863 resultados para task difficulty


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A interpretação de anomalias gravimétricas é de grande importância no estudo de feições geológicas que ocorrem na crosta terrestre. Esta interpretação é, no entanto, dificultada pelo fato das anomalias gravimétricas serem resultantes da soma total dos efeitos produzidos por todos os contrastes de densidades de subsuperfície. Desse modo, com o intuito de separar efeitos de feições mais profundas de efeitos de feições mais rasas, bem como a caracterização da geometria desses dois conjuntos de feições, apresentamos um método de separação das componentes regional e residual do campo e a subsequente interpretação de cada componente. A separação regional-residual de dados gravimétricos é efetuada através da aproximação do campo regional por um polinômio ajustado ao campo observado por um método robusto. Este método é iterativo e usa como aproximação inicial a solução obtida através do ajuste polinomial pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. O método empregado minimiza a influência de observações contendo forte contribuição do campo residual no ajuste do campo regional. A componente regional obtida a partir da separação regional-residual é transformada em um mapa de distâncias verticais em relação a um nível de referência. Esta transformação compreende duas etapas. A primeira consiste na obtenção da continuação para baixo da componente regional, que é pressuposta ser causada por uma interface suave separando dois meios homogêneos, representando a interface crosta-manto, cujo contraste de densidade é supostamente conhecido. A segunda consiste na transformação do mapa de continuação para baixo em um mapa de distâncias verticais entre o nível de continuação (tomado como nível de referência) e a interface. Este método apresenta duas dificuldades. A primeira está ligada à instabilidade, havendo portanto a necessidade do emprego de um estabilizador o que acarreta a perda de resolução das feições que se desejam mapear. A segunda, inerente ao método gravimétrico, consiste na impossibilidade da determinação das profundidades absolutas da interface em cada ponto, bastando entretanto o conhecimento da profundidade absoluta em um ponto, através de informação independente, para que todas as outras profundidades absolutas sejam conhecidas. A componente residual obtida a partir da separação regional-residual é transformada em um mapa de contrastes de densidade aparente. Esta transformação consiste no cálculo do contraste de densidade de várias fontes prismáticas através de uma inversão linear pressupondo que as fontes reais estejam das a uma placa horizontal, com contrastes de densidade variando apenas nas direções horizontais. O desempenho do método de separação regional-residual apresentado foi avaliado, através de testes empregando dados sintéticos, fornecendo resultados superiores em relação aos métodos dos mínimos quadrados e da análise espectral. O método de interpretação da componente regional teve seu desempenho avaliado em testes com dados sintéticos onde foram produzidos mapeamentos de interfaces bem próximas das estruturas reais. O limite de resolução das feições que se desejam mapear depende não só do grau do polinômio ajustante, como também da própria limitação inerente ao método gravimétrico. Na interpretação da componente residual é necessário que se postule ou tenha informação a priori sobre a profundidade do topo e espessura da placa onde as fontes estão supostamente confinadas. No entanto, a aplicação do método em dados sintéticos, produziu estimativas razoáveis para os limites laterais das fontes, mesmo na presença de fontes interferentes, e pressupondo-se valores para profundidade do topo e espessura da placa, diferentes dos valores verdadeiros. A ambiguidade envolvendo profundidade do topo, espessura e densidade pode ser visualizada através de gráficos de valores de densidade aparente contra profundidade do topo presumida para a placa para vários valores postulados para a espessura da placa. Estes mesmos gráficos permitem, pelo aspecto das curvas, a elaboração de uma interpretação semi-quantitativa das profundidades das fontes reais. A seqüência dos três métodos desenvolvidos neste trabalho foi aplicada a dados gravimétricos da região norte do Piauí e noroeste do Ceará levando a um modelo de organização crustal que compreende espessamentos e adelgaçamentos crustais associados a um evento compressivo que possibilitou a colocação de rochas densas da base da crosta a profundidades rasas. Este modelo ê compatível com os dados geológicos de superfície. É ainda sugerida a continuidade, por mais 200 km em direção a sudoeste, do Cinturão de Cisalhamento Noroeste do Ceará por sob os sedimentos da Bacia do Parnaíba, com base nas evidências fornecidas pela interpretação da anomalia residual. Embora esta seqüência de métodos tenha sido desenvolvida com vistas ao estudo de feições crustais de porte continental, ela também pode ser aplicada ao estudo de feições mais localizadas como por exemplo no mapeamento do relevo do embasamento de/bacias sedimentares onde os sedimentos são cortados por rochas intrusivas mais densas.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of daily cognitive task on stiffness of old and young female adults during the gait. The study included 17 physically active younger and 18 older women, with low risk of falls. The volunteers were asked to walk on the treadmill at two different gait conditions: normal gait and functional dual-task gait. The electromyographic signals were collected of the lower limb muscles. The percentage of coactivation for the tibialis anterior/gastrocnemius lateralis and tibialis anterior/soleus were significantly higher in elderly than in younger in the normal gait and dual-task gait. Our results suggest that the elderly have a greater stiffness in the ankle joint during gait normal and daily dual task gait. Thus, we conclude that challenging cognitively situations during the gait may increase the risk of falls in this population.

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Teaching Operating Systems (OS) is a rather hard task, since being an OS designer is not a desired goal for most students and the subject demands a large amount of knowledge over system's details. To reduce the difficulty many courses are planned with laboratory practices, differing in how the practices are designed. Some try to implement next-to-real kernels, others use simulators, and even others use synthetic kernels. In this paper an approach based on synthetic kernels is described. It uses thread programming in order to establish control over the operating system components. T his approach allows the kernel to grow following the materials presented in the course. It has been successfully applied in two different courses at our University, the first one being a basic OS course and the second one an upper level course. Results from these applications are presented.

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The inclusive school consists of a school that thoroughly attends the diversity and, therefore, students with special educational needs, including the ones with physical dysfunction. The objective of this study was to identify the difficulties of a teacher in the process of school inclusion of the student with physical dysfunction in order to adapt learning resources, having adequate school furniture and to guide the teacher in specific situations. A teacher of early childhood education participated in this study. For data collection two half-structuralized interviews were used. The first obtained information concerning the teacher’s difficulties due to the motor aspects of the student with difficulty to access the curriculum. The second interview gathered information about the teacher’s perception of the partnership between the occupational therapist and the teacher in the perspective of the inclusive education. The data analysis of the first interview and the student case-study allowed elaborating occupational therapy strategies to minimize these difficulties.After elaborating the strategies, a second interview was performed. The data of this interview showed that based on the analysis and adequacy of the interaction between a person’s functional demands, the task and the environment, make it possible for the student to overcome satisfactorily the inherent challenges of the educational context, and detached the importance of the partnership of the teacher and occupational therapist in the whole process. It concludes that the pupil incapacity would not have manifested if there was an adequate environment to receive him.

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Developmental Dyslexia negatively affects children's reading and writing ability and, in most cases, performance in sensorimotor tasks. These deficits have been associated with structural and functional alterations in the cerebellum and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Both neural structures are active during visually guided force control and in the coordination of load force (LF) and grip force (GF) during manipulation tasks. Surprisingly, both phenomena have not been investigated in dyslexic children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare dyslexic and non-dyslexic children regarding their visuomotor processing ability and GF-LF coordination during a static manipulation task. Thirteen dyslexic (8-14YO) and 13 age- and sex-matched non-dyslexic (control) children participated in the study. They were asked to grasp a fixed instrumented handle using the tip of all digits and pull the handle upward exerting isometric force to match a ramp-and-hold force profile displayed in a computer monitor. Task performance (i.e., visuomotor coordination) was assessed by RMSE calculated in both ramp and hold phases. GF-LF coordination was assessed by the ratio between GF and LF (GF/LF) calculated at both phases and the maximum value of a cross-correlation function (r(max)) and its respective time lag calculated at ramp phase. The results revealed that the RMSE at both phases was larger in dyslexic than in control children. However, we found that GF/LF, rmax, and time lags were similar between groups. Those findings indicate that dyslexic children have a mild deficit in visuomotor processing but preserved GF-LF coordination. Altogether, these findings suggested that dyslexic children could present mild structural and functional alterations in specific PPC or cerebellum areas that are directly related to visuomotor processing. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The topic in this work involving the resolution of problems with structure multiplicativa emerged from discussions carried out on the difficulties encountered by students of the first cycle of the Fundamental School in Mathematics, mainly in respect of the arithmetic. The research had as objective to investigate the main difficulties presented by these students when they are faced with a task for a resolution of problems with multiplicativa structure. Were participants, in the first stage of the study, 20 students of the fifth year of the Fundamental School of a state school of public education of the State of Sao Paulo. These students have an assessment containing ten problems with structure multiplicativa answered a questionnaire regarding of mathematics. In the second stage, were selected two students to participate in the think aloud. The data analysis showed that the difficulties presented by the participants were: 1- difficulty to read and interpret the set of problems; 2- select the operation correct; 3- to operate correctly; 4 – Trouble writing

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The flight quality describes the skills of the pilot realize a given task and its difficulty to perform it. Flight quality criteria provide a valuable reference for the designers during the requirements definitions phase and to develop them during the phase of flight testing. These criteria were taken important for the development of a fly-by-wire system. There are several flight quality criteria and this work analyzes the bandwidth criteria, this is evaluated according to a model an aircraft using the SIMULINK/MATLAB. In addition, the paper also describes in detail what is a flight quality criteria and shows an overview of the bandwidth criteria

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Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pre--task music on swimming performance and other psychological variables. A randomized counterbalanced within--subjects (experimental and control condition) design was employed. Eighteen regional level male swimmers performed two 200m freestyle swimming time trials. Participants were exposed to either 5min of self--selected music (pre--task music condition) or 5min of silence (control condition) and, after 1 minute, performed the swimming task. Swimming time was significantly shorter (--1.44%) in the pre--task music condition. Listening to pre--task music increased motivation to perform the swimming task, while arousal remained unchanged. While fatigue increased after the swimming task in both conditions, vigour, ratings of perceived exertion and affective valence were unaltered. It is concluded, for the first time, that pre--task music improves swimming performance.

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AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intensive practice in table-­tennis on perceptual, decision-­making and motor-­systems. Groups of elite (HL=11), intermediate (LL=6) and control (CC=11) performed tasks of different levels. METHODS: All subjects underwent to reaction-­time-­test and response-­time-­test consisting of a pointing task to targets placed at distinct distances (15 and 25-­cm) on the right and left sides. The ball speed test in forehand and backhand condition just for HL and LL group. RESULTS: In CC group reaction time was higher compared to HL (P< 0.05) group. In the response-­time-­test, there was a significant main effect of distance (P< 0.0001) and the tennis-­table expertise (P= 0.011). In the ball speed test the HL were constantly faster compared to the LL in both forehand stroke (P< 0.0001) and backhand stroke (P< 0.0001). Overall, the forehand stroke was significantly faster than the backhand stroke. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that table-­tennis-­players have shorter response-­times than non-­athletes and the tasks of reaction-­time and response-­time are incapable to distinguish the performance of well-­trained table tennis players of the intermediate player, but the ball speed test seems be able to do it.