Cuantificación de la recarga natural al acuífero del norte de Gran Canaria mediante el balance diario de agua en el suelo

[ES]La recarga al acuífero noreste de Gran Canaria ha sido calculada dentro del proyecto REDESAC mediante la realización de un balance diario de agua en el suelo. Para llevarlo a cabo ha sido necesario adaptar los datos de partida existentes referentes a la pluviometría, la evapotranspiración (ET0 y ETP) y los parámetros del suelo. La zona se ha dividido en subzonas según la situación de las estaciones pluviométricas y atendiendo a las características climáticas. Los cálculos realizados mediante la utilización del código Easy-Bal han arrojado una recarga de unos 15±4 hm3/a, lo que supone el 13±4% de la precipitación, la mayor parte de la misma concentrada en las zonas altas y de medianías

Stable oxygen isotope record and Calcium concentrations of sediment core GeoB3910-2

There is increasing evidence that the preceding Holocene climate was as unstable as the last glacial period, although variations occurred at much lower amplitudes. However, low-latitude climate records that confirm this variability are sparse. Here we present a radiocarbon-dated Holocene marine record from the tropical western Atlantic. Aragonite dissolution derived from the degree of preservation of the pteropod Limacina inflata records changes in the corrosiveness of the bottom water at the core site due to the changing influence of northern versus southern water masses. The delta18O difference between the shallow-living planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer and the deep-living Globorotalia tumida is used as proxy for changes in the vertical stratification of the surface water, hence the trade wind strength at this latitude. We compared our data to high-latitude records of the North Atlantic region. A good agreement is found between the aragonite dissolution and the strength in the Island-Scotland Overflow Water, which contributes significantly to the North Atlantic Deep Water. This suggests that large-scale variations in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation occurred throughout the Holocene. Concurrently, the comparison of our Delta delta18O with the GISP2 glaciochemical records points to global Holocene atmospheric reorganizations seen in both the tropics and high northern latitudes.

Estudio del empleo de cubiertas vegetales temporales para la regulación del régimen hídrico, crecimiento y manejo sostenible del viñedo

RESUMEN El ensayo se llevo a acabo en un viñedo de Syrah durante 8 años y en un viñedo de Merlot durante 3 años. Ambos viñedos regados y situados en Colmenar de Oreja (Madrid) (40º 8’N, 3º 23’W) con clima típicamente Mediterráneo. Siete tratamientos con cubiertas vegetales se han comparado con dos tratamientos con suelo desnudo usados como control. Las cubiertas vegetales fueron seis tratamientos de cereales (Centeno) y un tratamiento de enyerbado autosembrado (Bromus spp) y los tratamientos de suelo desnudo fueron uno manejado con laboreo y otro manejado con herbicida. Los seis tratamientos de centeno se han manejado de seis formas distintas. La primera sembrada todos los años y eliminada en brotación mediante herbicida de post-emergencia. La segunda sembrada todos los años y eliminada un mes después de la brotación mediante siega. La tercera sembrada todos los años y eliminada en floración mediante siega. La cuarta sembrada todos los años y eliminada en brotación mediante herbicida de post-emergencia. La quinta sembrada todos los años y eliminada un mes después de la brotación mediante siega. La sexta sembrada todos los años y eliminada en floración mediante siega. La utilización de cubiertas vegetales ha tenido efectos beneficiosos sobre el contenido en materia orgánica, la compactación y la infiltración del suelo, mejorando las condiciones para el desarrollo de las raíces. Estas mejoras y la escasa competencia de la competencia durante el crecimiento del sistema radical de la vid han producido un incremento del sistema radical en las plantas mantenidos con cubierta vegetal. La competencia de las cubiertas vegetales ha reducido la disponibilidad hídrica de la vid, incrementándose la absorción en zonas con mayor disponibilidad hídrica (como la línea) antes de floración. El mayor desarrollo radical de las vides con cubierta autosembrada ha permitido agotar más intensamente las reservas de agua en el suelo. La competencia de las cubiertas ha reducido en mayor medida el desarrollo vegetativo que el productivo. Lo que ha disminuido, en algunas cubiertas vegetales, el consumo hídrico de la vid, aumentando el potencial hídrico foliar y la fotosíntesis durante la maduración. Sin embargo, el incremento en la fotosíntesis no ha compensado el mayor desarrollo foliar de los tratamientos con suelo desnudo, lo que ha provocado que estos tratamientos presenten la producción de materia seca más elevada. El empleo de cubiertas vegetales ha reducido la producción principalmente limitando el número de bayas por racimo, ya que el aporte de riego ha minimizado los efectos del manejo del suelo sobre el tamaño de baya. La utilización de cubiertas vegetales temporales ha mejorado la iluminación de los racimos, lo que ha producido un aumento de la síntesis de antocianos durante las primeras fases de la maduración, pero un incremento de la degradación de los mismos al final de la maduración. Esto ha provocado que durante la vendimia los tratamientos de suelo desnudo presenten un mayor contenido de antocianos por baya que los tratamientos mantenidos con cubierta temporal. Estos resultados muestran que el efecto del manejo del suelo depende en gran medida de las condiciones del medio, y que sus efectos en climas calidos y secos son muy distintos a los observados en climas frescos y húmedos. ABSTRACT The trial was conducted over a period of 8 years in a Syrah vineyard and over a period of 3 years in a Merlot vineyard. Both vineyards were irrigated and situated near Colmenar de Oreja (Madrid) (40º 8’N, 3º 23’W) a typical Mediterranean climate. Seven Annual cover crops treatments were compared to two bare soil treatments, used as control. Cover crops were six cereals treatments (Rye) and one auto-sowing treatment (Bromus spp) and the treatments of bare soil were one tilled management treatment and another with herbicide treatment. The six Cereal treatments were managed in different manners. First sowing every year and were eliminated in bud breaking with post-emergency herbicide. The second sowing annually and were eliminated one month after bud breaking through harvesting. The third sowing annually and were eliminated in flowering by mowing. The fourth sowing annually and were eliminated with post-emergency herbicide in bud breaking. The fifth sowing annually and were eliminated by mowing one month after bud breaking. . The third sowing annually was eliminated by mowing in flowering. The use of annual cover crop have improved soil organic matter, soil infiltration rate and soil solidity, resulting in a more favourable environment for roots growth. These improvements and low competitive ability during root growing have increases grapevine root density in plant management with cover crop. The Cover crop ability reduced plant available water, increasing root water uptake in the soil with more available water (such us line) before flowering. More growth of grapevine root density with auto-sowed cover crops has allowed using the water under soil more rapidly. The cover crop ability has reduced vegetative growth more than yield. What has been reduced in some vegetative cover crop has been the consumption of water, and increasing the leaf water potential and foliar and photosynthesis during growth activity. Moreover, the increased in photosynthesis activity could not “Compensate” higher leaf growth of treatment of bare soil, where these treatments had resulted in the greatest amount of dry material. The use of cover crops has reduced the crop mainly reducing the fruit set, because the irrigation had reduced the cover crop effect in the berry growth. The use of temporary cover crop increased berry sunlight exposure and skin anthocyanin synthesis during early rippenig, but excessively high temperature increased anthocyanin degradation during last part of ripenning. So, at the vineyard harvest period the treatments with bare soil plant had a more anthocyanin content per grape than the temporary cover crop plant treatments. These results suggest that the effects of soil handling mainly depends on the environmental condition, and their effects in hot and dry climate are so different from the effects in cold and moist climates.

Estudio de los efectos en el viñedo de la modificación del déficit hídrico continuo en los periodos anterior y posterior al envero (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon; Vitis vinifera L.)

En regiones semiáridas, con veranos cálidos, evapotranspiraciones elevadas, humedades relativas bajas, además de precipitaciones intermitentes y escasas (400 mm al año) que reducen la recarga del perfil en invierno, se puede ver afectada la productividad y sostenibilidad de los viñedos. Por eso en estas zonas puede ser necesario utilizar el riego suplementario para mantener la calidad y aumentar la productividad. En este marco de circunstancias es en el que se desarrolla la mayoría de la viticultura española, y en concreto en la zona centro donde se realizó el estudio. Con este trabajo se pretende estudiar la influencia del agua del riego, con distintas dosis y aplicada en diferentes fases de crecimiento y maduración de la baya, en la producción y calidad de la uva. Se estudió la influencia del déficit moderado continuo aplicado antes y después de envero, en el aprovechamiento de los recursos ambientales y en la respuesta del cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. El ensayo se desarrolló en 2010 y 2011 en la finca “La Alcoholera”, perteneciente a bodegas LICINIA S.L., ubicada en la localidad de Chinchón, Comunidad de Madrid, España. Durante 2010 y 2011 se realizaron estudios en cepas del cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (clon 15), injertadas sobre 41B y plantadas en 2005. Con poda corta en Cordón Royat unilateral de 80 cm de altura, y cuya vegetación alcanzó una altura de 97 cm. Las cepas del ensayo fueron conducidas verticalmente en espaldera (VSP), con 10 yemas por metro lineal. Las plantas dentro de la fila fueron separadas 1 m y la distancia de la calle fue de 3 m. La orientación de las filas norte – sur. Se plantearon cuatro tratamientos experimentales con diferentes dosis y momento de aplicación del riego. - T: Testigo. Déficit ligero, con un aporte continuado de agua desde floración (420 mm). - DMc: Déficit moderado continuo. Manejo del riego convencional, empezando en pre-envero (154 mm) - DM1: Déficit moderado a partir de pre-envero. Aporte de riego continuado desde floración reduciéndose la dosis de riego en pre-envero (312 mm). - DM2: Déficit moderado hasta pre-envero. Se empezó a regar a partir de preenvero (230 mm). Se observó que bajo condiciones de estrés hídrico leve, el crecimiento se reduce disminuyendo la migración de fotoasimilados hacia los órganos vegetativos. Generando menor área foliar en las plantas sometidas a déficit hídrico moderado entre floración y cuajado. Disminuyendo su consumo. En maduración la humedad del suelo dependió principalmente del riego aplicado y del consumo de la planta; dicho consumo dependió a la vez del desarrollo foliar del canopy y de la necesidad hídrica de la vid. El aumento del déficit hídrico disminuyó el contenido de agua en el suelo, lo que provocó diferencias en el estado hídrico y en el intercambio gaseoso de las hojas. En condiciones de déficit moderado, la fotosíntesis se encontró altamente correlacionada con el potencial hídrico foliar medido a mediodía solar. Además en condiciones de déficit moderado continuo la disponibilidad hídrica, la demanda atmosférica y el nivel de hidratación de las hojas, interaccionaron de forma compleja en la regulación estomática de las hojas, condicionando el intercambio gaseoso y la eficiencia en el uso del agua. Al aumentar el volumen de agua aplicado el peso de madera de poda por metro de fila fue superior. Las diferencias encontradas en el rendimiento fueron debidas a las diferencias en el peso de baya. El cual estuvo condicionado por la estrategia de riego, ya que, el déficit hídrico moderado antes de envero fue más crítico para el rendimiento que el déficit impuesto durante la madurez. Por otro lado, la biomasa dependió de la actividad fisiológica de la planta, la cual fue altamente dependiente de la disponibilidad hídrica. Déficit hídrico moderado aplicado de cuajado a envero, generó bayas más pequeñas y aumentó la relación hollejo:pulpa. El déficit moderado aplicado después de envero favoreció la acumulación de IPT y antocianos extraíbles, mejorando la calidad de la uva, pero disminuyó la acidez de la baya. El riego aplicado de envero a vendimia desaceleró la concentración de azúcares en bayas que fueron sometidas a déficit antes de pre-envero. ABSTRACT Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot summers, high evapotranspiration rates, and scarce precipitations (400 mm per year) during grapevine cycle. These extremely dry conditions affect vineyard productivity and sustainability. Supplementary irrigation is needed practice in order to maintain yield and quality. Almost all Spanish grape growing regions are characterized by these conditions, especially in the center region, where this trial was performed. The main objective of this work is to study the influence of water irrigation on yield and quality. For this aim, different levels of irrigation (mm of water applied) were applied during different stages of growth and berry maturity of Caberent Sauvignon grapevines. The work was conducted from 2010 to 2011 and located in Licinia (40º 12´ N, 3º 28´ W), Madrid, Spain. The cultivar utilized was Cabernet Sauvignon, clone 15 grafted onto rootstock 41B, planted in 2005. The vineyard was oriented north-south, with spacing on 3 meters between rows and 1 meter between plants. Vines were spurpruned to 10 buds per meter and trained in unilateral cordon with a height of 80 cm. Shoots were positioned vertically (VSP). Considering the amount of water and the moment of the application, four experimental treatments were applied: - T: Control sample. Slight deficit (420 mm) applied from bloom to maturity. - DMc: Continuous moderate deficit. Traditional irrigation: application of 154 mm of water from pre-veraison to maturity. - DM1: Deficit moderate from pre-veraison. Irrigation of 312 mm of water from bloom to pre-veraison. - DM2: Deficit moderate to pre-veraison. Irrigation of 230 mm of water from preveraison to maturity Under moderated water stress conditions it was seen than leaf growth decreases due to the reduction of migration of photo-assimilates to vegetative organs. Vines with moderate water deficit between flowering and ripening develop less leaf area and decrease its water consumption. During maturation of berries, soil moisture depends on irrigation and plant consumption. This consumption further depends on vegetation development and on the vine needs for water. By increasing water deficit, the water content in the soil decreases. This causes differences in leaf water status and in the gases exchange. Under moderate deficit conditions, photosynthesis was found highly correlated with midday leaf water potential. Further, atmospheric demand and the level of leaves hydration interact in complex ways in the stomatal regulation, which affects leaf gas exchange and the efficiency of water use. The amount of water applied is directly proportional to pruning weight. Changes in berry weight cause differences in yield ratios. The differences in berry weights are conditioned by the irrigation strategy, the moderate water deficit before veraison influences more than the deficit applied from veraison. Biomass generated for the plant depends on its physiological activity, which is highly related to the water availability. Moderate water deficit applied from fruit set to ripening generates smaller berries, increasing the pulp/skin ratio. Moderate deficit applied after veraison promotes the accumulation of extractables anthocyans and TPI. Despite this treatment improves color parameters of the grapes, it decreases its total acidity. Irrigation applied from veraison to harvest slows down sugar accumulation in berries compared to those under deficit before veraison conditions.

O conceito de equilíbrio hidráulico e termodinâmico da água no solo aplicado ao estudo da curva de retenção e murchamento de plantas

Estimativas sobre alterações climáticas globais têm aumentando a demanda por estudos sobre propriedades dos solos relativamente secos e limitações impostas à absorção de água pelas plantas em condições de escassez hídrica. Neste estudo, fatores que influenciam a retenção da água no solo e o murchamento de plantas foram avaliados com base no conceito de equilíbrio da água no solo. Objetivou-se com este estudo: (i) avaliar a confiabilidade de medições do conteúdo de água no solo sob altas sucções matriciais em câmaras de pressão, usando como referência a técnica de ponto de orvalho (ii) avaliar as interações entre espécies de plantas e solos com diferentes classes texturais no ponto de murcha permanente (iii) investigar as relações entre equilíbrio hidráulico da água no solo e murchamento de plantas a partir do conceito de corte hidráulico. Para tanto, um experimento para avaliar a influência dos tipos de solos e espécies de plantas, no ponto de murcha permanente foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" da Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo. Avaliou-se o murchamento de plantas de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), milho (Zea mays L.) e soja (Glycine max L.). Os solos utilizados no estudo foram coletados na camada superficial (0-10 cm) em quatro áreas, selecionadas com o objetivo de obter classes texturais contrastantes, localizadas no município de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Sub-amostras foram utilizadas para determinação da distribuição do tamanho de partículas e atributos químicos. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas para a determinação da curva de retenção da água no solo pela técnica de câmaras de pressão. Adicionalmente, amostras deformadas foram utilizadas para determinação das características de retenção da água no solo pela técnica do ponto de orvalho em altos valores de sucções matriciais. Os dados de retenção de água no solo foram ajustados a modelos empíricos para estimativas da sucção matricial e conteúdo de água relacionada à água em equilíbrio hidráulico (água residual). Foram observadas similaridades nas determinações das características de retenção da água no solo entre as técnicas de câmaras de pressão e ponto de orvalho, sugerindo a boa drenagem das amostras de solo em câmaras de pressão. Interações significativas foram observadas entre os tipos de solos e espécies de plantas no ponto de murcha permanente, indicando que o movimento de água no contínuo solo-planta-atmosfera foi dependente de resistências relacionadas tanto ao solo quanto às plantas. Ou seja, tanto à capacidade do solo em transportar água até raízes, quanto à habilidade das plantas em absorver a água transportada, assim como, aos processos de regulação de água que ocorrem nas plantas. A abordagem baseada no conteúdo de água residual para o intervalo de sucções matriciais de 0 a 15.000 hPa não foi adequada para ilustrar a condição de equilíbrio hidráulico da água no solo, definidos pelo corte hidráulico, e relações com as sucções matriciais em ocorre o murchamento de plantas.

Geochemistry of surface sediment cores (Table 4)

The mineralogy and geochemistry of a suite of nine manganese nodules from the South Atlantic have been determined. The Ce/La ratios of the nodules were investigated to see if they could be used as redox indicators to trace the oxygen content of the ambient water mass and the flow path of the Antarctic Bottom Water as has previously been successfully carried out in the Pacific Ocean. The Ce/La ratios of the nodules decrease in the sequence Lazarev Sea, Weddell Sea (10.4 and 9.7)>East Georgia Basin (6.5 and 7.1)>Argentine Basin (5.0), but then increase in the Brazil Basin (6.2) and Angola Basin (9.8 and 15.1). A further decrease was observed in the Cape Basin (7.6). An extremely high Ce/La ratio of 24.4 had already been determined for nodules sampled north of the Nares Abyssal Plain in the western North Atlantic. These data reflect the more complicated pattern of bottom water flow in the South Atlantic than in the South Pacific. The penetration of more oxygenated North Atlantic Deep Water into the South Atlantic accounts for the higher Ce/La ratios in the nodules from the Angola and Brazil basins. Based on this study, the flow path of the Antarctic Bottom Water could only be traced as far north as the Argentine Basin. The unique geochemistry of nodules from the central Angola Basin (high Mn/Fe and Ce/La ratios, high contents of Ni, Cu, Zn and Mo) appears to be a function of the nature of the overlying water mass and of the multiple diagenetic sources of metals to the nodules.

Vegetation series as a basis for habitats and species conservation: methodological aspects

Vegetation series, defined as the sequence of stages in a sucession, and know as sigmetum (synassociation), describes the set of plant communities or stages that can be found in similar tesselar spaces as a result of the sucession process. This establishes the concept of vegetation series; a climatophilous series is one that depends on the climate, whereas an edaphoxerophilous series depends on the dryness of the soil, and is found on crests, spurs, ledges and limestone and siliceous rock fields. Edaphohygrophilous series are located in valleys, dry water courses and river terraces, and depend on the water present in the soil, which may become temporarily flooded and thus condition the temporihygrophilous series; they represent the transition between the clearly edaphohygrophilous and climatophilous series. The vegetation permaseries represents the perennial communities of permatesselae or similar permatesselar complexes, as occurs in polar territories, hyperdesert, high-mountain peaks, and non-stratified communities lacking in serial communities. The edaphoxerophilous series may include -in addition to the series head- permaseries (permanent communities) and other habitats, such as annual and crevice habitats. A territory behaves undergoes soil-loss phenomena it may become an edaphoseries, if the loss of the soil factor produces a situation of rocky crest. Thus the edaphoseries may act as dynamic transitional stage between the climatophilous series and the permaseries.

Nutrient supply by mass flow and diffusion to maize plants in response to soil aggregate size and water potential

Nutrients are basically transported to the roots by mass flow and diffusion. The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of these two mechanisms to the acquisition of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and cationic micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) by maize plants as well as xylem exudate volume and composition in response to soil aggregate size and water availability. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with samples of an Oxisol, from under two management systems: a region of natural savanna-like vegetation (Cerradão, CER) and continuous maize under conventional management for over 30 years (CCM). The treatments were arranged in a factorial [2 x (1 + 2) x 2] design, with two management systems (CER and CCM), (1 + 2) soil sifted through a 4 mm sieve and two aggregate classes (< 0.5 mm and 0.5 - 4.0 mm) and two soil matric potentials (-40 and -10 kPa). These were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. The experiment was conducted for 70 days after sowing. The influence of soil aggregate size and water potential on the nutrient transport mechanisms was highest in soil samples with higher nutrient concentrations in solution, in the CER system; diffusion became more relevant when water availability was higher and in aggregates < 0.5 mm. The volume of xylem exudate collected from maize plants increased with the decrease in aggregate size and the increased availability of soil water in the CER system. The highest Ca and Mg concentrations in the xylem exudate of plants grown on samples from the CER system were related to the high concentrations of these nutrients in the soil solution of this management system.

The role of rainfall intensity and soil in determining rates of flow through cryoturbated chalk

The effects of different water application rates (3, 10, 15 and 30 mm/h) and of topsoil removal on the rate of downward water movement through the cryoturbated chalk zone in southern England were investigated in situ. During and after each application of water, changes in water content and matric potential of the profile were monitored and percolate was collected in troughs. The measured water breakthrough time showed that water moved to 1.2 m depth quickly (in 8.2 h) even with application rate as low as 3 mm/h and that the time was only 3 h when water was applied at a rate of 15 mm/ h. These breakthrough times were about 150 and 422 fold shorter, respectively, than those expected if the water had been conducted by the matrix alone. Percolate was collected in troughs within 3.5 h at 1.2 m depth when water was applied at 30 mm/h and the quantity collected indicated that a significant amount of the surface applied water moved downward through inter-aggregate pores. The small increase in volumetric water content (about 3%) in excess of matrix water content resulted in a large increase in pore water velocities, from 0.20 to 5.3 m/d. The presence of soil layer had effect on the time taken for water to travel through the cryoturbated chalk layer and in the soil layer, water took about 1-2 h to pass thorough, depending on the intensity.

Effects of Soil Compaction and Organic Carbon Content on Preferential Flow in Loamy Field Soils

Abstract: Preferential flow and transport through macropores affect plant water use efficiency and enhance leaching of agrochemicals and the transport of colloids, thereby increasing the risk for contamination of groundwater resources. The effects of soil compaction, expressed in terms of bulk density (BD), and organic carbon (OC) content on preferential flow and transport were investigated using 150 undisturbed soil cores sampled from 15 × 15–m grids on two field sites. Both fields had loamy textures, but one site had significantly higher OC content. Leaching experiments were conducted in each core by applying a constant irrigation rate of 10 mm h−1 with a pulse application of tritium tracer. Five percent tritium mass arrival times and apparent dispersivities were derived from each of the tracer breakthrough curves and correlated with texture, OC content, and BD to assess the spatial distribution of preferential flow and transport across the investigated fields. Soils from both fields showed strong positive correlations between BD and preferential flow. Interestingly, the relationships between BD and tracer transport characteristics were markedly different for the two fields, although the relationship between BD and macroporosity was nearly identical. The difference was likely caused by the higher contents of fines and OC at one of the fields leading to stronger aggregation, smaller matrix permeability, and a more pronounced pipe-like pore system with well-aligned macropores.

Sustentabilidad del monocultivo de soja y otras alternativas agrícolas, en relación a los recursos suelo y agua, en la Región Centro-Norte de Córdoba. Sustainability of soybean monoculture and another agricultural alternatives, in relation to soil and water natural resources, in the north-central area of Cordoba (Argentina).

En este proyecto se pretende demostrar que existen alternativas sustentables al monocultivo de soja y económicamente factibles si se consideran los costos ambientales.Se cumplirán los siguientes objetivos específicos:- Caracterizar la sensibilidad de indicadores de calidad del suelo: infiltración, densidad aparente, penetrometría, C orgánico, fracciones de la MO y un índice químico de disponibilidad de N. - Medir escurrimiento y erosión en dos microcuencas con manejos contrastantes donde existe instrumental instalado y registros desde hace mas de 10 años.- Establecer rangos para las situaciones encontradas en los suelos representativos de la región.- Integrar los parámetros considerados en un sistema de diagnóstico de calidad/salud del suelo, para las condiciones de la región. - Aplicar el sistema de Calidad/salud del suelo para situaciones con monocultivo de soja y otras alternativas.- Calibrar y aplicar el modelo de simulación de la materia orgánica AMG, al monocultivo de soja y otras alternativas, a distintas escalas temporales y espaciales.- Estimar los costos ambientales de monocultivo a partir de los datos obtenidos.- Extrapolar los resultados del monocultivo y las otras alternativas a los suelos característicos, para estimar la sustentabilidad de los suelos en el centro-norte de la provincia de Córdoba.Se trabajará en dos áreas piloto en campos de productores, con y sin erosión hídrica. Se evaluarán parámetros indicadores del estado de los suelos, se los integrará en un sistema, se evaluarán los suelos con situaciones de monocultivo de soja y manejos contrastantes y se los correlacionará con su historial de intervención antrópica. Se brindará una herramienta apta para el ordenamiento territorial.

Sampling and TDR probe insertion in the determination of the volumetric soil water content

Volumetric soil water content (theta) can be evaluated in the field by direct or indirect methods. Among the direct, the gravimetric method is regarded as highly reliable and thus often preferred. Its main disadvantages are that sampling and laboratory procedures are labor intensive, and that the method is destructive, which makes resampling of a same point impossible. Recently, the time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique has become a widely used indirect, non-destructive method to evaluate theta. In this study, evaluations of the apparent dielectric number of soils (epsilon) and samplings for the gravimetrical determination of the volumetric soil water content (thetaGrav) were carried out at four sites of a Xanthic Ferralsol in Manaus - Brazil. With the obtained epsilon values, theta was estimated using empirical equations (thetaTDR), and compared with thetaGrav derived from disturbed and undisturbed samples. The main objective of this study was the comparison of thetaTDR estimates of horizontally as well as vertically inserted probes with the thetaGrav values determined by disturbed and undisturbed samples. Results showed that thetaTDR estimates of vertically inserted probes and the average of horizontally measured layers were only slightly and insignificantly different. However, significant differences were found between the thetaTDR estimates of different equations and between disturbed and undisturbed samples in the thetaGrav determinations. The use of the theoretical Knight et al. model, which permits an evaluation of the soil volume assessed by TDR probes, is also discussed. It was concluded that the TDR technique, when properly calibrated, permits in situ, nondestructive measurements of q in Xanthic Ferralsols of similar accuracy as the gravimetric method.