Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging.

This review is about the development of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonic medical imaging, how it works, and where its future lies. It assumes knowledge of two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound, which is covered elsewhere in this issue. The three main ways in which 3D ultrasound may be acquired are described: the mechanically swept 3D probe, the 2D transducer array that can acquire intrinsically 3D data, and the freehand 3D ultrasound. This provides an appreciation of the constraints implicit in each of these approaches together with their strengths and weaknesses. Then some of the techniques that are used for processing the 3D data and the way this can lead to information of clinical value are discussed. A table is provided to show the range of clinical applications reported in the literature. Finally, the discussion relating to the technology and its clinical applications to explain why 3D ultrasound has been relatively slow to be adopted in routine clinics is drawn together and the issues that will govern its development in the future explored.

苍山冷杉复合体的居群遗传变异与谱系地理学

青藏高原为冷杉属(Abies)的多度中心，共分布有10种，9变种和4亚种。其中苍山冷杉复合体(Abies delavayi complex)包括3种，5变种和2亚种。它们的形态性状变异较小，且分布区重叠。迄今对该复合体的遗传多样性水平、分化程度以及进化历史仍缺乏了解。 本研究对苍山冷杉复合体的14个居群、302个个体进行取样，并对193个个体的母系遗传线粒体DNA nad1 intron2区和276个个体的父系遗传的叶绿体DNA trnS-trnG区进行了序列分析。该复合体的线粒体DNA nad1 intron2区的序列为675bp，其中有4个单碱基变异和1个插入/缺失，可分为6种线粒体单倍型。这14个居群的线粒体总核苷酸多态性(π)为0.00114，单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.627，居群间的遗传变异(FST)高达84.034%。叶绿体DNA trnS-trnG区的序列排列后为718bp，共有8个单碱基变异和4个插入/缺失，可分为12种叶绿体单倍型。这14个居群的总核苷酸多态性(π)为0.00116，单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.590，居群间的遗传变异(FST)为65.830%。以上结果显示苍山冷杉复合体居群间已经产生了强烈的遗传分化。叶绿体的3种主导单倍型(H1、H2和 H3)在YLXS、SKXS、GS和WX 4个居群中都有分布;而其它居群则只有主导单倍型(除SJLS外)中的1种或2种。造成边缘居群(如JZS)多样性较低的主要原因是冰期后群体在迁移过程中的遗传漂变和奠基者效应。根据谱系关系线粒体H1型和叶绿体H3型均为较古老的单倍型，线粒体和叶绿体的谱系关系均支持上述分析。 本研究初步推测青藏高原的东南部—横断山区(包括YLXS、SKXS、GS、WX、BMXS、ELS和EMS)可能为苍山冷杉复合体的冰期避难所，群体存在冰期后向西和向南扩张的过程。间冰期群体隔离和扩张过程中的奠基者效应是形成目前居群分化和遗传多样性分布格局的重要因素。

榧树营养苗端的解剖学研究

本文对榧树(Torreya grandis)成熟胚、幼苗及成熟植株不同生长季节营养苗端进行了组织学、组织化学和超微结构的研究。并观察了核酸、蛋白质及不溶性多糖物质在苗端的分布及其变化规律等。 观察结果表明：榧树成熟胚中已形成顶端分生组织突起却无分区现象。胚根出种皮前顶端分生组织出现类似原套一原体的结构，并最后变化到细胞组织分区样结构。苗端蛋白质、RNA含量始终较高，出种皮后细胞器丰富，结构清晰，液泡较多。幼苗在第一年连续多次产生新枝，直到秋末形成冠区。 成熟植株的季节生长中，营养芽的生长可分四个阶段：休眠期、叶扩展期、芽鳞形成期、新枝条形成期。其中休眠期的苗端体积中等，整个芽积累多糖、RNA含量较丰富，但蛋白质在苗端的含量少于叶中。各区域细胞超微结构差别较明显。叶扩展期的苗端体积迅速减小;积累的淀粉粒按一定顺序从各区域消失;液泡减少。蛋白质在苗端含量增加。RNA含量很少。芽鳞形成期的苗端体积恢复中等大小，多糖再次积累，细胞质浓厚，蛋白质含量明显高于叶中，RNA含量仍较少。细胞中出现许多小液泡，细胞壁较薄。新枝条形成期的苗端体积迅速增大，续而又减小。多糖先消失，后期再次积累;蛋白质极为丰富，RNA含量也较高，各种细胞器丰富，液泡增大。在整个生长周期中，苗端始终保持一定的分区形式。即具顶端原始细胞，亚顶端细胞群，周缘分生组织和肋状分生组织。但在不同的发育阶段各区域繁简不同。同时，多糖、蛋白质和核酸的组化反应的分区特性与细胞组织学分区式样基本一致。 最后，本文重点讨论了榧树苗端的分区。实验表明：成熟胚及幼苗的苗端分区现象不稳定，成熟植株营养苗端具明显的细胞组织学分区，并为组织化学及超微结构的证据细胞壁、液泡和质体的变化等，为苗端分区较明显的特征。此外，还讨论了榧树营养芽发育的阶段划分，以及根据苗端结构，讨论红豆杉科的系统位置等问题。

Shortspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus) abundance and habitat associations in the Gulf of Alaska

Shortspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus) abundance was estimated from 107 video transects at 27 stations recorded from a research submersible in 1991 off southeast Alaska at depths ranging from 165 to 355 m. Numbers of invertebrates in seven major taxa were estimated, as was substrate type. Thornyhead abundance ranged from 0 to 7.5/100 m2, with a mean of 1.22/100 m2, and was positively correlated with depth and amount of hard substrate. Invertebrate abundances were not significantly correlated with numbers of thornyheads. Shortspine thornyhead abundance estimates from this study were several times higher than estimates produced by bottom trawl surveys off southeast Alaska in 1990 and 1993, the two years of survey that encompassed the submersible transects; however, the trend of increasing abundance with depth was similar in the trawl surveys and in the submersible transects, suggesting that trawl surveys systematically underestimate abundance of shortspine thornyheads

Monthly spatial occurrence of phytoplankton and zooplankton in River Ogun, Abeokuta, Ogun State, southwest Nigeria

The aim of this study was to investigate the monthly spatial occurrence of phytoplankton and zooplankton in River Ogun, Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. This was carried out for seven months between December, 2011 and June, 2012 in 4 stations. A total of 41 species of phytoplankton and 16 zooplankton species from 5 classes respectively were recorded. Zooplankton was dominated by Cladocera throughout the study period while phytoplankton was dominated by blue green algae (Cyanophyta or Cyanobacteria). The dominance of Cyanophyta in this river is similar to findings by Sekadende and co-workers, Ogato, Deng and co-worker, and Shakila and co-worker. The dominance of Cladocera in this river is similar to findings by Ude and co-workers, and Ogbuagu and co-worker.