DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRICAL METHODS IN THE STUDY OF OPTICAL-TRANSMISSION (SCALAR THEORY) .1. STATIC TRANSMISSION CASE

Static optical transmission is restudied by postulation of the optical path as the proper element in a three-dimensional Riemannian manifold (no torsion); this postulation can be applied to describe the light-medium interactive system. On the basis of the postulation, the behaviors of light transmitting through the medium with refractive index n are investigated, the investigation covering the realms of both geometrical optics and wave optics. The wave equation of light in static transmission is studied modally, the postulation being employed to derive the exact form of the optical field equation in a medium (in which the light is viewed as a single-component field). Correspondingly, the relationships concerning the conservation of optical fluid and the dynamic properties are given, and some simple applications of the theories mentioned are presented.

Detection of Brillouin scattering temperature signal in Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer sensing system based on instantaneous frequency measurement technology

We present a simple and practical method for the single-ended distributed fiber temperature measurements using microwave (11-GHz) coherent detection and the instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) technique to detect spontaneous Brillouin backscattered signal in which a specially designed rf bandpass filter at 11 GHz is used as a frequency discriminator to transform frequency shift to intensity fluctuation. A Brillouin temperature signal can be obtained at 11 GHz over a sensing length of 10 km. The power sensitivity dependence on temperature induced by frequency shift is measured as 2.66%/K. (c) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Detection of Brillouin scattering temperature signal in Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer sensing system based on instantaneous frequency measurement technology

abstract {We present a simple and practical method for the single-ended distributed fiber temperature measurements using microwave (11-GHz) coherent detection and the instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) technique to detect spontaneous Brillouin backscattered signal in which a specially designed rf bandpass filter at 11 GHz is used as a frequency discriminator to transform frequency shift to intensity fluctuation. A Brillouin temperature signal can be obtained at 11 GHz over a sensing length of 10 km. The power sensitivity dependence on temperature induced by frequency shift is measured as 2.66%/K. © 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.}

Avaliação das fendas marginais em restaurações de resina composta com variação de alguns determinanates clínicos

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, por meio de mensuração das fendas na interface dentina - restauração de resina composta com utilização de algumas variáveis: fotoativação com lâmpada halógena e com LED; utilização de resina microhíbrida com partículas nanométricas Filtek Z350 ou sem estas partículas Filtek Z250; variação do sistema adesivo (Adper Single Bond 2 ou Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose); variação da temperatura da resina composta; uso de dessensibilizante dentinário ou não; remoção do colágeno da dentina ou não e variação da intensidade de luz na fotoativação. Foram utilizados 70 molares humanos recém-extraídos, com cavidades circulares na dentina superficial de cada face proximal, foram divididos em 10 amostras para cada variável citada acima. Os dentes foram devidamente restaurados, seguindo as instruções dos fabricantes, para todos os grupos e mantidos em estufa bacteriológica por um período de 7 dias, após este período, foram polidos e as réplicas de resina epoxídica foram confeccionadas a partir de uma moldagem com silicone por adição, as mesmas foram levadas ao MEV, para a análise. As fendas foram mensuradas com o auxílio do software UTHSCSA Image tool e os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste t de Student para a obtenção dos resultados. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: os menores valores de fendas marginais foram obtidos quando da utilização de luz halógena (t=3,246 e p= 0,02) e com variação da intensidade desta luz (t= - 8,808 e p= 0,00). Os menores valores relativos de fendas, mas sem diferença estatística significante, foram encontrados, também, quando a resina Filtek Z350 foi comparada com a resina Filtek Z250 (t=-0,426 e p= 0,672) e quando o adesivo Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose foi comparado com o Sistema Adper Single Bond 2 (t= 0,883 e p= 0,382). Os maiores valores de fendas marginais foram obtidos com a resina Filtek Z350 préaquecida a 60oC (t= -3,961 e p=0,000); com o uso de dessensibilizante dentinário (t=-3,062 e p=0,004) e com a remoção do colágeno pelo hipoclorito de sódio (t= -8,808 e p= 0,000).

A novel polarization modulator for a Moire system with grating imaging

A polarization modulator based on splitting with a Savart plate and rotation of an analyzer for a moire system with grating imaging is presented, and its modulation principle is analyzed. The polarization modulator is simple and achromatic. It is composed of a polarizer, a Savart plate, and an analyzer. The polarizer and the Savart plate are placed in front of the index grating to split the image of the scale grating in the moire system. The analyzer is placed behind the grating and rotated to realize the modulation of the moire signal. The analyzer can be rotated either continually with high speed or step by step with low speed to form different modulation modes. The polarization modulator makes the moire system insensitive to the change of initial intensity. In experiments, we verified the usefulness of the polarization modulator.

Growth of excellent-quality Nd : LuVO4 single crystal and laser properties

High-quality Nd:LuVO4 single crystal was successfully grown by Czochralski method. The assessment of the crystalline quality by the chemical etching method and Conoscope image was reported. The absorption spectra from 300 to 1000 nm and emission spectra from 960 to 1450 nm of Nd: LuVO4 were measured. Laser performance was achieved with Nd:LUVO4 crystal for the transition of F-4(3/2) -> I-4(11/2) (corresponding wavelength 1065.8 nm) in an actively Q-switched operation, and the average output power reached 5.42 W at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 40 kHz under pump power of 18 W, giving an optical conversion efficiency of 30.1%. The pulse energy and peak power reached 138 mu J and 16.2 kW at PRF of 25 kHz under pump power of 14.2 W, and the pulse duration was 8.5 ns. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Infrared (1.2-1.6 mu m) luminescence in Cr4+: Yb3Al5O12 single crystal with 940 nm diode pumping

Infrared (1.2-1.6 mu m) luminescence in a ytterbium aluminium garnet (YbAG) crystal, doped with Cr (0.05 at.%) ions, was investigated under CW laser diode pumping (lambda = 940 nm). The Cr4+ emission band was observed with its peak at 1.34 mu m and measured to be about 1.3 times with respect to Yb3+ IR luminescence (lambda = 1.03 mu m). We demonstrate that for the excitation wavelength of 940 nm Yb3+ ions act as sensitizers of the B-3(2)(T-3(2))-B-3(1)((3)A(2)) emission of Cr4+ ions. This crystal is promising as a high-efficient system for tunable laser (1.2-1.6 mu m) output. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antes só do que mal (ou bem) acompanhado: um estudo sobre a representação social da mulher solteira no mundo feminino

Esse trabalho teve origem numa monografia de conclusão de curso de graduação em psicologia, e parte da constatação de que atualmente, nos grandes centros urbanos, o grupo de mulheres financeiramente independentes sem um companheiro é cada vez mais numeroso, tornando-se muito presente no nosso cotidiano e na mídia. A pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever, analisar e discutir a representação social da mulher solteira construída por 210 mulheres, com idades entre 20 e 49 anos, habitantes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A coleta de dados foi realizada pela aplicação individual de um questionário às participantes da pesquisa. O questionário consistiu na solicitação de tarefas de evocação, em seu contexto normal e de substituição, além de perguntas fechadas e abertas, e da obtenção de dados de caracterização sociodemográfica. Os dados coletados por meio da evocação livre foram processados com auxílio do softwareEvoc e analisados de acordo com a abordagem estrutural das representações sociais, segundo a qual os conteúdos cognitivos de uma representação se organizam em dois sistemas internos: um sistema central, também chamado de núcleo central, e um sistema periférico. A análise do questionário envolveu tratamentos estatísticos descritivos das respostas às perguntas fechadas e abertas, tendo sido estas últimas submetidas a um processo prévio de categorização temática. A representação da mulher com 30 anos ou mais, solteira e sem filhos, construída pelas mulheres em geral, é fortemente marcada por elementos contraditórios, mas sem deixar de caracterizar a mulher contemporânea. O conteúdo representacional evidencia uma dimensão imagética muito influenciada pela mídia, e expressa o sentimento de autonomia, refletindo o atual momento da mulher. Esse perfil de mulher, apesar de corresponder a uma mulher que rompe com o seu papel tradicional na sociedade e que tem um poder de escolha, ainda incorpora a imagem de encalhada, o que pode indicar a persistência de um grande conservadorismo por parte das próprias mulheres.

Investigating carbon materials for use as the electron emission source in a parallel electron-beam lithography system

A microelectronic parallel electron-beam lithography system using an array of field emitting microguns is currently being developed. This paper investigates the suitability of various carbon based materials for the electron source in this device, namely tetrahedrally bonded amorphous carbon (ta-C), nanoclustered carbon and carbon nanotubes. Ta-C was most easily integrated into a gated field emitter structure and various methods, such as plasma and heavy ion irradiation, were used to induce emission sites in the ta-C. However, the creation of such emission sites at desired locations appeared to be difficult/random in nature and thus the material was unsuitable for this application. In contrast, nanoclustered carbon material readily field emits with a high site density but the by-products from the deposition process create integration issues when using the material in a microelectronic gated structure. Carbon nanotubes are currently the most promising candidate for use as the emission source. We have developed a high yield and clean (amorphous carbon by-product free) PECVD process to deposit single free standing nanotubes at desired locations with exceptional uniformity in terms of nanotube height and diameter. Field emission from an array of nanotubes was also obtained. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Spectral measurement of diode lasers with a single-mode birefringent fibre

A new, and very simple spectrometer based on birefringent fiber is described. A resolution of 0.02 angstrom has been achieved, and the system has been used to measure diode laser chirp. A length of 10km of fiber would be sufficient to resolve single mode line widths.

Multiple single unit recording in the cortex of monkeys using independently moveable microelectrodes.

Simultaneous recording from multiple single neurones presents many technical difficulties. However, obtaining such data has many advantages, which make it highly worthwhile to overcome the technical problems. This report describes methods which we have developed to permit recordings in awake behaving monkeys using the 'Eckhorn' 16 electrode microdrive. Structural magnetic resonance images are collected to guide electrode placement. Head fixation is achieved using a specially designed headpiece, modified for the multiple electrode approach, and access to the cortex is provided via a novel recording chamber. Growth of scar tissue over the exposed dura mater is reduced using an anti-mitotic compound. Control of the microdrive is achieved by a computerised system which permits several experimenters to move different electrodes simultaneously, considerably reducing the load on an individual operator. Neurones are identified as pyramidal tract neurones by antidromic stimulation through chronically implanted electrodes; stimulus control is integrated into the computerised system. Finally, analysis of multiple single unit recordings requires accurate methods to correct for non-stationarity in unit firing. A novel technique for such correction is discussed.

Evaluation of the In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS): comparison with the traditional (bongo net) sampler

Plankton and larval fish sampling programs often are limited by a balance between sampling frequency (for precision) and costs. Advancements in sampling techniques hold the potential to add considerable efficiency and, therefore, add sampling frequency to improve precision. We compare a newly developed plankton imaging system, In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS), with a bongo sampler, which is a traditional plankton sampling gear developed in the 1960s. Comparative sampling was conducted along 2 transects ~30–40 km long. Over 2 days, we completed 36 ISIIS tow-yo undulations and 11 bongo oblique tows, each from the surface to within 10 m of the seafloor. Overall, the 2 gears detected comparable numbers of larval fishes, representing similar taxonomic compositions, although larvae captured with the bongo were capable of being identified to lower taxonomic levels, especially larvae in the small (<5 mm), preflexion stages. Size distributions of the sampled larval fishes differed considerably between these 2 sampling methods, with the size range and mean size of larval fishes larger with ISIIS than with the bongo sampler. The high frequency and fine spatial scale of ISIIS allow it to add considerable sampling precision (i.e., more vertical sections) to plankton surveys. Improvements in the ISIIS technology (including greater depth of field and image resolution) should also increase taxonomic resolution and decrease processing time. When coupled with appropriate net sampling (for the purpose of collecting and verifying the identification of biological samples), the use of ISIIS could improve overall survey design and simultaneously provide detailed, process-oriented information for fisheries scientists and oceanographers.

158-microJ pulses from a single-transverse-mode, large-mode-area erbium-doped fiber amplifier.

We report the amplification of 10-100-pJ semiconductor diode pulses to an energy of 158 microJ and peak powers >100 kW in a multistage fiber amplifier chain based on a single-mode, large-mode-area erbium-doped amplifier design. To our knowledge these results represent the highest single-mode pulse energy extracted from any doped-fiber system.