Puhdasta puhetta?

Vastine Osmo Nikkilän arvosteluun Suomen sanojen alkuperät laahaamisesta pööveliin // Virittäjä Vol. 101 (1997) : 2, s. 291-308

Cataractogenesis after total body irradiation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic factors and the ophthalmologic follow-up on cataract formation following total body irradiation (TBI) prior to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1980 and 1992, 494 patients were referred to our department for TBI prior to BMT. The mean age was 32 +/- 11 (median: 32, range: 2-63) years and the male to female ratio was 1.6 (304:190). The majority of patients were treated for acute leukemia (lymphoblastic, n = 177, 36%; or nonlymphoblastic , n = 139, 28%); 80 (16%) for chronic myeloid leukemia, 60 (12%) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 23 (5%) for multiple myeloma, and 15 (3%) for other malignancies. Two hundred and fifty-four (51%) patients were grafted in the first complete remission (CR), 118 (24%) in second CR. Allogenic BMT was performed in 210 (43%) patients, and autologous BMT in 284 (57%). Methotrexate combined to steroids (n = 47, 22%) or to cyclosporine (n = 163, 78%) was administered for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis. In 188 patients (38%), heparin was used in the prevention of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver. Furthermore, steroid administration was registered in 223 (45%). The conditioning chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide (Cy) alone in 332 (67%) patients. Total-body irradiation was administered either in single dose (STBI; 10 Gy in 1 day, n = 291) or in six fractions (FTBI; 12 Gy over 3 consecutive days, n = 203) before BMT. The mean instantaneous dose rate was 0.0574 +/- 0.0289 Gy/min (0.024-0.1783). It was < 0.048 Gy/min in 157 patients (LOW group), > or = 0.048 Gy/min and <0.09 Gy/min in 301 patients (MEDIUM group), and > or = 0.09 Gy/min in 36 patients (HIGH group). RESULTS: When considering all patients, 42 (8.5%) patients developed cataracts after 13 to 72 months (median: 42 months) with a 5-year estimated cataract incidence (ECI) of 23%. Thirty-three (11.3%) out of 291 patients in the STBI group, and 9 (4.4%) out of 203 patients in the FTBI group developed cataracts with 5-year estimated incidences of 34 and 11%, respectively (p = 0.0004). Seven (19.4%) out of 36 patients in the HIGH group, 33 (10.9%) out of 301 in the MEDIUM group, and 2 (1.2%) out of 157 in the LOW group developed cataracts with respective 5-year cataract incidences of 54%, 30%, and 3.5% (HIGH vs. MEDIUM, p = 0.07; MEDIUM vs. LOW, p = 0.0001; HIGH vs. LOW, p < 0.0001). On the other hand, patients who received heparin as prophylactic treatment against VOD of the liver had less cataracts than those who did not receive (5-year ECI of 16% vs. 28%, respectively; p = 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of 5-year ECI according to age, sex, administration of steroids, GvHD prophylaxis, type of BMT, or previous cranial radiotherapy in children. Multivariate analysis revealed that the instantaneous dose rate (p = 0.001), and the administration of heparin against VOD (p = 0.05) were the two independent factors influencing the cataract incidence, while age, fractionation, and use of steroids were not. Among the 42 patients who developed cataracts, 38 had bilateral extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, and only 4 (10%) developed secondary cataracts in a median follow-up period of 39 months. CONCLUSION: Among the abovementioned TBI parameters, high instantaneous dose rate seems to be the main risk factor of cataract formation, and the administration of heparin appears to have a protective role in cataractogenesis. On the other hand, ionizing radiation seems to have a protective effect on posterior capsule opacification following extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation.

Risperidone versus clozapine in treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind study. The Risperidone Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the short-term efficacy and safety of risperidone and clozapine in treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenic patients. METHOD: In a controlled double-blind, multicenter study, 86 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia (DSM-III-R), who were resistant to or intolerant of conventional neuroleptics, were randomly assigned to receive risperidone or clozapine for 8 weeks after a 7-day washout period. After a 1-week dose-titration phase, doses were fixed at 6 mg/day of risperidone and 300 mg/day of clozapine for 1 week and then adjusted according to each patient's response. The final mean doses were 6.4 mg/day of risperidone and 291.2 mg/day of clozapine. Treatment efficacy and safety were evaluated with several well-known rating scales. RESULTS: Both risperidone and clozapine significantly reduced the severity of psychotic symptoms (scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Clinical Global Impression scale) from baseline, with no significant between-group differences. At endpoint, 67% of the risperidone group and 65% of the clozapine group were clinically improved (reduction of 20% or more in total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score). Risperidone appeared to have a faster onset of action. In both groups extrapyramidal symptoms and other adverse events were few, and their severity was generally mild. Neither group showed evidence of a relation between drug plasma concentrations and clinical effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Risperidone was well tolerated and as effective as medium doses of clozapine in patients with chronic schizophrenia who had been resistant to or intolerant of conventional neuroleptics.

The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone modifies the vascular sodium-angiotensin II relationship in insulin-resistant rats.

Glitazones are efficient insulin sensitizers that blunt the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) in the rat. Sodium chloride is another important modulator of the systemic and renal effects of ANG II. Whether glitazones interfere with the interaction between sodium and the response to ANG II is not known. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pioglitazone on the relationship between sodium and the systemic and renal effects of ANG II in rats. Pioglitazone, or vehicle, was administered for 4 wk to 8-wk-old obese Zucker rats. Animals were fed a normal-sodium (NS) or a high-sodium (HS) diet. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests, systemic and renal hemodynamic responses to ANG II, and the renal ANG II binding and expression of ANG II type 1 (AT(1)) receptors were measured. The results of our study were that food intake and body weight increased, whereas blood pressure, heart rate, filtration fraction, and insulin levels decreased significantly with pioglitazone in obese rats on both diets. Pioglitazone blunted the systemic response to ANG II and abolished the increased responsiveness to ANG II induced by a HS diet. Pioglitazone modified the renal hemodynamic response to changes in salt intake while maintaining a lower filtration fraction with ANG II perfusion. These effects were associated with a decrease in the number and expression of the AT(1) receptor in the kidney. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist pioglitazone modifies the physiological relationship between sodium chloride and the response to ANG II in insulin-resistant rats.

Soil organic matter and fertility of anthropogenic dark earths (Terra Preta de Índio) in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Fertility properties, total C (Ctot), and chemical soil organic matter fractions (fulvic acid fraction - FA, humic acid fraction - HA, humin fraction - H) of anthropogenic dark earths (Terra Preta de Índio) of the Amazon basin were compared with those of Ferralsols with no anthropogenic A horizon. Terra Preta soils had a higher fertility (pH: 5.1-5.4; Sum of bases, SB: 8.93-10.33 cmol c kg-1 , CEC: 17.2-17.5 cmol c kg-1 , V: 51-59 %, P: 116-291 mg kg-1) and Ctot (44.6-44.7 g kg-1) than adjacent Ferralsols (pH: 4.4; SB: 2.04 cmol c kg-1, CEC: 9.5 cmol c kg-1, V: 21 %, P 5 mg kg-1, C: 37.9 g kg-1). The C distribution among humic substance fractions (FA, HA, H) in Terra Preta soils was also different, as shown by the ratios HA:FA and EA/H (EA=HA+FA) (2.1-3.0 and 1.06-1.08 for Terra Preta and 1.2 and 0.72 for Ferralsols, respectively). While the cation exchange capacity (CEC), of Ferralsols correlated with FA (r = 0.97), the CEC of Terra Preta correlated with H (r = 0.82). The correlation of the fertility of Terra Preta with the highly stable soil organic matter fraction (H) is highly significant for the development of sustainable soil fertility management models in tropical ecosystems.

Evaluación taxonómica de la variabilidad intraespecífica de Galium brockmannii briq. (Rubiaceae).

5 poblaciones diferentes, utilizados como referencia externa en este análisis, se muestran claramente agrupados y separados de las poblaciones de G. brockmannii. En resumen, todos los dados disponibles sugieren que G. brockmannii subsp. aterratzense debe ser considerado un sinónimo de G. brockmannii.

Palaeogene Charophytes of the Balearic Islands (Spain)

Fossil charophytes were recorded in two different stratigraphic units from the non-marine Palaeogene of the Balearic Islands. In the Peguera Limestone Fm. of Mallorca the charophyte flora is characterised by two assemblages. The first contains Raskyella peckii subsp. meridionale, Harrisichara caeciliana and Maedleriella mangenoti, from the Bartonian and Lutetian; whilst the second is characterised by Harrisichara vasiformistuberculata and Nitellopsis (Tectochara) aemula, Middle Priabonian in age. The Cala Blanca Detrital Fm. has yielded Lychnothamnus stockmansii and Sphaerochara inconspicua in Menorca whilst in Mallorca it contains Lychnothamnus praelangeri, L. langeri and Sphaerochara hirmeri. This flora is Late Priabonian and Oligocene in age. These results suggest that the beginning of Paleogene non-marine deposition was diachronic in Mallorca. In terms of biogeography, the Eocene charophytes of Mallorca show affinity with North-African floras. The presence of the Eocene African subspecies Raskyella peckii meridionale in Mallorca enables the biogeographic boundary between this form and the European subspecies R. peckii peckii to be drawn at about 32º N latitude in the Iberian Plate.

Enriquecimento e alocação de 13C em plantas de eucalipto

Nas últimas décadas, a utilização de isótopos estáveis em várias áreas de pesquisa vem se destacando, como na análise de fluxos e rotas metabólicas, análise de efeitos de estresses em plantas e, em grande escala, no estudo da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Estudos de alterações e dinâmica da MOS usando a variação da abundância natural do 13C requerem mudanças na razão isotópica do C. Quando não existe essa possibilidade, uma das alternativas é enriquecer o material vegetal (planta) com 13C, via fixação de 13CO2, de modo que a razão isotópica seja distinta daquela da MOS original. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a magnitude e a homogeneidade do enriquecimento em 13C em diferentes componentes da planta de eucalipto. No processo de marcação, três plantas de eucalipto, com 4 meses de idade, cultivadas em solução nutritiva foram expostas a uma atmosfera enriquecida com 13CO2, em uma câmara de vidro (448 dm³), com temperatura em torno de 24 ºC. A concentração de CO2 e a razão 13C/12C foram monitoradas por um espectrômetro de massa de razão isotópica (IRMS) em amostras de ar retiradas ao longo do processo (126 dias com três pulsos de 13CO2 semanais). Após o período de marcação, as plantas foram separadas em folha (folha-fonte e folha-dreno), galho, casca, lenho e raiz e analisadas em IRMS. O resultado foi expresso em partes por mil (‰) em relação ao padrão internacional de C denominado Pee-Dee Belemnite (PDB), obtendo-se a δ13C PDB delas: folha-fonte (828,07 ‰), folha-dreno (645,72 ‰), galho (672,49 ‰), casca (691,86 ‰), lenho (632,02 ‰) e raiz (536,55 ‰). O padrão de alocação e enriquecimento de 13C entre os componentes das plantas foi homogêneo, embora com diferenças numéricas da ordem de 291 ‰ na δ13C PDB. As plantas de eucalipto mantiveram alta taxa de absorção de CO2 e, consequentemente, alta taxa fotossintética em concentrações de CO2 muito acima (180,4 mmol L-1 - 7.934 ppmv) da encontrada na atmosfera (8,64 mmol L-1 - 380 ppmv). O 13C fixado durante o dia foi liberado em menor escala na respiração noturna, em comparação com o 12C. O grau de enriquecimento com 13C obtido indica que a técnica empregada permite o enriquecimento suficiente do material para traçar o C em estudos de decomposição e estabilização de litter de eucalipto em frações da MOS.

[Illustrations de Le Diable boiteux.] / Dubercelle, grav. ; Alain-René Lesage, aut. du texte

Comprend : Tome 1. Frontispice copié d'après le frontispice réalisé par Magdeleine Horthemels de l'édition originale de 1707 :Le Diable boiteux.] El Diablo Coivelo. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.1 Pag. 25 : Dans quel endroit le Diable Boiteux transporta l'Ecolier et des premières choses qu'il lui fit voir. [Le Diable boiteux, en compagnie de l'Ecolier Zambullo, jette un sort sur la ville de Madrid et fait disparaître les toits d ; [Pl.] Tom.1 Pag. 52 : Histoire des amours du Comte de Belflor et de Léonor de Cespedes. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.1 Pag. 164 : Des Prisonniers. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Tome 1. Pl. en reg p. 244 :] Des foux enfermez. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.1 Pag. 311 : [Querelle de rue opposant des musiciens et quatre hommes armés.] [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.1 Pag. 316 : De l'Incendie, et de ce que fit Asmodée en cette occasion par amitiépour Don Cléofas. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.2 Pag. 3 : Des Tombeaux, des Ombres et de la Mort. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.2 Pag. 29 : La force de l'amitié. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.2 Pag. 91 : Du Démêlé d'un Poëte Tragique avec un Auteur Comique. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.2 Pag. 181 : Des Songes. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.2 Pag. 220 : Ce que le Diable fit encore remarquer à Don Cléofas. [Cote : microfilm R.61628] ; [Pl.] Tom.2 Pag. 291 : De ce que fit Don Cléofas après que le Diable Boiteux se fut éloigné de lui; et de quelle façon l'Auteur de cet Ouvrage a jugé à propos de le finir. [Don Cléofas donne la main de sa fille Séraphine au cavalier Léandr

A temporal hierarchy for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans.

The ability to discriminate conspecific vocalizations is observed across species and early during development. However, its neurophysiologic mechanism remains controversial, particularly regarding whether it involves specialized processes with dedicated neural machinery. We identified spatiotemporal brain mechanisms for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans by applying electrical neuroimaging analyses to auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in response to acoustically and psychophysically controlled nonverbal human and animal vocalizations as well as sounds of man-made objects. AEP strength modulations in the absence of topographic modulations are suggestive of statistically indistinguishable brain networks. First, responses were significantly stronger, but topographically indistinguishable to human versus animal vocalizations starting at 169-219 ms after stimulus onset and within regions of the right superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal gyrus. This effect correlated with another AEP strength modulation occurring at 291-357 ms that was localized within the left inferior prefrontal and precentral gyri. Temporally segregated and spatially distributed stages of vocalization discrimination are thus functionally coupled and demonstrate how conventional views of functional specialization must incorporate network dynamics. Second, vocalization discrimination is not subject to facilitated processing in time, but instead lags more general categorization by approximately 100 ms, indicative of hierarchical processing during object discrimination. Third, although differences between human and animal vocalizations persisted when analyses were performed at a single-object level or extended to include additional (man-made) sound categories, at no latency were responses to human vocalizations stronger than those to all other categories. Vocalization discrimination transpires at times synchronous with that of face discrimination but is not functionally specialized.

Pediatric tracheotomy: a 30-year experience.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate changes of pediatric tracheotomy practice over time. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all tracheotomies at the University Children's Hospital Zurich from January 1990 to December 2009 was performed. Data analyzed included the indication for tracheotomy, patient comorbidities, age, duration of cannulation, and complications. The second part of the study consisted of comparing our results with data from an earlier study done at the same institution by Simma et al. (Eur J Pediatr 1994;153:291-296) reviewing the patients with tracheotomies treated from 1979 to 1989. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2009, 119 patients were included. The indication for tracheotomy was airway obstruction in 70% and prolonged ventilation in 30%. 70% of the patients were operated on before 1 year of age. Serious postoperative complications occurred in 25 patients (23%). There was one death related to tracheotomy. Successful decannulation was achieved in 60%, on average 28 months after tracheotomy. The decannulation rate in patients with airway obstruction was 74% compared to 52% for the patients in prolonged ventilation group; a statistically significant difference was observed (p < 0.05). The longitudinal analysis showed an increase of indications for prolonged ventilation and a trend toward decreased tracheotomy complications. CONCLUSION: Over 30 years, a shift in the indications of pediatric tracheotomy, with an increasing number of procedures performed for prolonged ventilation, was found. The tracheotomy-related mortality was under 1%. Tracheotomy remains a valid and safe option for pediatric patients. Level of evidence 2c.