Crime e doença psiquiátrica: perfil da população de um hospital de custódia no Rio de Janeiro

OBJETIVOS: Estudar a população internada em um hospital de custódia no Rio de Janeiro quanto a aspectos demográficos, diagnósticos e criminais. MÉTODOS: Todos os internos cumprindo medida de segurança detentiva no Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiá­trico Heitor Carrilho, em dezembro de 2007, (n = 177) foram avaliados pelo censo sociodemográfico aplicado por psiquiatras da instituição e tiveram seus prontuários analisados quanto a diagnóstico, tratamento psiquiátrico prévio e tipo de crime. Foi avaliada a relação entre vítima e perpetrador nos homicídios. RESULTADOS: A população é preferencialmente masculina (80%), solteira (72%), com 30 a 39 anos de idade (34%), baixa escolaridade (69%) e inativa (56%). Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes foram transtornos psicóticos (67%), seguidos por retardo mental (15,2%), transtornos em virtude de uso de substâncias psicoativas (7,3%), de personalidade (4,5%) e outros (6,2%). A maioria (71%) já havia recebido tratamento psiquiátrico prévio. O homicídio foi o crime mais comum (44%), seguido por crimes contra o patrimônio (26%), crimes sexuais (11%), crimes relacionados a entorpecentes (11%) e outros. O homicídio intrafamiliar predominou entre os psicóticos e os portadores de retardo mental. Os últimos cometeram proporcionalmente mais crimes sexuais do que os primeiros. CONCLUSÃO: O perfil da população foi compatível com o descrito para outras populações de internos em hospitais de custódia no país.

É a cardiomiopatia hipertrófica apical vista em uma amostra na cidade do Rio de Janeiro similar à encontrada no oriente?

OBJETIVO: Investigar a existência de diferença na forma de apresentação clínica e evolutiva da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica apical (CMHA), vista em uma amostra na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e a observada no oriente, onde foi descrita. MÉTODOS: Entre 156 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica diagnosticados em nossa instituição, foram identificados 13 (8,34%) com a forma apical, sendo estudadas as suas manifestações clínicas, os meios de diagnóstico e a sua evolução. RESULTADOS: Eram 8 homens e 5 mulheres, com idades entre 19 a 75 anos, todos da raça branca, a maioria sintomática. O eletrocardiograma revelou ondas T gigantes em precordiais em 10 pacientes (76,92%), o ecocardiograma (ECO), a presença de hipertrofia apical em todos os casos, sendo em 10 (76,92%) restrita a ponta do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), em dois (15,4%) a ponta do ventrículo direito (VD) e, em 1 (7,68%), acometendo ambos os ventrículos. A cineventriculografia confirmou os achados do ECO. A evolução variou de 6 a 264 meses (x=95,4). Ocorreram dois óbitos (15,4%) em pacientes com o comprometimento associado ao VD, devido ao aumento significativo da dimensão dos átrios, ocorrência de fibrilação atrial, insuficiência valvar mitral e/ou tricúspide e tromboembolismo. Entre os vivos, a paciente com acometimento do VD evolui com restrição diastólica, e os restantes com lesão localizada do VE , 9 estão assintomáticos em uso de propranolol (8) ou amiodarona (1) e um permanece assintomático sem medicação. CONCLUSÃO: presentação, diagnóstico e evolução, porém notamos em 3 pacientes ( 23,08%) o acometimento da ponta do VD, não descrito no oriente, mas com péssimo prognóstico evolutivo.

Socioeconomic aspects of spousal concordance for hypertension, obesity, and smoking in a community of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to evaluate the environmental role in the distribution of hypertension, obesity, and smoking and spousal concordance for the presence/absence of these 3 cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a community in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The households were randomly selected. Odds ratios were estimated to measure spousal concordance, across socioeconomic levels.. RESULTS: Overall a significant aggregation of all 3 risk factors was present. The crude odds ratio for hypertension was 1.78 (95%CI=1.02-3.08); for obesity, it was 1.80 (95%CI=1.09-2.96); and for smoking, it was 3.40 (95% CI=2.07-5.61). The spousal concordance for hypertension decreased significantly (p<0.001) from the lower to the higher educational level. In the case of obesity and smoking, the opposite was observed, although p-values for the linear trend were 0.10 and 0.08, respectively. CONCLUSION: In lower socioeconomic levels, couples are more concordant for hypertension and discordant for smoking. For hypertension and smoking, education seems to be a discriminant stronger than income, but for obesity the 2 socioeconomic indicators seem to represent different aspects of the environmental determinants of risk factor distribution.

Acute myocardial infarction: clinical and epidemiological profile and factors associated with in-hospital death in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro

OBJECTIVE: To study the factors associated with the risk of in-hospital death in acute myocardial infarction in the Brazilian public health system in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Sectional study of a sample with 391 randomly drawn medical records of the hospitalizations due to acute myocardial infarction recorded in the hospital information system in 1997. RESULTS: The diagnosis was confirmed in 91.7% of the cases; 61.5% males; age = 60.2 ± 2.4 years; delta time until hospitalization of 11 hours; 25.3% were diabetic; 58.1% were hypertensive; 82.6% were in Killip I class. In-hospital mortality was 20.6%. Thrombolysis was used in 19.5%; acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 86.5%; beta-blockers 49%; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 63.3%; calcium channel blockers 30.5%. Factors associated with increased death: age (61-80 years: OR=2.5; > 80 years: OR=9.6); Killip class (II: OR=1.9; III: OR=6; IV: OR=26.5); diabetes (OR=2.4); ventricular tachycardia (OR=8.5); ventricular fibrillation (OR=34); recurrent ischemia (OR=2.7). The use of ASA (OR=0.3), beta-blockers (OR=0.3), and ACE inhibitors (OR=0.4) was associated with a reduction in the chance of death. CONCLUSION: General lethality was high and some interventions of confirmed efficacy were underutilizated. The logistic model showed the beneficial effect of beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors on the risk of in-hospital death.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and risk factors in Campos dos Goytacazes, in the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in adults in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, and to identify its relation to risk factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based, observational study with sampling through conglomerates and stratified according to socioeconomic levels, sex, and age, with 1,039 individuals. Risk factors, familial history, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol were determined. RESULTS: The following prevalences were observed: of dyslipidemias 24.2%; of hypercholesterolemia, 4.2%; of elevated LDL-C, 3.5%; of low HDL-C, 18.3%; and of hypertriglyceridemia, 17.1%. The following mean levels were observed: cholesterol, 187.6± 33.7 mg/dL; LDL-C, 108.7±26.8 mg/dL; HDL-C, 48.5±7.7 mg/dL; and triglycerides, 150.1±109.8 mg/dL. The following variables showed a positive correlation with dyslipidemia: increased age (P<0.001), male sex (P<0.001), low familial income (P<0.001), familial history (P<0.01), overweight/obesity (P<0.001), waist measure (P<0.001), high blood pressure (P<0.001), and diabetes mellitus (P<0.001). The following variables had no influence on dyslipidemias: ethnicity, educational level, smoking habits, and sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSION: The frequency of lipid changes in the population studied was high, suggesting that measures for the early diagnosis should be taken, in association with implementation of programs for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis.

Letalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração no Estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de 1999 a 2003

OBJETIVO: Estimar a letalidade nos procedimentos de doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC) aguda e crônica e por revascularização miocárdica (RVM) e angioplastia coronariana (AC) nos hospitais cadastrados no SIH/SUS (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares/Sistema Único de Saúde) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), de 1999 a 2003. MÉTODOS: Os procedimentos considerados de RVM e de AC provieram do Datasus. As taxas foram padronizadas por sexo, idade e gravidade de doença, tendo como padrão todos os procedimentos de alta complexidade cardiovascular, realizados no ERJ em 2000. Os grupos de DIC são: angina, infarto agudo do miocárdio, outras DIC agudas e DIC crônicas. RESULTADOS: As letalidades por angina, IAM, outras DIC agudas e DIC crônicas foram de 2,8%, 16,2%, 2,9% e 3,9%, respectivamente, no ERJ. As taxas de letalidade, ajustadas por idade, sexo e grupo diagnóstico, nas RVM e AC foram elevadas, variando entre 1,9% e 12,8% nas RVM, e atingindo 3,2% nas AC, e de 2,3% e 11,1%, quando o tratamento clínico era realizado. CONCLUSÃO: As RVM e AC no tratamento das DIC no ERJ vêm aumentando progressivamente. A letalidade esteve acima do desejável, principalmente nas internações por DIC crônicas (5,4% e 1,7%, respectivamente). O tratamento clínico otimizado parece boa opção terapêutica, reservando-se as RVM e AC para os casos de pior prognóstico. A letalidade no IAM com tratamento clínico foi semelhante à existente quando não se utilizam trombolíticos (16,7%).

Letalidade e complicações da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica no Rio de Janeiro, de 1999 a 2003

FUNDAMENTO: A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RVM) é um procedimento consolidado no tratamento das doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC), requerendo constante avaliação. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade na RVM, através das características clínicas dos pacientes, taxas de letalidade até um ano após a alta hospitalar, causas básicas de morte e complicações pós-operatórias, em quatro hospitais públicos do Município do Rio de Janeiro, de 1999 a 2003. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente prontuários de pacientes submetidos à RVM. Informações sobre características clínicas, complicações e óbitos foram coletadas retrospectivamente dos prontuários e das declarações de óbitos. As taxas de letalidade foram estimadas nos períodos intra-hospitalar e até um ano pós-alta. RESULTADOS: As prevalências das características pré-operatórias foram: mulher: 31,9%, hipertensão arterial: 90,7%, dislipidemia: 67,4%, diabete: 37,2%, tabagismo: 22,9%, obesidade: 18,3%, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: 8,2%, acidente vascular encefálico prévio: 5,8%, arteriopatia extracardíaca: 12,7%, elevação da creatinina: 4,1%, estado crítico pré-operatório: 3,7%, infarto agudo do miocárdio recente: 23,5%, angina instável: 40,8%, síndrome coronariana aguda: 50,0%, RVM prévia: 2,4%, disfunção ventricular esquerda: 27,3%, lesão de tronco da coronária esquerda: 3,9% e associada com lesão em outro sistema: 19,8%. As taxas de letalidade nos hospitais variaram de 7,0% a 14,3% no período intra-hospitalar e de 8,5% a 20,2% até um ano pós-alta. As DIC representaram as causas de mais de 80% dos óbitos. O grupo de complicações pós-operatórias mais frequente foi de hemorragia ou baixo débito pós-procedimento. Sessenta por cento dos óbitos apresentaram cinco ou mais complicações enquanto que 40% dos sobreviventes nenhuma. CONCLUSÃO: As taxas de letalidade e de complicações foram elevadas. Mesmo nos sobreviventes as complicações foram mais frequentes do que o esperado.

Desempenho e gastos do SUS com revascularizações do miocárdio no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1999 a 2008

FUNDAMENTO: Os gastos com cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RVM) e angioplastia coronariana (AC), representaram importante ônus para o SUS. OBJETIVO: Analisar gastos do SUS com RVM e AC e sua performance nos hospitais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), de 1999 a 2008. MÉTODOS: As informações provieram das AIH pagas dos hospitais com mais de 100 revascularizações. As taxas de letalidade foram ajustadas por modelos Poisson (covariáveis idade, dias de permanência no hospital e gasto em UTI). Foram construídos índices de gasto médio relativo, dividindo-se o valor médio da fração de gasto em cada hospital pelo gasto médio no ERJ, em dólares. Para análise estatística empregou-se o Stata. RESULTADOS: Foram pagas 10.983 RVM e 19.661 AC em 20 hospitais nos 10 anos, com valores médios de US$ 3.088,12 e 2.183,93, respectivamente. A taxa de letalidade nas RVM flutuou de 9,2%-1999 para 7,7%-2008, com valores extremos de 5,0%-9,2% e nas AC de 1,6%-1999 para 1,5%-2008, com valores extremos de 0,9%-2,3%. Os hospitais diminuíram a realização de RVM e duplicaram a de AC. Idade, tempo de internação e gastos em UTI correlacionaram-se significativamente com a letalidade nas RVM e AC pagas no ERJ. Em média, os gastos com os serviços hospitalares representaram 41% do total das RVM e 18% das AC, e os com as órteses e próteses, 55% das AC e 28% nas RVM. CONCLUSÃO: Evidencia-se necessidade de melhorar a qualidade do atendimento das instituições que realizam RVM e AC pagas pelo SUS.

Evolution of Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality in the Counties of the State of Rio de Janeiro from 1979 to 2010

Background: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Brazil. Objective: To estimate total CVD, cerebrovascular disease (CBVD), and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality rates in adults in the counties of the state of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ), from 1979 to 2010. Methods: The counties of the SRJ were analysed according to their denominations stablished by the geopolitical structure of 1950, Each new county that have since been created, splitting from their original county, was grouped according to their former origin. Population Data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and data on deaths were obtained from DataSus/MS. Mean CVD, CBVD, and IHD mortality rates were estimated, compensated for deaths from ill-defined causes, and adjusted for age and sex using the direct method for three periods: 1979–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2010, Such results were spatially represented in maps. Tables were also constructed showing the mortality rates for each disease and year period. Results: There was a significant reduction in mortality rates across the three disease groups over the the three defined periods in all the county clusters analysed, Despite an initial mortality rate variation among the counties, it was observed a homogenization of such rates at the final period (2000–2010). The drop in CBVD mortality was greater than that in IHD mortality. Conclusion: Mortality due to CVD has steadily decreased in the SRJ in the last three decades. This reduction cannot be explained by greater access to high technology procedures or better control of cardiovascular risk factors as these facts have not occurred or happened in low proportion of cases with the exception of smoking which has decreased significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to seek explanations for this decrease, which may be related to improvements in the socioeconomic conditions of the population.

APOE and LDLR Gene Polymorphisms and Dyslipidemia Tracking. Rio de Janeiro Study

Background:Studies show an association between changes in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and LDLR receptor with the occurrence of dyslipidemia.Objectives:To investigate the association between polymorphisms of the APOE (ε2, ε3, ε4) and LDLR (A370T) genes with the persistence of abnormal serum lipid levels in young individuals followed up for 17 years in the Rio de Janeiro Study.Methods:The study included 56 individuals (35 males) who underwent three assessments at different ages: A1 (mean age 13.30 ± 1.53 years), A2 (22.09 ± 1.91 years) and A3 (31.23 ± 1.99 years). Clinical evaluation with measurement of blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI) was conducted at all three assessments. Measurement of waist circumference (WC) and serum lipids, and analysis of genetic polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP were performed at A2 and A3. Based on dyslipidemia tracking, three groups were established: 0 (no abnormal lipid value at A2 and A3), 1 (up to one abnormal lipid value at A2 or A3) and 2 (one or more abnormal lipid values at A2 and A3).Results:Compared with groups 0 and 1, group 2 presented higher mean values of BP, BMI, WC, LDL-c and TG (p < 0.01) and lower mean values of HDL-c (p = 0.001). Across the assessments, all individuals with APOE genotypes ε2/ε4 and ε4/ε4 maintained at least one abnormal lipid variable, whereas those with genotype ε2/ε3 did not show abnormal values (χ2 = 16.848, p = 0.032). For the LDLR genotypes, there was no significant difference among the groups.Conclusions:APOE gene polymorphisms were associated with dyslipidemia in young individuals followed up longitudinally from childhood.

Mortality from Circulatory System Diseases and Malformations in Children in the State of Rio de Janeiro

Abstract Background: The epidemiological profile of mortality in a population is important for the institution of measures to improve health care and reduce mortality Objective: To estimate mortality rates and the proportional mortality from cardiovascular diseases and malformations of the circulatory system in children and adolescents. Methods: This is a descriptive study of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, malformations of the circulatory system, from all causes, ill-defined causes and external causes in children and adolescents in the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1996 to 2012. Populations were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE) and deaths obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS)/Ministry of Health. Results: There were 115,728 deaths from all causes, 69,757 in males. The annual mortality from cardiovascular diseases was 2.7/100,000 in men and 2.6/100,000 in women. The annual mortality from malformations of the circulatory system was 7.5/100,000 in men and 6.6/100,000 in women. Among the specific causes of circulatory diseases, cardiomyopathies had the highest rates of annual proportional mortality, and from malformations of the circulatory system, it occurred due to unspecified malformations of the circulatory system, at all ages and in both genders. Conclusion: Mortality from malformations of the circulatory system was most striking in the first years of life, while cardiovascular diseases were more relevant in adolescents. Low access to prenatal diagnosis or at birth probably prevented the proper treatment of malformations of the circulatory system.

Constatação da moléstia do «anel vermelho» do coqueiro no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Redescrição do agente causador - Aphelenchoides cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1933 (Nematoda, aphelenchidae)

As it is generally said, the red ring disease of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is caused by a nematode which is regularly found in the diseased tissues. Such a nematode was described by COBB in 1919 as Aphelenchus cocophilus, having been placed by GOODEY, in 1933, in the genus Aphelenchoides. The species has been found occurring in three States of this country (Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia). However, the Authors received from the Instituto de Ecologia e Experimentação Agrícolas, in Rio de Janeiro, a few samples of coconut tissues badly infested. So, its area of distribution is considerably enlarged. A. cocophilus is so slender and delicate a form that descriptions based on preserved material are frequentely inadequate. Thus, the Authors took this opportunity to re-examine and redescribe the species, as it was suggested by GOODEY (1923), what had not previously been made by those brazilian workers who have dealt with the disease. The population studied generally agreed with those examined by COBB (1919) and GOODEY (1923) in the details given, except in the dimensions mainly of the tail, as it is shown in table 1, where the measurements of 5 females and 5 males are presented.