Optical absorption studies of free (H2Pc) and rare earth (RePc) phthalocyanine doped borate glasses

Optical absorption studies of free base and rare earth incorporated phthalocyanine doped borate glass matrix are reported for the first lime. The absorption spectra recorded in the UV- VIS region show two well defined absorption bands of phthalocyanine (Pc) molecule, namely the Soret band (B) and the Q band. The Q band always shows its characteristic splitting in all the doped glass matrices and the intensities of these components are found to vary from one Pc to another. Some of the important optical parameters, namely optical absorption coefficient (a), molar extinction coefficient (ε), absorption cross section (σa), oscillator strength (f), electric dipole strength (q2), absorption half bandwidth (Δλ) of the principal optical transitions have also been evaluated. Moreover, the spectral dependence of refractive index (n) and thereby the optical dielectric constant (ε) on wavelength yielded values of carrier concentration to effective mass ratio (N/m*) of the phthalocyanine molecule in the present glassy systems. Optical band gap (Eg) and width of the band tail (Et) are computed and their variations among the prepared samples are also discussed.

Determination of the laser-induced damage threshold of bulk polymer samples at 1.06 mu m using the pulsed photothermal deflection technique

A pulsed Nd-YAG laser beam is used to produce a transient refractive index gradient in air adjoining the plane surface of the sample material. This refractive index gradient is probed by a continuous He-Ne laser beam propagating parallel to the sample surface. The observed deflection signals produced by the probe beam exhibit drastic variations when the pump laser energy density crosses the damage threshold for the sample. The measurements are used to estimate the damage threshold for a few polymer samples. The present values are found to be in good agreement with those determined by other methods.

Possibility of waveguide formation on organic nonlinear crystal methyl para-hydroxy benzoate using high energy ion irradiation

Organic nonlinear optical single crystals of Methyl para-Hydroxy Benzoate (MHB) have been grown using gel-solution technique. These crystals are cut along z-axis and are bombarded with Ag14+ ions of energy 100 MeV. The results show an increase in refractive index at the ion irradiated region. The dielectric constant of the irradiated crystal is increased more than 15 times compared to that of a nonirradiated crystal. The result of these changes and comparative study of second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency before and after irradiation is discussed.

Nonlinear optical characteristics of nanocomposites of ZnO–TiO2–SiO2

In this article we present the nonlinear optical properties of ZnO–TiO2–SiO2 nanocomposites prepared by colloidal chemical synthesis. Nonlinear optical response of these samples is studied using nanosecond laser pulses at an off-resonance wavelength. The nonlinearity of the silica colloid is low and its nonlinear response can be improved by making composites with ZnO and TiO2. These nanocomposites show self-defocusing nonlinearity and good nonlinear absorption behaviour. The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption increases with increasing ZnO volume fraction. The observed nonlinear absorption is explained by two photon absorption followed by weak free carrier absorption and nonlinear scattering. ZnO–TiO2–SiO2 is a potential nanocomposite material for the development of nonlinear optical devices with a relatively small limiting threshold.

A Comparative Study of Fiber Optic Humidity Sensors Based on Chitosan and Agarose

A comparative study of two biopolymer based fiber optic humidity sensors is presented in this paper. Sensing elements Agarose and Chitosan swells in the presence of water vapour and undergoes changes in refractive index and modulates the intensity of light propagating through a fiber with Agarose or Chitosan as cladding.

Electron Density Determination of Laser Induced Plasma from Polymethyl Methacrylate Using Phaseshift Detection Technique

Irradiation of a Polymethyl methacrylate target using a pulsed Nd-YAG laser causes plasma formation in the vicinity of the target. The refractive index gradient due to the presence of the plasma is probed using phase-shift detection technique. The phase-shift technique is a simple but sensitive technique for the determination of laser ablation threshold of solids. The number density of laser generated plasma above the ablation threshold from Polymethyl methacrylate is calculated as a function of laser fluence. The number density varies from 2×1016 cm-3 to 2×1017 cm-3 in the fluence interval 2.8-13 J · cm-2.

Linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites.

We present the spectral and nonlinear optical properties of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites prepared by colloidal chemical synthesis. Obvious enhancement of ultraviolet (UV) emission of the samples is observed, and the strongest UV emission of a typical ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposite is over three times stronger than that of pure ZnO. The nonlinearity of the silica colloid is low, and its nonlinear response can be improved by making composites with ZnO. These nanocomposites show self-defocusing nonlinearity and good nonlinear absorption behavior. The observed nonlinear absorption is explained through two photon absorption followed by weak free carrier absorption and nonlinear scattering. The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption increase with increasing ZnO volume fraction and can be attributed to the enhancement of exciton oscillator strength. ZnO-SiO2 is a potential nanocomposite material for the UV light emission and for the development of nonlinear optical devices with a relatively small limiting threshold.

Enhanced luminescence and nonlinear optical properties of nanocomposites of ZnO–Cu

In this article, we present the spectral and nonlinear optical properties of ZnOCu nanocomposites prepared by colloidal chemical synthesis. The emission consisted of two peaks. The 385-nm ultraviolet (UV) peak is attributed to ZnO and the 550-nm visible peak is attributed to Cu nanocolloids. Obvious enhancement of UV and visible emission of the samples is observed and the strongest UV emission of a typical ZnOCu nanocomposite is over three times stronger than that of pure ZnO. Cu acts as a sensitizer and the enhancement of UV emission are caused by excitons formed at the interface between Cu and ZnO. As the volume fraction of Cu increases beyond a particular value, the intensity of the UV peak decreases while the intensity of the visible peak increases, and the strongest visible emission of a typical ZnOCu nanocomposite is over ten times stronger than that of pure Cu. The emission mechanism is discussed. Nonlinear optical response of these samples is studied using nanosecond laser pulses from a tunable laser in the wavelength range of 450650 nm, which includes the surface plasmon absorption (SPA) band. The nonlinear response is wavelength dependent and switching from reverse saturable absorption (RSA) to saturable absorption (SA) has been observed for Cu nanocolloids as the excitation wavelength changes from the low absorption window region to higher absorption regime near the SPA band. However, ZnO colloids and ZnOCu nanocomposites exhibit induced absorption at this wavelength. Such a changeover in the sign of the nonlinearity of ZnOCu nanocomposites, with respect to Cu nanocolloids, is related to the interplay of plasmon band bleach and optical limiting mechanisms. The SA again changes back to RSA when we move over to the infrared region. The ZnOCu nanocomposites show self-defocusing nonlinearity and good nonlinear absorption behavior. The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption increases with increasing Cu volume fraction at 532 nm. The observed nonlinear absorption is explained through two-photon absorption followed by weak free-carrier absorption and interband absorption mechanisms. This study is important in identifying the spectral range and composition over which the nonlinear material acts as a RSA-based optical limiter. ZnOCu is a potential nanocomposite material for the light emission and for the development of nonlinear optical devices with a relatively small limiting threshold.

Synthesis and characterization of Tellurium oxide glasses for photonic applications

Tellurite glasses are photonic materials of special interest to the branch of optoelectronic and communication, due to its important optical properties such as high refractive index, broad IR transmittance, low phonon energy etc. Tellurite glasses are solutions to the search of potential candidates for nonlinear optical devices. Low phonon energy makes it an efficient host for dopant ions like rare earths, allowing a better environment for radiative transitions. The dopant ions maintain majority of their individual properties in the glass matrix. Tellurites are less toxic than chalcogenides, more chemically and thermally stable which makes them a highly suitable fiber material for nonlinear applications in the midinfrared and they are of increased research interest in applications like laser, amplifier, sensor etc. Low melting point and glass transition temperature helps tellurite glass preparation easier than other glass families. In order to probe into the versatility of tellurite glasses in optoelectronic industry; we have synthesized and undertaken various optical studies on tellurite glasses. We have proved that the highly nonlinear tellurite glasses are suitable candidates in optical limiting, with comparatively lower optical limiting threshold. Tuning the optical properties of glasses is an important factor in the optoelectronic research. We have found that thermal poling is an efficient mechanism in tuning the optical properties of these materials. Another important nonlinear phenomenon found in zinc tellurite glasses is their ability to switch from reverse saturable absorption to saturable absorption in the presence of lanthanide ions. The proposed thesis to be submitted will have seven chapters

Growth of metal and semiconductor nanostructures for nonlinear optical applications

Nonlinear optics has been a rapidly growing field in recent decades since the invention of lasers. The systematic progress in the laser technology increases our efficiency in the generation and control of coherent optical radiations. Nonlinear optics is based on the study ofeffects and phenomena related to the interaction of intense coherent light radiation with matter. Compared to other light sources laser radiation can provide high directionality, high monochromaticiry, high brightness and high photon degeneracy. At such a very intense incident beam, the matter responds in a nonlinear manner to the incident radiation fields, which endows the media :1 characteristic to change the refractive index or absorption coe fflcient of the media or the wavelength, or the frequency of the incident electromagnetic waves. This thesis encompasses the fabrication of nonlinear optical devices based on semiconductor and metal nanostructures. The presented work focus on the experimental and theoretical discussions on nonlinear optical effects especially nonlinear absorption and refraction exhibitted by metal and semiconductor nanostructures

“Fabrication and characterization of polymer optical fibers for photonic device applications

Although the main application of optical fibers are in the field of telecommunication, optical fiber based sensors of various designs are becoming valuable devices for wide industrial applications. The advantages of optical fiber-based sensors include high sensitivity, insensitivity to electromagnetic radiation; spark free, light weight and minimal intrusiveness due to their relatively small size and deployment in harsh and hostile environments. It has been proved that POI-7 based sensors can be employed to detect a great variety of parameters including temperature, humidity, pressure, refractive index etc. The proposed thesis presented in six chapters deals with the work carried on dye doped and undoped POF for photonic device applications such as amplifier, laser and sensor

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Hybrid Nanocomposites of TiO2 With Conducting Polymers

A nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less than 100 nanometers (nm), or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material. In the broadest sense this definition can include porous media, colloids, gels and copolymers, but is more usually taken to mean the solid combination of a bulk matrix and nano-dimensional phase(s) differing in properties due to dissimilarities in structure and chemistry. The mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, electrochemical, catalytic properties of the nanocomposite will differ markedly from that of the component materials. Size limits for these effects have been proposed, <5 nm for catalytic activity, <20 nm for making a hard magnetic material soft, <50 nm for refractive index changes, and <100 nm for achieving superparamagnetism, mechanical strengthening or restricting matrix dislocation movement. Conducting polymers have attracted much attention due to high electrical conductivity, ease of preparation, good environmental stability and wide variety of applications in light-emitting, biosensor chemical sensor, separation membrane and electronic devices. The most widely studied conducting polymers are polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene etc. Conducting polymers provide tremendous scope for tuning of their electrical conductivity from semiconducting to metallic region by way of doping and are organic electro chromic materials with chemically active surface. But they are chemically very sensitive and have poor mechanical properties and thus possessing a processibility problem. Nanomaterial shows the presence of more sites for surface reactivity, they possess good mechanical properties and good dispersant too. Thus nanocomposites formed by combining conducting polymers and inorganic oxide nanoparticles possess the good properties of both the constituents and thus enhanced their utility. The properties of such type of nanocomposite are strongly depending on concentration of nanomaterials to be added. Conducting polymer composites is some suitable composition of a conducting polymer with one or more inorganic nanoparticles so that their desirable properties are combined successfully. The composites of core shell metal oxide particles-conducting polymer combine the electrical properties of the polymer shell and the magnetic, optical, electrical or catalytic characteristics of the metal oxide core, which could greatly widen their applicability in the fields of catalysis, electronics and optics. Moreover nanocomposite material composed of conducting polymers & oxides have open more field of application such as drug delivery, conductive paints, rechargeable batteries, toners in photocopying, smart windows, etc.The present work is mainly focussed on the synthesis, characterization and various application studies of conducting polymer modified TiO2 nanocomposites. The conclusions of the present work are outlined below, Mesoporous TiO2 was prepared by the cationic surfactant P123 assisted hydrothermal synthesis route and conducting polymer modified TiO2 nanocomposites were also prepared via the same technique. All the prepared systems show XRD pattern corresponding to anatase phase of TiO2, which means that there is no phase change occurring even after conducting polymer modification. Raman spectroscopy gives supporting evidence for the XRD results. It also confirms the incorporation of the polymer. The mesoporous nature and surface area of the prepared samples were analysed by N2 adsorption desorption studies and the mesoporous ordering can be confirmed by low angle XRD measurementThe morphology of the prepared samples was obtained from both SEM & TEM. The elemental analysis of the samples was performed by EDX analysisThe hybrid composite formation is confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyAll the prepared samples have been used for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes, antibiotic, endocrine disruptors and some other organic pollutants. Photocatalytic antibacterial activity studies were also performed using the prepared systemsAll the prepared samples have been used for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes, antibiotic, endocrine disruptors and some other organic pollutants. Photocatalytic antibacterial activity studies were also performed using the prepared systems Polyaniline modified TiO2 nanocomposite systems were found to have good antibacterial activity. Thermal diffusivity studies of the polyaniline modified systems were carried out using thermal lens technique. It is observed that as the amount of polyaniline in the composite increases the thermal diffusivity also increases. The prepared systems can be used as an excellent coolant in various industrial purposes. Nonlinear optical properties (3rd order nonlinearity) of the polyaniline modified systems were studied using Z scan technique. The prepared materials can be used for optical limiting Applications. Lasing studies of polyaniline modified TiO2 systems were carried out and the studies reveal that TiO2 - Polyaniline composite is a potential dye laser gain medium.

Zur Erfassung von form- und materialbedingten Oberflächenstrukturen mit Mikro-Deflexions-Ellipsometrie

Die vorliegende Arbeit berichtet über ein neuartiges, kombiniertes Messverfahren zur gleichzeitigen Erfassung von Form und Material einer glänzenden Probenoberfläche. Die Materialerkennung erfolgt über die polarisationsoptische Brechzahlbestimmung im Messpunkt mit Mikroellipsometrie. Die Mikroellipsometrie ist ein fokussierendes Ellipsometer, das aus der Polarisationsänderung, bedingt durch die Wechselwirkung Licht – Materie, die materialcharakteristische komplexe Brechzahl eines reflektierenden Materials ermitteln kann. Bei der fokussierenden Ellipsometrie ist die Anordnung der fokussierenden Optiken von Bedeutung. Die hier vorgestellte ellipsometerexterne Fokussierung vermeidet Messfehler durch optische Anisotropien und ermöglicht die multispektrale ellipsometrische Messung. Für die ellipsometrische Brechzahlbestimmung ist zwingend die Kenntnis des Einfallswinkels des Messstrahls und die räumliche Orientierung der Oberflächenneigung zum Koordinatensystem des Ellipsometers notwendig. Die Oberflächenneigung wird mit einem Deflektometer ermittelt, das speziell für den Einsatz in Kombination mit der Ellipsometrie entwickelt wurde. Aus der lokalen Oberflächenneigung kann die Topographie einer Probe rekonstruiert werden. Der Einfallswinkel ist ebenfalls aus den Oberflächenneigungen ableitbar. Die Arbeit stellt die Systemtheorie der beiden kombinierten Messverfahren vor, außerdem werden Beiträge zu Messunsicherheiten diskutiert. Der experimentelle Teil der Arbeit beinhaltet die separate Untersuchung zur Leistungsfähigkeit der beiden zu kombinierenden Messverfahren. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse erlauben die Schlussfolgerung, dass ein Mikro-Deflexions-Ellipsometer erfolgreich realisierbar ist.

Fluoreszenz und Lasertätigkeit in dünnen amorphen Schichten von Spirobifluorenderivaten

Es wurden die optischen Eigenschaften einiger Spirooligophenylverbindungen untersucht. Bei den Verbindungen handelte es sich um lineare und verzweigte Derivate des Spirobifluorens. Es wurden dünne amorphe Schichten der Verbindungen mittels spincoating und Vakuumverdampfen (OMBD) auf unterschiedlichen Substraten hergestellt. Mit spektroskopischer Ellipsometrie konnten die Schichtdicken und optische Konstanten der dünnen Schichten bestimmt werden. Dafür sind die Extinktionsspektren mit Tauc-Lorentz-Oszillatoren modelliert worden. Auf diese Weise ließen sich die optischen Konstanten der amorphen Filme besser beschreiben als mit den üblicherweise verwendeten Gauß-Oszillatoren. In dünnen Filmen von Spirosexiphenyl konnte uniaxiale Anisotropie nachgewiesen werden. Im Bereich der pie,pie*-Bande beträgt das Verhältnis des ordentlichen zum außerordentlichen Extinktionskoeffizienten 2.09. Mit einer Integrationskugel wurden die absoluten Quantenausbeuten der Fluoreszenz in festen Filmen bestimmt. Dafür ist ein vereinfachtes Verfahren der Auswertung entwickelt worden. Im Vergleich der untersuchten Substanzen zeigt sich, dass die Verbindungen mit dem Sexiphenyl-Chromophor höhere Quantenausbeuten im Festkörper haben (31 % - 48 %) als die Verbindungen mit Quaterphenyl als Chromophor (15 % - 30 %). In den beiden Klassen haben jeweils die sterisch anspruchsvollen Octopusvarianten die höchsten Festkörperquantenausbeuten. Durch verdünnen mit m,m-Spirosexiphenyl konnte die Quantenausbeute von p,p-Spirosexiphenyl in dünnen festen Filmen bis auf 65 % (95 % m,m- und 5 % p,p-Spirosexiphenyl) gesteigert werden. Eine Korrelation der Quantenausbeuten in Lösung und im festen, unverdünnten Film wurde nicht festgestellt. Als dünne Filme in Wellenleitergeometrie zeigen Spirooligophenyle bei optischer Anregung verstärkte spontane Emission (ASE). Dies manifestiert sich in einer Einengung des Emissionsspektrums mit zunehmender Pumpleistungsdichte. Auch für stimulierte Emission sind die Verbindungen mit Sexiphenylchromophor besser geeignet. Die niedrigste Schwelle in einer unverdünnten Reinsubstanz wurde mit 0.23 µJ/cm² in einer aufgeschleuderten Schicht Spirosexiphenyl gemessen. Auch 4-Spiro³, Spiro-SPO und Octo-2 zeigten niedrige ASE-Schwellen von 0.45 µJ/cm², 0.45 µJ/cm² und 0.5 µJ/cm². Die ASE-Schwellwerte von Spiroquaterphenyl und seinen beiden Derivaten Methoxyspiroquaterphenyl und Octo-1 sind mit 1.8 µJ/cm², 1.4 µJ/cm² und 1.2 µJ/cm² höher als die der Sexiphenylderivate. Im gemischten System aus m,m- und p,p-Spirosexiphenyl konnte die ASE-Schwelle noch weiter gesenkt werden. Bei einer Konzentration von 5 % p,p-Spirosexiphenyl wurde ein Schwellwert von nur 100 nJ/cm² bestimmt. Durch Dotierung mit unterschiedlichen Farbstoffen in Spirosexiphenyl als Matrix konnte ASE fast über den gesamten sichtbaren Spektralbereich gezeigt werden. Mit der „variable Streifenlänge“ (VSL-) -Methode wurden die pumpleistungsabhängigen Gainspektren dünner aufgedampfter Proben gemessen. Hieraus konnten die Wechselwirkungsquerschnitte der stimulierten Emission der Substanzen ermittelt werden. In Übereinstimmung mit den Verhältnissen bei den Festkörperfluoreszenzquantenausbeuten und den Schwellwerten der ASE sind auch bei den Gainkoeffizienten reiner Spirooligophenyle die besten Werte bei den Sexiphenylderivaten gefunden worden. Der Wirkungsquerschnitt der stimulierten Emission beträgt für Methylspiroquaterphenyl und Octo-1 ca. 1.8*10^-17 cm². Für Spiro-SPO und Spirosexiphenyl wurden Wirkungsquerschnitte von 7.5*10^-17 cm² bzw. 9.2*10^-17 cm² bestimmt. Noch etwas größer waren die Werte im gemischten System aus m,m- und p,p-Spirosexiphenyl (1.1*10^-16 cm²) und für DPAVB dotiert in Spirosexiphenyl (1.4*10^-16 cm²). Der höchste Maximalwert des Gainkoeffizienten von 328 cm-1 bei einer absorbierten Pumpenergiedichte von 149 µJ/cm² wurde mit Spirosexiphenyl erreicht. Abschließend wurden DFB-Laser-Strukturen mit reinen und dotierten Spirooligophenylverbindungen als aktiven Materialien vorgestellt. Mit Spiroterphenyl konnte ein DFB-Laser mit der bisher kürzesten Emissionswellenlänge (361.9 nm) in einem organischen Festkörperlaser realisiert werden. Mit reinen Spirooligophenylverbindungen und Mischungen daraus habe ich DFB-Lasing bei Wellenlängen zwischen 361.9 nm und 479 nm aufgezeigt. Durch Dotierung mit DPAVB wurde der Bereich der erreichbaren Wellenlängen bis 536 nm erweitert, bei gleichzeitiger Erniedrigung der Schwellenergiedichten für Lasertätigkeit. Bei Emissionswellenlängen von 495 nm bis 536 nm blieb die Laserschwelle zwischen 0.8 µJ/cm² und 1.1 µJ/cm². Diese Werte sind für DFB-Laser zweiter Ordnung sehr niedrig und geben Anlass zu glauben, dass sich mit DFB-Strukturen erster Ordnung Schwellen im Nanojoule Bereich erzielen lassen. Damit würde man den Bedingungen für elektrisch gepumpten Betrieb nahe kommen.

Analytical Study of Light Propagation in Highly Nonlinear Media

The present dissertation is devoted to the construction of exact and approximate analytical solutions of the problem of light propagation in highly nonlinear media. It is demonstrated that for many experimental conditions, the problem can be studied under the geometrical optics approximation with a sufficient accuracy. Based on the renormalization group symmetry analysis, exact analytical solutions of the eikonal equations with a higher order refractive index are constructed. A new analytical approach to the construction of approximate solutions is suggested. Based on it, approximate solutions for various boundary conditions, nonlinear refractive indices and dimensions are constructed. Exact analytical expressions for the nonlinear self-focusing positions are deduced. On the basis of the obtained solutions a general rule for the single filament intensity is derived; it is demonstrated that the scaling law (the functional dependence of the self-focusing position on the peak beam intensity) is defined by a form of the nonlinear refractive index but not the beam shape at the boundary. Comparisons of the obtained solutions with results of experiments and numerical simulations are discussed.