on the mean absorption time (MAT) for more complicated absorption models, assuming MAT=1/ka.¦The value of CL for each drug was in excellent agreement throughout all Pop-PK models, suggesting that minimal concentration derived from summary models was adequately characterized. The comparison of the concentration vs. time profile for efavirenz between published and summary PK parameters revealed not more than 20% difference. Although our approach appears adequate for estimation of elimination phase, the simplification of absorption phase might lead to small bias shortly after drug intake.¦Conclusions: Simulated reference percentile curves based on such an approach represent a useful tool for interpretating drug concentrations. This Pop-PK meta-analysis approach should be further validated and could be extended to elaborate more sophisticated computerized tool for the Bayesian TDM of ART.

Influence of environmental conditions on the distribution of Central Asian green toads with three ploidy levels.

We studied the distribution of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup), an anuran species group with three ploidy levels, inhabiting the Central Asian Amudarya River drainage. Various approaches (one-way, multivariate, components variance analyses and maximum entropy modelling) were used to estimate the effect of altitude, precipitation, temperature and land vegetation covers on the distribution of toads. It is usually assumed that polyploid species occur in regions with harsher climatic conditions (higher latitudes, elevations, etc.), but for the green toads complex, we revealed a more intricate situation. The diploid species (Bufo shaartusiensis and Bufo turanensis) inhabit the arid lowlands (from 44 to 789 m a.s.l.), while tetraploid Bufo pewzowi were recorded in mountainous regions (340-3492 m a.s.l.) with usually lower temperatures and higher precipitation rates than in the region inhabited by diploid species. The triploid species Bufo baturae was found in the Pamirs (Tajikistan) at the highest altitudes (2503-3859 m a.s.l.) under the harshest climatic conditions.

Exploration of alpine orographic precipitation patterns with radar image processing and clustering techniques

A methodology of exploratory data analysis investigating the phenomenon of orographic precipitation enhancement is proposed. The precipitation observations obtained from three Swiss Doppler weather radars are analysed for the major precipitation event of August 2005 in the Alps. Image processing techniques are used to detect significant precipitation cells/pixels from radar images while filtering out spurious effects due to ground clutter. The contribution of topography to precipitation patterns is described by an extensive set of topographical descriptors computed from the digital elevation model at multiple spatial scales. Additionally, the motion vector field is derived from subsequent radar images and integrated into a set of topographic features to highlight the slopes exposed to main flows. Following the exploratory data analysis with a recent algorithm of spectral clustering, it is shown that orographic precipitation cells are generated under specific flow and topographic conditions. Repeatability of precipitation patterns in particular spatial locations is found to be linked to specific local terrain shapes, e.g. at the top of hills and on the upwind side of the mountains. This methodology and our empirical findings for the Alpine region provide a basis for building computational data-driven models of orographic enhancement and triggering of precipitation. Copyright (C) 2011 Royal Meteorological Society .

Applications of stochastic analysis in finance and statistical inference

First: A continuous-time version of Kyle's model (Kyle 1985), known as the Back's model (Back 1992), of asset pricing with asymmetric information, is studied. A larger class of price processes and of noise traders' processes are studied. The price process, as in Kyle's model, is allowed to depend on the path of the market order. The process of the noise traders' is an inhomogeneous Lévy process. Solutions are found by the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations. With the insider being risk-neutral, the price pressure is constant, and there is no equilibirium in the presence of jumps. If the insider is risk-averse, there is no equilibirium in the presence of either jumps or drifts. Also, it is analised when the release time is unknown. A general relation is established between the problem of finding an equilibrium and of enlargement of filtrations. Random announcement time is random is also considered. In such a case the market is not fully efficient and there exists equilibrium if the sensitivity of prices with respect to the global demand is time decreasing according with the distribution of the random time. Second: Power variations. it is considered, the asymptotic behavior of the power variation of processes of the form _integral_0^t u(s-)dS(s), where S_ is an alpha-stable process with index of stability 0&alpha&2 and the integral is an Itô integral. Stable convergence of corresponding fluctuations is established. These results provide statistical tools to infer the process u from discrete observations. Third: A bond market is studied where short rates r(t) evolve as an integral of g(t-s)sigma(s) with respect to W(ds), where g and sigma are deterministic and W is the stochastic Wiener measure. Processes of this type are particular cases of ambit processes. These processes are in general not of the semimartingale kind.

Controls on ostracod valve geochemistry, Part 1: Variations of environmental parameters in ostracod (micro-)habitats

The variations of environmental conditions (T°, pH, δ13CDIC, [DIC], δ18O, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca) of ostracod habitats were examined to determine the controls of environmental parameters on the chemical and isotopic composition of ostracod valves. Results of a one-year monitoring of environmental parameters at five sites, with depths of between 2 and 70 m, in Lake Geneva indicate that in littoral to sub-littoral zones (2, 5, and 13 m), the chemical composition of bottom water varies seasonally in concert with changes in temperature and photosynthetic activity. An increase of temperature and photosynthetic activity leads to an increase in δ13C values of DIC and to precipitation of authigenic calcite, which results in a concomitant increase of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of water. In deeper sites (33 and 70 m), the composition of bottom water remains constant throughout the year and isotopic values and trace element contents are similar to those of deep water within the lake. The chemical composition of interstitial pore water also does not reflect seasonal variations but is controlled by calcite dissolution, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration with reduction of sulphate and/or nitrate, and methanogenesis that may occur in the sediment pores. Relative influence of each of these factors on the pore water geochemistry depends on sediment thickness and texture, oxygen content in bottom as well as pore water. Variations of chemical compositions of the ostracod valves of this study vary according to the specific ecology of the ostracod species analysed, that is its life-cycle and its (micro-)habitat. Littoral species have compositions that are related to the seasonal variations of temperature, δ13C values of DIC, and of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of water. In contrast, the compositions of profundal species are largely controlled by variations of pore fluids along sediment depth profiles according to the specific depth preference of the species. The control on the geochemistry of sub-littoral species is a combination of controls for the littoral and profundal species as well as the specific ecology of the species.