Sejong Park's Birthday Boy and Korean-Australian encounters

This chapter focuses on some of the flows of film work between Australia and South Korea and some of the roles taken by Australians in the performance (and particularly the sound) of Koreanness in different film contexts. We explore Korean-Australian collaboration on film, through case studies of Sejong Park's Oscar nominated short animated film Birthday Boy (2004) and two Korean feature films - Musa (Kim Sung-su, 2001) and Shadowless Sword (Kim Young-jun, 2005) - for which Australian firms provided sound post-production services. We show how these films instanciate and expand Korean, Australian, diasporic and transnational filmmaking.

Abacá mosaic virus: a distinct strain of Sugarcane mosaic virus

Abacá mosaic virus (AbaMV) is related to members of the sugarcane mosaic virus subgroup of the genus Potyvirus. The ~2 kb 3′ terminal region of the viral genome was sequenced and, in all areas analysed, found to be most similar to Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and distinct from Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV). Cladograms of the 3′ terminal region of the NIb protein, the coat protein core and the 3′ untranslated region showed that AbaMV clustered with SCMV, which was a distinct clade and separate from JGMV, MDMV and SrMV. The N-terminal region of the AbaMV coat protein had a unique amino acid repeat motif different from those previously published for other strains of SCMV. The first experimental transmission of AbaMV from abacá (Musa textilis) to banana (Musa sp.), using the aphid vectors Rhopalosiphum maidis and Aphis gossypii, is reported. Polyclonal antisera for the detection of AbaMV in western blot assays and ELISA were prepared from recombinant coat protein expressed in E. coli. A reverse transcriptase PCR diagnostic assay, with microtitre plate colourimetric detection, was developed to discriminate between AbaMV and Banana bract mosaic virus, another Musa-infecting potyvirus. Sequence data, host reactions and serological relationships indicate that AbaMV should be considered a distinct strain of SCMV, and the strain designation SCMV-Ab is suggested.

Characterisation and early detection of an offtype from micropropagated Lady Finger bananas

An offtype has been identified from micropropagated Lady Finger bananas (Musa spp., AAB group, Pome subgroup) that is characterised by its slow growth and poor bunch size. Bunch weights were approximately 25% those of normal Lady Finger plants and all of the fruit produced was unmarketable. This particular offtype is the most commonly encountered from micropropagated Lady Finger plants and, in 2 instances, blocks of 3000 and 1500 plants were entirely comprised of this single offtype. Detection of offtype plants was possible during establishment and growth of plants in the glasshouse by the presence of chlorotic streaks in the leaves. In more severe cases the streaks coalesced into chlorotic patches that developed thin, necrotic areas that eventually produced holes or splits in the leaves. Symptom expression was not ameliorated by the addition of fertiliser and even though symptoms were similar to severe Ca and B deficiency, both normal and offtype plants had similar levels of these elements in the leaves. The offtype plants were also slow growing in the glasshouse and produced significantly (P<0.05) smaller pseudostems and leaves than normal plants. Offtype plants could be readily detected after 4 weeks deflasking using the presence of chlorotic streaks in the leaves as the main selection criterion. Maximum discrimination was possible between weeks 5–7 and at the 6-leaf stage when all of the offtypes could be detected.

Stone Weathering in the Monastic Building Complex on Mountain of St Aaron in Petra, Jordan.

Since 1997 the Finnish Jabal Haroun Project (FJHP) has studied the ruins of the monastery and pilgrimage complex (Gr. oikos) of Aaron located on a plateau of the Mountain of Prophet Aaron, Jabal an-Nabi Harûn, ca. 5 km to the south-west of the UNESCO World Heritage site of Petra in Jordan. The state of conservation and the damaging processes affecting the stone structures of the site are studied in this M.A. thesis. The chapel was chosen as an example, as it represents the phasing and building materials of the entire site. The aim of this work is to act as a preliminary study with regards to the planning of long-term conservation at the site. The research is empirical in nature. The condition of the stones in the chapel walls was mapped using the Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration, by the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Stone. This glossary combines several standards and systems of damage mapping used in the field. Climatic conditions (temperature and RH %) were monitored for one year (9/2005-8/2006) using a HOBO Microstation datalogger. The measurements were compared with contemporary measurements from the nearest weather station in Wadi Musa. Salts in the stones were studied by taking samples from the stone surfaces by scraping and with the “Paper Pulp”-method; with a poultice of wet cellulose fiber (Arbocel BC1000) and analyzing what main types of salts were to be found in the samples. The climatic conditions on the mountain were expected to be rapidly changing and to differ clearly from conditions in the neighboring areas. The rapid changes were confirmed, but the values did not differ as much as expected from those nearby: the 12 months monitored had average temperatures and were somewhat drier than average. Earlier research in the area has shown that the geological properties of the stone material influence its deterioration. The damage mapping showed clearly, that salts are also a major reason for stone weathering. The salt samples contained several salt combinations, whose behavior in the extremely unstable climatic conditions is difficult to predict. Detailed mapping and regular monitoring of especially the structures, that are going remain exposed, is recommended in this work.

Abaca bunchy top virus, a new member of the genus Babuvirus (family Nanoviridae)

Two isolates of a novel babuvirus causing "bunchy top" symptoms were characterised, one from abaca (Musa textilis) from the Philippines and one from banana (Musa sp.) from Sarawak (Malaysia). The name abacá bunchy top virus (ABTV) is proposed. Both isolates have a genome of six circular DNA components, each ca. 1.0-1.1 kb, analogous to those of isolates of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). However, unlike BBTV, both ABTV isolates lack an internal ORF in DNA-R, and the ORF in DNA-U3 found in some BBTV isolates is also absent. In all phylogenetic analyses of nanovirid isolates, ABTV and BBTV fall in the same clade, but on separate branches. However, ABTV and BBTV isolates shared only 79-81% amino acid sequence identity for the putative coat protein and 54-76% overall nucleotide sequence identity across all components. Stem-loop and major common regions were present in ABTV, but there was less than 60% identity with the major common region of BBTV. ABTV and BBTV were also shown to be serologically distinct, with only two out of ten BBTV-specific monoclonal antibodies reacting with ABTV. The two ABTV isolates may represent distinct strains of the species as they are less closely related to each other than are isolates of the two geographic subgroups (Asian and South Pacific) of BBTV.

Characterization of disease resistance gene candidates of the nucleotide binding site (NBS) type from banana and correlation of a transcriptional polymorphism with resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4

Most plant disease resistance (R) genes encode proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat structure (NBS-LRR). In this study, degenerate primers were used to amplify genomic NBS-type sequences from wild banana (Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis) plants resistant to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis (f. sp.) cubense (FOC) race 4. Five different classes of NBS-type sequences were identified and designated as resistance gene candidates (RGCs). The deduced amino acid sequences of the RGCs revealed the presence of motifs characteristic of the majority of known plant NBS-LRR resistance genes. Structural and phylogenetic analyses grouped the banana RGCs within the non-TIR (homology to Toll/interleukin-1 receptors) subclass of NBS sequences. Southern hybridization showed that each banana RGC is present in low copy number. The expression of the RGCs was assessed by RT-PCR in leaf and root tissues of plants resistant or susceptible to FOC race 4. RGC1, 3 and 5 showed a constitutive expression profile in both resistant and susceptible plants whereas no expression was detected for RGC4. Interestingly, RGC2 expression was found to be associated only to FOC race 4 resistant lines. This finding could assist in the identification of a FOC race 4 resistance gene.

Cucumber mosaic virus infection of kava (Piper methysticum) and implications for cultural control of kava dieback disease

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was found by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to be not fully systemic in naturally infected kava (Piper methysticum) plants in Fiji. Twenty-six of 48 samples (54%) from various tissues of three recently infected plants were CMV-positive compared with 7/51 samples (14%) from three long-term infections (plants affected by dieback for more than 1 year). The virus was also found to have a limited ability to move into newly formed stems. CMV was detected in only 2/23 samples taken from re-growth stems arising from known CMV infected/dieback affected plants. Mechanical inoculation experiments conducted in Fiji indicate that the known kava intercrop plants banana (Musa spp.), pineapple (Ananas comosus), peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and the common weed Mikania micrantha are potential hosts for a dieback-causing strain of CMV It was not possible to transmit the virus mechanically to the common kava intercrop plants taro (Colocasia esculenta), Xanthosoma sp., sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), yam (Dioscorea alata), papaya (Carica papaya) or the weed Momordica charantia. Implications of the results of this research on a possible integrated disease management strategy are discussed.

Ground cover management alters development of Fusarium wilt symptoms in Ducasse bananas

Many banana producing regions around the world experience climate variability as a result of seasonal rainfall and temperature conditions, which result in sub-optimal conditions for banana production. This can create periods of plant stress which impact on plant growth, development and yields. Furthermore, diseases such as Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, can become more predominant following periods of environmental stress, particularly for many culturally significant cultivars such as Ducasse (synonym Pisang Awak) (Musa ABB). The aim of this experiment was to determine if expression of symptoms of Fusarium wilt of bananas in a susceptible cultivar could be explained by environmental conditions, and if soil management could reduce the impact of the disease and increase production. An experiment was established in an abandoned commercial field of Ducasse bananas with a high incidence of Fusarium wilt. Vegetated ground cover was maintained around the base of banana plants and compared with plants grown in bare soil for changes in growth, production and disease symptoms. Expression of Fusarium wilt was found to be a function of water stress potential and the heat unit requirement for bananas. The inclusion of vegetative ground cover around the base of the banana plants significantly reduced the severity and incidence of Fusarium wilt by 20 % and altered the periods of symptom development. The growth of bananas and development of the bunch followed the accumulated heat units, with a greater number of bunched plants evident during warmer periods of the year. The weight of bunches harvested in a second crop cycle was increased when banana plants were grown in areas with vegetative ground cover, with fewer losses of plants due to Fusarium wilt.

Diphenylantimony(V) oxo/chloro carboxylates and phosphinates: crystal structures of {SbPh2Cl[O2P(C6H11)2]}2O and [SbPh2(O2CPh)2]2O

Reaction of SbPh(2)Cl(3) (1 mol) with the silver salt of dicyclohexylphosphinic acid (2 mol) afforded {SbPh(2)Cl[O2P(C6H11)(2)]}O-2 1, a similar reaction with AgO2P(C8H15)(2) gave a product formulated as {SbPh(2)Cl[O2P(C8H15)(2)]}O-2 2. Similar reactions with silver carboxylates (1:3 stoichiometry) led to the crystalline derivatives [SbPh(2)(O(2)CR)(2)]O-2 (R = Ph 3, CHPh(2) 4, 2,4,6-Me(3)C(6)H(2) 5, 2-MeC(6)H(4) 6 or 4-MeC(6)H(4) 7), whereas the 1:2 reaction afforded crystalline SbPh(2)Cl(O(2)CR)(2) (R = Ph 8, 2-MeC(6)H(4) 9 or 4-MeC(6)H(4) 10). Interconversion of the previously known compounds [SbPh(2)(O(2)CMe)(2)]O and Sb(4)Ph(8)O(6) . 3MeCO(2)H was achieved and established by H-1 NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 3 were further characterized by X-ray diffraction; the antimony in 1 is six-co-ordinated with bridging phosphinates whereas in 3 it is seven-co-ordinated with chelating benzoates. Short Sb-O (oxo) distances (1.923 Angstrom) and near linearity at the bridging ox

Evaluación de diferentes niveles de ofrecimiento de concentrado comercial adicionando forraje verde ad libitum en conejos durante el período de ceba

El ensayo estudió el efecto de cuatro niveles de ofrecimiento de concentrado comercial, adicionando forraje verde ad libitum en conejos durante el período de ceba. El forraje verde suministrado, consistió en una mezcla pi­cada, que contenía en base a peso fresco el 75% de hojas de musa. sp (plátano), 15% de hojas cajanus cajan (gandul) y 15% de hojas de pennisetum purpureum (taiwán). En el tratamiento utilizado como testigo T1, se suministró pienso comercial en cantidades en gramos por día por gazapo de 96, 129, 145, 158 y 162 para las semanas uno, dos, tres y cuatro respectivamente, para el tratamiento T2, se suministró el 75% del concentrado comercial ofrecido en T1, para el trata­ miento T3, se suministró el 50% del concentrado comercial ofre­cido en T1 y para el tratamiento T4, se suministró el 25% del concentrado comercial ofrecido en T1. Se utilizó un D C A (Diseño completamente aleatorio), incluyendo la covariable peso inicial. El período de evaluación fue de 35 días, con un tiempo de adaptación al alimento de 5 días. Las unidades experimentales fueron 22 gazapos al destete de 34 y 35 días de edad, nacidos en la granja, presentado caracteristicas entre las razas: Neozelandis, California, Pardo, Mariposa y Chinchilla. Se encontró efecto significativo al 0.05 para los tratamientos y no significativo al 0.05 para la covariable peso inicial, siendo las variables respuestas: Consumo de concentrado, consumo de forraje, ganancia media diaria, relación consumo de concentrado entre incremento de peso y relación consumo de forraje entre incremento de peso. Se obtuvieron ganancias medias promedios en gramos por día de 32.2, 28.57, 25.03 y 12.82. Los costos de alimentación en córdobas por gazapo en los 35 días de evaluación fueron 8.23, 6.29, 4.33 y 2.39, que se determinaron en base al análisis de presupuestos parciales, obteniendo un beneficio neto en córdobas de 32.95, 31.66, 30.28 y 21.619 para los tratamientos T1, T2, T3 y T4 respectivamente, a una taza de cambio de C$8.05: US$ 1.

Manejo del picudo negro (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) aplicando el hongo (Beauveria bassiana Bals.,) en el cultivo del plátano

Se estableció un experimento de campo en el cultivo del plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.) en la localidad de Las Crucitas, Niquinohomo, Nicaragua, en la que se probaron diferentes momentos de aplicación de Beauveria bassiana Bals. En los meses de junio, agosto y octubre, donde se disminuyeron las poblaciones de adulto de picudo negro del plátano (Cosmopites sordidus Germar), estos resultados en los dos años de trabajo también muestran que realizándose de manera sistemática las aplicaciones del hongo, la población resultó ser mas baja en el segundo año. Con respecto a las variables número de plantas caídas, en el segundo año fue menor que en el primer año, mientras que se encontraron mayor número de galerias en los cormos provocados por las larvas de picudo. Sin embargo, se muestreo el suelo para determinar la presencia de nématodos, encontrándose que estos eran la principal causa de la caída de las plantas. Para las variables de la cosecha se encontró diferencias numéricas con relación al segundo año de inicio de la aplicación de los tratamientos, puesto que la tendencia es aumentar los valores de algunos parámetros aunque no se observa claramente el efecto de los tratamientos en particular.

Estudio de los diferentes sistemas de producción de Río Blanco: Mulukukú y Bocana de Paiwas, Nicaragua

El presente trabajo es el producto de una investigación socio económico práctica y metodológica ejecutada en la micro región de Río Blanco y auspiciado por el proyecto PRODERBO cuyo objetivo es fomentar el desarrollo sustentable a partir de estudios previos investigativos que conducen a proponer ejes de desarrollo de intervención. Este estudio se realiza a través de la metodología investigativa de diagnostico bajo el enfoque de análisis de sistema que cubre los aspectos sociales, históricos, culturales, técnicos y económico de la micro región. El análisis se sitúa a varios niveles: nivel de parcela, nivel de sistemas de producción o unidades productivas y nivel de zona. Los pasos metodológicos del estudio comprenden la revisión de fuentes secundarias, el sondeo, la zonificación, historia agraria, pre tipología, diseño del instrumento para el levantamiento de información primaria, la muestra que se hizo a partir de criterio cualitativo y cuantitativo para determinar 32 estudios de finca equivalente al 1% de las familias beneficiadas por el programa PERODERBO distribuidos en toda la Micro Región. El procesamiento y análisis de la información recopilada se realizó sobre la base de indicadores económicos a partir margen bruto, relacionado con el Umbral de Reproducción Simple y Racionalidad económica con estrategias productivas reforzada por antecedentes históricos. La caracterización de los sistemas de producción descansan en general en la articulación de la zonificación y tipología de zona (tomando la homogeneidad de problemática como criterio) y la encuesta. En la micro región se logró caracterizar 3 subzonas; la primera subzona corresponde a Wanawás, Auló, la segunda subzona corresponde a Río Blanco, Bocana de Paiwas, Wasayamba, Ubú norte y sur, en tanto la tercera subzona corresponde a Mulukukú y San Pedro del Norte. Con respecto a la evolución histórica del sistema agrario se logró analizar la historia en tres grandes momentos de la historia reciente de (1920-1998), conocidos como: Inmigración de campesino por el latifundio cafetalero y ganadero (1920-1950}, Inmigración del campesino ganadero (1951-1979) y Pos revolución (1980-1989). En la determinación de la tipología de productores se logró identificar 4 tipos de productores representativos en la zona de estudio. El tipo 1 es el pequeño productor asentado, sin capacidad de reproducción con un nivel de capitalización bajo de SU $1 046.59 dólar, con un área promedio de 72.85 mz donde la actividad ganadera juega un rol muy importante además de las actividades productivas de granos básicos malz (Zea mays), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris), pequeñas parcelas de cultivos de cacao(Theobroma cacao), café (Coffea arábica), raices y tubérculos, sistema que no es suficiente para cubrir elURS ya que apenas alcanza 68% lo que implica una remuneración baja de sus ingresos agropecuarios. El tipo lA pequeno productor empobrecido sin capacidad de reproducción caracterizado por el mozo colono que le aseguran la mano de obra de los productores tipo 11 y 111 por que dispone del capital más bajo de la tipología identificada con SU $357.57 dólar, con un área promedio 35 mz concentrándose únicamente en la producción de granos básicos maíz (Zea mays), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) y algunas especies menores gallina (Gallus gallus) y Cerdo (Sus domesticus) y escasas parcelas de raices y tubérculos como yuca (Manihot esculenta), quequisque (Xanthosomas sagitiffolium) y musaceas (Musa spp), para completar la dieta alimenticia y lograr apenas alcanza un 23% del URS. El tipo 11 productor en equilibrio con carácter intensivo y con capacidad de reproducción, a partir de un sistema de producción diversificado y un área que 88:76 mz promedio trabajadas con cultivos de granos básicos malz (Zea mays), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) y cultivos perennes da cacao (Theobroma cacao), café (Coffea arábico) y ganadería extensiva de doble propósito.

Evaluación de rendimiento del grano de café (Coffea arabica L.) bajo la influencia de diferentes manejos agroforestales en Masatepe, Nicaragua

El presente trabajo de investigación se realizó en el Municipio de Masatepe, departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua se establecieron en el año 2000 dos repeticiones en el Centro de Capacitación y Servicios Regional del Café del pac í fico sur Nicaragua (Jardín Botánico) de la Unión Nicaragüense de cafetaleros (UNICAFE), y una tercera repetición en áreas del Centro Experimental de Campos Azules (CECA) del INTA, con el propósito de evaluar la Producción y el Rendimiento del grano de café bajo la influencia de diferentes manejos agroforestales. Se estu diaron 14 tratamientos distribuidos aleatoriamente en un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar en parcelas divididas. Un Primer Factor de estudio compuesto por árboles leguminosos y no leguminosos ( Inga laurina, Simarouba glauca, Samanea saman, Tabebuia rose a ) y una parcela a pleno sol distribuidos en las parcelas grandes; un Segundo Factor de estudios compuesto por niveles de insumos (orgánico extensivo, orgánico intensivo, convencional con insumo moderados, convencional con alto insumo); distribuidos en las subparcelas. Se midieron y evaluaron las variables número de frutos en una libra, granos flotados (%), granos verdes(%), granos secos(%), granos brocados(%), granos chasparreado(%), libras uva por quintal oro, libras oro por fanega uva, fanega uva por qui ntal oro, kilogramos oro hectárea, quintales oro por hectárea. No s e encontraron diferencias significativas entre los diferentes tipos de sombra (exceptuando el ciclo 2002) favorables al tratamiento compuesto por Simaruba glauca + Tabebuia rosea con un ren dimiento de 1384.41 kg. ha - 1 grano oro; el mismo comportamiento estadístico se tuvo en los niveles de insumo siendo superior el Alto Convencional con 1334.37 kg. ha - 1 grano oro en el ciclo 2004/2005, mientras en el ciclo 2005/2006 se obtuvo diferencias sig nificativas en el factor tipo de sombra para las variables nú m er o de frutos por libras alcanzando pleno sol unos 333.66 frutos; granos flotados (4.33 % para el tratamiento S. glauca + T. rocea y Samanea saman + T. rocea con el menor porcentaje) y granos c hasparreado (2.83 % para el tratamiento de S. saman + Inga laurina ). Entre los niveles de insumo para este ciclo no mostró diferencia mínima significativa, así como en la interacción entre los factores de estudio

Temas de historia argentina y americana, 2007, n° 11 (número completo)

Jansenismo e ilustración católica en Hispanoamérica / Edberto Oscar Acevedo -- El temor brasileño a Rosas y a Oribe / Adriana Mirel Clavijo -- Estado, Universidad y política en la modernización argentina, 1927-1930. El aporte de lo regional al proceso nacional / Miguel Ángel De Marco (h) -- Entre la bilateralidad y las estrategias regionales de política económica. La Argentina y el Cono Sur durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, 1940-1941 / Beatriz Figallo -- Educación socialista, modernización, modernización científica y organización sindical durante el gobierno de lázaro Cárdenas en México (1934-1940) / Ana María Kapelusz-Poppi -- La universidad y la política en la modernización argentina, 1918-1930 / Hebe Carmen Pelosi -- Los aportes de los investigadores pioneros a la arqueología del Noroeste Argentino / Paola Silva Ramundo -- Reseñas Bibliográficas -- Índices de Temas de Historia Argentina y Americana Números 1 a 10