PAULO FREIRE E OS ESTUDOS CRÍTICOS DO LETRAMENTO: O SULEAR E A RELAÇÃO NORTE-SUL

Este artigo pretende discutir em que medida a obra de Paulo Freire influenciou o campo denominado de letramento crítico. Paulo Freire é autor citado nos principais textos de Maclaren (1988), Street (1984), Gee (1994), Bartlett (2007), entre outros pesquisadores, considerados como fundadores desse campo de estudos. O diálogo desses autores com os textos seminais de Freire (1981; 1987), notadamente, chancela o que estamos afirmando sobre a influência decisiva do educador brasileiro para a construção dos pilares do arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos estudos do letramento no Brasil, no hemisfério norte, com suas reverberações na América latina e na África. Ao longo do artigo buscamos explicitar de que modo o revozeamento das ideias freireanas foi ponto de partida para o surgimento de diferentes conceitos de base do campo, tais como, por exemplo, os modelos de letramento de Street (1984), bem como a concepção de letramento crítico de Gee (1994). A percepção desses entrecruzamentos de vozes nos possibilita entender a ampla e decisiva contribuição de Paulo Freire no tocante à orientação do pensamento hodierno sobre práticas de leitura e usos sociais da escrita, as quais pautam as práticas educativas orientadas para a emancipação e o empoderamento dos sujeitos envolvidos nas atividades sociais contemporâneas mediadas pela linguagem.

Sí, Se Hace Camino Al Andar

Este artigo tem como propósito discorrer sobre o ensino de espanhol na escola brasileira e, ao mesmo tempo, sobre a formação de professores dessa língua, tomando as últimas décadas como referência. Escolhemos como ponto de partida o momento em que cada um de nós ingressou como aluna/aluno na licenciatura em espanhol (décadas de 1980/90). O eixo ou fio condutor do percurso reflexivo realizado é a nossa própria história como alunos, professores, formadores e pesquisadores, pois acreditamos nessa estratégia como forma de mostrar que, se o presente nos leva ao pessimismo, temos algo concreto para nos sustentar e estimular: tudo o que já foi feito até aqui, o caminho que ajudamos a construir ao andar. Se olharmos para o futuro, influenciados pela Reforma do Ensino Médio, pela Base Nacional Comum Curricular e, principalmente, pelo cenário político que vem se configurando nos últimos tempos e pela indefinição de um projeto educacional para o país, podemos considerar as perspectivas nebulosas, sem um horizonte à vista.  Assim, rever o caminho trilhado até aqui pode nos ajudar a adotar outro ponto de vista, já que o espanhol no contexto educacional brasileiro nunca navegou em águas mansas, mas sempre seguiu em frente. Além disso, devemos considerar que, neste momento, mais do que pensar em casos específicos, como é o do ensino da língua espanhola, devemos considerar que a história se constitui de avanços e retrocessos. Portanto, olhar o passado permite ter uma dimensão mais clara do que representa o contexto atual e, ao mesmo tempo, vislumbrar alguns rumos a seguir.

Reescrita de textos-fonte e autoria: serão mesmo incompatíveis?

O que ocorre quando crianças de 8 anos são solicitadas a reescrever, em provas escolares, textos-fonte previamente lidos por sua professora? Analisando 116 textos escritos por 30 estudantes de terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental em escola pública paulista, o estudo procurou investigar: 1) As operações de escrita utilizadas pelos participantes; e 2) A possibilidade de encontrar criação em textos cuja proposta inicial era a de reprodução parafrástica. Partiu-se de uma concepção de linguagem que a vê tanto como um trabalho linguístico, um elemento ontológico fundador do ser humano (ROSSI-LANDI, 1985) quanto salienta seu caráter voltado para à variação e para a criatividade (BENVENISTE, 1991). Concluiu-se que, mesmo em exercícios escolares nos quais aparentemente existe pouco espaço para a inventividade, o exercício da escrita autoral pode irromper, pois as brechas de incompreensão e/ou equívoco que os textos apresentam para as crianças abrem oportunidades para o surgimento da subjetividade. Palavras-chave: escrita; reformulação parafrástica; autoria.

A new low temperature synthesis route of fraipontite (Zn,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4

A low temperature synthesis method based on the decomposition of urea at 90°C in water has been developed to synthesise fraipontite. This material is characterised by a basal reflection 001 at 7.44 Å. The trioctahedral nature of the fraipontite is shown by the presence of a 06l band around 1.54 Å, while a minor band around 1.51 Å indicates some cation ordering between Zn and Al resulting in Al-rich areas with a more dioctahedral nature. TEM and IR indicate that no separate kaolinite phase is present. An increase in the Al content however, did result in the formation of some SiO2 in the form of quartz. Minor impurities of carbonate salts were observed during the synthesis caused by to the formation of CO32- during the decomposition of urea.

Synthesis and Raman spectroscopic study of Mg/Al,Fe hydrotalcites with variable cationic ratios

Hydrotalcites of formula Mg6 (Fe,Al)2(OH)16(CO3).4H2O formed by intercalation with the carbonate anion as a function of divalent/trivalent cationic ratio have been successfully synthesised. The XRD patterns show variation in the d-spacing attributed to the size of the cation. Raman and infrared bands in the OH stretching region are assigned to (a) brucite layer OH stretching vibrations (b) water stretching bands and (c) water strongly hydrogen bonded to the carbonate anion. Multiple (CO3)2- symmetric stretching bands suggest that different types of (CO3)2- exist in the hydrotalcite interlayer. Increasing the cation ratio (Mg/Al,Fe) resulted in an increase in the combined intensity of the 2 Raman bands at around 3600 cm-1, attributed to Mg-OH stretching modes, and a shift of the overall band profile to higher wavenumbers. These observations are believed to be a result of the increase in magnesium in the structure. Raman spectroscopy shows a reduction in the symmetry of the carbonate, leading to the conclusion that the anions are bonded to the brucite-like hydroxyl surface and to the water in the interlayer. Water bending modes are identified in the infrared spectra at positions greater than 1630 cm-1, indicating the water is strongly hydrogen bonded to both the interlayer anions and the brucite-like surface.

Indentation size effect and strain rate sensitivity of nanocrystalline Mg-Al alloys

Deformation Behaviour of microcrystalline (mc) and nanocrystalline (nc) Mg-5%Al alloys produced by hot extrusion of ball-milled powders were investigated using instrumented indentation tests. The hardness values of the mc and nc metals exhibited indentation size effect (ISE), with nc alloys showing weaker ISE. The highly localized dislocation activities resulted in a small activation volume, hence enhanced strain rate sensitivity. Relative higher strain rate sensitivity and the negative Hall-Petch Relationship suggested the increasingly important role of grain boundary mediated mechanisms when the grain size decreased to nanometer region.

Compressive behaviour of nanocrystallilne Mg-5%Al alloys

Magnesium alloys are attracting increasing research interests due to their low density, high specific strength and good mechineability and availability as compared to other structural materials. However, the deformation and failure mechanisms of nanocrystalline Mg alloys have not been well understood. In this work, the deformation behavior of nanocrystalline Mg-5% Al alloys was investigated using compression test, with a focus on the effects of grain size. The average grain size of the Mg-Al alloy was changed from 13 µm to 50 nm via mechanical milling. The results showed that grain size had a significant influence on the yield stress and ductility of the Mg alloys, and the materials exhibited increased strain rate sensitivity with decrease of grain size. The deformation mechanisms were also strongly dependent with the grain sizes.

A participant’s response : recreating the circle with We Al-Li: a program for sharing and regeneration

Personal reflections on the We Al-Li Program

Molecular structure of Mg-Al, Mn-Al and Zn-Al halotrichites : an infrared spectroscopic study

Near infrared (NIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been applied to halotrichites of the formula MgAl2(SO4)4∙22H2O, MnAl2(SO4)4∙22H2O and ZnAl2(SO4)4∙22H2O. Comparison of the halotrichites in different spectral regions has shown that the incorporation of a divalent transition metal into the halotrichite structure causes a shift in OH stretching band positions to lower wavenumbers. Therefore, an increase in hydrogen bonded water is observed for divalent cations with a larger molecular mass. XRD has confirmed the formation of halotrichite for all three samples and characteristic peaks of halotrichite have been identified at 18.5 and 24.5° 2θ, along with a group of six peaks between 5 and 15° 2θ. It has been observed that Mg-Al and Mn-Al halotrichite are very similar in structure, while Zn-Al showed several differences particularly in the NIR spectra. This work has shown that halotrichite structures can be synthesised and characterised by infrared and NIR spectroscopy.

Response : letter to the editor by Al-Azri and Al-Maniri

Firstly, the authors would like to thank the editor for the opportunity to respond to Dr Al-Azri’s and Dr Al-Maniri’s letter. Secondly, while the current authors also accept that deterrence-based approaches should act as only one corner-stone of a suite of interventions and public policy initiatives designed to improve road safety, deterrence-based approaches have nonetheless consistently proven to be a valuable resource to improve road safety. Dr Al-Azri and Dr Al-Maniri reinforce their assertion about the limited utility of deterrence by citing drink driving research, and the issue of drink driving is particularly relevant within the current context given that the problem of driving after drinking has historically been addressed through deterrence-based approaches. While the effectiveness of deterrence-based approaches to reduce drink driving will always be dependent upon a range of situational and contextual factors (including police enforcement practices, cultural norms, etc), the utilisation of this approach has proven particularly effective within Queensland, Australia. For example, a relatively recent comprehensive review of Random Breath Testing in Queensland demonstrated that this initiative not only had a deterrent impact upon self-reported intentions to drink and drive, but was also found to have significantly reduced alcohol-related fatalities in the state. However, the authors agree that deterrence-based approaches can be particularly transient and thus require constant “topping up” not least through sustained public reinforcement, which was clearly articulated in the seminal work by Homel.

Israel's airstrike on Syria's Al-Kibar facility : a test case for the doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence?

This article analyses the legality of Israel’s 2007 airstrike on an alleged Syrian nuclear facility at Al-Kibar—an incident that has been largely overlooked by international lawyers to date. The absence of a threat of imminent attack from Syria means Israel’s military action was not a lawful exercise of anticipatory self-defence. Yet, despite Israel’s clear violation of the prohibition on the use of force there was remarkably little condemnation from other states, suggesting the possibility of growing international support for the doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence. This article argues that the muted international reaction to Israel’s pre-emptive action was the result of political factors, and should not be seen as endorsement of the legality of the airstrike. As such, a lack of opinio juris means the Al-Kibar episode cannot be viewed as extending the scope of the customary international law right of self-defence so as to permit the use of force against non-imminent threats. However, two features of this incident—namely, Israel’s failure to offer any legal justification for its airstrike, and the international community’s apparent lack of concern over legality—are also evident in other recent uses of force in the ‘war on terror’ context. These developments may indicate a shift in state practice involving a downgrading of the role of international law in discussions of the use of force. This may signal a declining perception of the legitimacy of the jus ad bellum, at least in cases involving minor uses of force.