Regulación de la proliferación tumoral y la apoptosis en tumores epidermoides de cavidad oral: papel del receptor para el factor de crecimiento insulínico tipo 1 (IGF-1R) y major vault proteína (MVP)

Programa de doctorado: Cáncer: Biología y Clínica

New insight on a Group A Streptococcus protective antigen contributing to bacterial cell division

Bioinformatic analysis of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) genomes aiming at the identification of new vaccine antigens, revealed the presence of a gene coding for a putative surface-associated protein, named GAS40, inducing protective antibodies in an animal model of sepsis. The aim of our study was to unravel the involvement of GAS40 in cell division processes and to identify the putative interactor. Firstly, bioinformatic analysis showed that gas40 shares homology with ezrA, a gene coding for a negative regulator of Z-ring formation during cell division process. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicated morphological differences between wild-type and the GAS40 knock-out mutant strain, with the latter showing an impaired capacity to divide resulting in the formation of very long chains. Moreover, when the localization of the antigen on the bacterial surface was analyzed, we found that in bacteria grown at exponential phase GAS40 specifically localized at septum, indicating a possible role in cell division. Furthermore, by ELISA and co-sedimentation assays, we found that GAS40 is able to interact with FtsZ, a protein involved in Z-ring formation during cell division process. These data together with the co-localization of GAS40/FtsZ at bacterial septum demonstrated by by confocal microscopy, strongly support the hypothesis for a key role of GAS40 in bacterial cell division.

Charakterisierung von T-Zell-Antworten gegen humane Nierenzellkarzinome sowie Identifizierung von HLA-G als tumorassoziiertes Antigen und Immunevasionsmechanismus des Nierenzellkarzinoms

Humane Nierenzellkarzinom-(NZK)-Zelllinien wurden etabliert, um sie zur Generierung von autologen zytotoxischen T-Zelllinien einzusetzen. Erst nach Modifikation mit dem kostimulierenden B7-1-Molekül wurden mit der NZK-Zelllinie MZ1257RC autologe, tumorspezifische T-Zelllinien generiert und charakterisiert. Die Aufklärung eines T-Zell-definierten TAA eines autologen, zytotoxischen T Zellklons wurde mittels Expressionsklonierung einer hergestellten cDNS-Expressionsbank begonnen. Nach in vitro-Sensibilisierung von peripheren Blutmonozyten mit der autologen NZK-Zelllinie MZ2733RC wurde die HLA-Klasse I-restringierte T Zelllinie XIE6 generiert, die die autologe und verschiedene allogene NZK- sowie Zervixkarzinom-Zelllinien, jedoch nicht autologe Nierenzellen lysiert. Die T Zellen exprimieren TZR Vβ13.6-Ketten und sezernieren GM-CSF und IL-10 nach Antigenstimulation. Jedoch ist die NZK-Zelllinie MZ2733RC wenig sensitiv gegenüber autologen und allogenen Effektorzellen. Erst die Blockade ihrer HLA Klasse I-Moleküle auf der Zelloberfläche erhöht ihre Sensitivität gegenüber allogenen lymphokin-aktivierten Killer-Zellen. Verantwortlich dafür können nicht-klassische HLA Klasse Ib-Moleküle, insbesondere HLA-G sein, dessen Transkripte in der RNS der NZK-Zellen, jedoch nicht in Nierenzellen detektiert wurden. In einer detaillierten Studie wurden HLA-G-Transkripte in NZK-Zelllinien (58%), in NZK-Biopsien (80%), und nur in wenigen Nierenepithelbiopsien (10%) nachgewiesen. In der NZK-Zelllinie MZ2733RC wurde eine konstitutive HLA-G1-Proteinexpression beobachtet, die durch eine IFN-γ-Behandlung induzierbar ist.

Analysis of the immunological and functional features of the Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA)

Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA) is a surface-exposed lipoprotein ubiquitously expressed by genetically diverse Neisseria meningitidis strains and is an antigen of the multicomponent protein-based 4CMenB vaccine, able to induce bactericidal antibodies in humans and to bind heparin-like molecules. The aim of this study is to characterize the immunological and functional properties of NHBA. To evaluate immunogenicity and the contribution of aminoacid sequence variability to vaccine coverage, we constructed recombinant isogenic strains that are susceptible to bactericidal killing only by anti-NHBA antibodies and engineered them to express equal levels of selected NHBA peptides. In these recombinant strains, we observed different titres associated with the different peptide variants. These recombinant strains were then further engineered to express NHBA chimeric proteins to investigate the regions important for immunogenicity. In natural strains, anti-NHBA antibodies were found to be cross-protective against strains expressing different peptides. To investigate the functional properties of this antigen, the recombinant purified NHBA protein was tested in in vitro binding studies and was found to be able to bind epithelial cells. The binding was abolished when cells were treated specifically with heparinase III, suggesting that the interaction with the cells is mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Mutation of the Arg-rich tract of NHBA abrogated the binding, confirming the importance of this region in mediating the binding to heparin-like molecules. In a panel of N. meningitidis strains, the deletion of nhba resulted in a reduction of adhesion with respect to each isogenic wild type strain. Furthermore, the adhesion of the wild-type strain was prevented by using anti-NHBA polyclonal sera, demonstrating the specificity of the interaction. These results suggest that NHBA could be a novel meningococcal adhesin contributing to host-cell interaction. Moreover, we analysed NHBA NalP-mediated cleavage in different NHBA peptides and showed that not all NHBA peptides are cleaved.

El país de Juan di María Teresa Andruetto: un “crinale inesplorato” tra sfide e conquiste

Il presente elaborato si propone di analizzare il racconto dalla scrittrice argentina María Teresa Andruetto (Premio Hans Christian Andersen 2012) El país de Juan, nell’edizione pubblicata dalla casa editrice spagnola Anaya nel 2003. Nel 2014 ne è stata proposta la traduzione in italiano con il titolo Il paese di Juan, ad opera di Ilide Carmignani. La storia, che narra di due bambini costretti a migrare dalla campagna alle favelas argentine (Villas), si presenta come una vera e propria sfida traduttiva per il contrasto tra la poeticità del linguaggio e il realismo del mondo raccontato ed il forte legame con il contesto locale in cui è inserita. Lo studio consta di tre capitoli principali: nel primo si approfondiscono la vita, le opere, lo stile e la concezione della letteratura della Andruetto. Dopo aver impostato tale cornice stilistica e contestuale, si prosegue, nel secondo capitolo, con l’analisi del testo originale, dove vengono messi in luce gli aspetti formali e stilistici della scrittura, le tematiche, gli elementi grafici, le illustrazioni e il contesto storico-sociale. Si passa poi, nel terzo ed ultimo capitolo, ad un’analisi della traduzione italiana del libro rispetto alla capacità di ricreare un tipo di linguaggio altamente innovativo, la salvaguardia delle figure retoriche, degli aspetti grafici e dei riferimenti culturali, elementi di fondamentale importanza per creare una traduzione in grado di aprire gli orizzonti del giovane lettore. Inoltre, si confrontano i glossari della versioni spagnola e italiana evidenziandone differenze e affinità. Si pone infine l’accento sull’indiscutibile abilità della Carmignani nel saper mantenere la dicotomia testuale tra realismo e mistero, riferendosi anche all’importanza della collaborazione tra lo scrittore e il traduttore, legame che senza dubbio è possibile cogliere nella traduzione Il paese di Juan.

Safety and therapeutic efficacy of adoptive p53-specific T cell antigen receptor (TCR) gene transfer

Immunotherapy with T cells genetically modified by retroviral transfer of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific T cell receptors (TCR) is a promising approach in targeting cancer. Therefore, using a universal TAA to target different tumor entities by only one therapeutic approach was the main criteria for our TAA-specific TCR. Here, an optimized (opt) αβ-chain p53(264-272)-specific and an opt single chain (sc) p53(264-272)-specific TCR were designed, to reduce mispairing reactions of endogenous and introduced TCR α and TCR β-chains, which might lead to off-target autoimmune reactions, similar to Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). rnIn this study we evaluated the safety issues, which rise by the risk of p53TCR gene transfer-associated on/off-target toxicities as well as the anti-tumor response in vivo in a syngeneic HLA-A*0201 transgenic mouse model. We could successfully demonstrate that opt sc p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells prevent TCR mispairing-mediated lethal off-target autoimmunity in contrast to the parental opt αβ-chain p53-specific TCR. Since the sc p53-specific TCR proofed to be safe, all further studies were performed using sc p53-specific TCR redirected T cells only. Infusion of p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells in Human p53 knock-in (Hupki) mice after lymphodepletion-preconditioning regimen with either sublethal body irradiation (5Gy) or chemotherapy (fludarabine and cyclophosphamide) in combination with vaccination (anti-CD40, CpG1668 and p53(257-282) peptide) did not result in a depletion of hematopoietic cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of high numbers of p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells in combination with Interleukin 2 (IL-2) also did not lead to toxic on-target reactions. The absence of host tissue damage was confirmed by histology and flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells were able to lyse p53+A2.1+ tumor cells in vitro. However, in vivo studies revealed the potent suppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment (TME) mediated by tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Accordingly, we could improve an insufficient anti-tumor response in vivo after injection of the sc p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells by additional depletion of immunosuppressive cells of the myeloid lineage.rnTogether, these data suggest that the optimized sc p53(264-272)-specific TCR may represent a safe and efficient approach for TCR-based gene therapy. However, combinations of immunotherapeutic strategies are needed to enhance the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT)-mediated anti-tumor responses.

Comment (ne pas) devenir Parisien - Le guide ultime du parfait autochtone de la capitale: proposta di traduzione

L’objet de ce mémoire de maîtrise est la traduction du français en italien du guide humoristique Comment (ne pas) devenir Parisien – Le guide ultime du parfait autochtone de la capitale, écrit par la journaliste Caroline Rochet et publié en 2012 par Leduc.s Éditions. Ce mémoire a pour but de relier les aspects pratiques de la traduction avec ses principes théoriques et représente une piste de réflexion sur la nature complexe et fascinante de la traduction considérée comme médiation culturelle. Ce mémoire se compose de cinq chapitres : après une introduction illustrant la structure et les buts du mémoire, le premier chapitre présente l’œuvre originale, sa maison d’édition et l’auteur du guide. Le deuxième chapitre est dédié à l’analyse du texte : au genre textuel et à la typologie textuelle de l’œuvre, à son style, au profil socio-professionnel de la langue de l’auteur et au bagage de connaissances du destinataire. Le troisième chapitre expose le parcours d’approfondissement théorique suivi pour arriver au choix de la stratégie traductive convenable, c’est-à-dire la valorisation de la composante exotique. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré à la traduction du texte. Le dernier chapitre est constitué par deux sections : un commentaire sur les principaux aspects problématiques rencontrés pendant la traduction et sur les tactiques adoptées pour les résoudre (information invariante, information modifiée, information ajoutée et contenu éliminé) ; un commentaire dédié à la phase de rédaction d’un texte qui respecte le genre, le style et le fil conducteur du guide, c’est-à-dire l’ironie, ainsi que la formule d’interlocution la plus adapte à ce texte en langue italienne. Ces cinq chapitres sont suivis par une conclusion qui résume les différentes phases rencontrées pendant la traduction et est accompagnée par une réflexion sur la médiation interlinguistique considérée comme art d’écrire, liberté mais prise de responsabilité aussi.

La línea editorial: una cuestión de Pragmática. El caso de ABC y El País

L’elaborato ha come oggetto l’analisi di alcune tecniche di attenuazione e intensificazione ricorrenti nel linguaggio giornalistico spagnolo. Per l’analisi e si forniranno molteplici esempi tratti dagli articoli di due giornali prestigiosi: ABC ed El País. Gli articoli scelti sono rilevanti per il loro contenuto in quanto trattano alcune tematiche particolarmente controverse nella società spagnola. L’elaborato si suddivide in tre capitoli: nel primo si traccia una breve storia del giornalismo, nel secondo si introduce il concetto di linea editoriale e nel terzo si presenterà la proposta di analisi.

Quantitative multiparameter assays to measure the effect of adjuvants on human antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses

Large numbers and functionally competent T cells are required to protect from diseases for which antibody-based vaccines have consistently failed (1), which is the case for many chronic viral infections and solid tumors. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines aim at the induction of strong antigen-specific T-cell responses. Novel adjuvants have considerably improved the capacity of synthetic vaccines to activate T cells, but more research is necessary to identify optimal compositions of potent vaccine formulations. Consequently, there is a great need to develop accurate methods for the efficient identification of antigen-specific T cells and the assessment of their functional characteristics directly ex vivo. In this regard, hundreds of clinical vaccination trials have been implemented during the last 15 years, and monitoring techniques become more and more standardized.

The role of choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the management of patients with prostate-specific antigen progression after radical treatment of prostate cancer

Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is a currently used diagnostic tool in restaging prostate cancer (PCa) patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after either radical prostatectomy (RP) or external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). However, no final recommendations have been made on the use of this modality for patient management.

CD69 modulates sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced migration of skin dendritic cells

In this study, we have investigated the role of CD69, an early inducible leukocyte activation receptor, in murine dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, maturation, and migration. Skin DCs and DC subsets present in mouse lymphoid organs express CD69 in response to maturation stimuli. Using a contact sensitization model, we show that skin DCs migrated more efficiently to draining lymph nodes (LNs) in the absence of CD69. This was confirmed by subcutaneous transfer of CD69-/- DCs, which presented an increased migration to peripheral LNs. Two-photon microscopy analysis showed that once DCs reached the LNs, CD69 deficiency did not alter DC interstitial motility in the LNs. Chemotaxis to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was enhanced in CD69-/- DCs compared with wild-type DCs. Accordingly, we detected a higher expression of S1P receptor type-1 (S1P(1)) by CD69-/- DCs, whereas S1P(3) expression levels were similar in wild-type and CD69-/- DCs. Moreover, in vivo treatment with S1P analogs SEW2871 and FTY720 during skin sensitization reduced skin DC migration to peripheral LNs. These results suggest that CD69 regulates S1P-induced skin DC migration by modulating S1P(1) function. Together, our findings increase our knowledge on DC trafficking patterns in the skin, enabling the development of new directed therapies using DCs for antigen (Ag) delivery.

Comparative analysis of four lipoproteins from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony identifies LppA as a major T-cell antigen

Control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC), remains an important goal in Africa. Subunit vaccines triggering B and T-cell responses could represent a promising approach. To this aim, the T-cell immunogenicity of four MmmSC lipoproteins (LppA, LppB, LppC and LppQ), present in African strains and able to elicit humoral response, was evaluated. In vitro assays revealed that only LppA was recognized by lymph node lymphocytes taken from three cattle, 3 weeks after MmmSC exposure. Maintenance of the LppA-specific response, relying on CD4 T-cells and IFN gamma production, was then demonstrated 1 year after infection. LppA is thus an important target for the CD4 T-cells generated early after MmmSC infection and persisting in the lymph nodes of recovered cattle. Its role as a protective antigen and ability to in vivo trigger both arms of the host immune response remain to be evaluated.

Cloning, production and characterization of antigen 5 like proteins from Simulium vittatum and Culicoides nubeculosus, the first cross-reactive allergen associated with equine insect bite hypersensitivity

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an IgE-mediated seasonal dermatitis of the horses associated with bites of Simulium (black fly) and Culicoides (midge) species. Although cross-reactivity between Simulium and Culicoides salivary gland extracts has been demonstrated, the molecular nature of the allergens responsible for the observed cross-reactivity remains to be elucidated. In this report we demonstrate for the first time in veterinary medicine that a homologous allergen, present in the salivary glands of both insects, shows extended IgE cross-reactivity in vitro and in vivo. The cDNA sequences coding for both antigen 5 like allergens termed Sim v 1 and Cul n 1 were amplified by PCR, subcloned in high level expression vectors, and produced as [His](6)-tagged proteins in Escherichia coli. The highly pure recombinant proteins were used to investigate the prevalence of sensitization in IBH-affected horses by ELISA and their cross-reactive nature by Western blot analyses, inhibition ELISA and intradermal skin tests (IDT). The prevalence of sensitization to Sim v 1 and Cul n 1 among 48 IBH-affected horses was 37% and 35%, respectively. In contrast, serum IgE levels to both allergens in 24 unaffected horses did not show any value above background. Both proteins strongly bound serum IgE from IBH-affected horses in Western blot analyses, demonstrating the allergenic nature of the recombinant proteins. Extended inhibition ELISA experiments clearly showed that Sim v 1 in fluid phase is able to strongly inhibit binding of serum IgE to solid phase coated Cul n 1 in a concentration dependent manner and vice versa. This crucial experiment shows that the allergens share common IgE-binding epitopes. IDT with Sim v 1 and Cul n 1 showed clear immediate and late phase reactions to the allergen challenges IBH-affected horses, whereas unaffected control horses do not develop relevant immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In some horses, however, mild late phase reactions were observed 4h post-challenge, a phenomenon reported to occur also in challenge experiments with Simulium and Culicoides crude extracts probably related to lipopolysaccaride contaminations which are also present in E. coli-expressed recombinant proteins. In conclusion our data demonstrate that IgE-mediated cross-reactivity to homologous allergens, a well-known clinically relevant phenomenon in human allergy, also occurs in veterinary allergy.

Role of retroviral restriction factors in the interferon-α-mediated suppression of HIV-1 in vivo

The antiviral potency of the cytokine IFN-α has been long appreciated but remains poorly understood. A number of studies have suggested that induction of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3) and bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2/tetherin/CD317) retroviral restriction factors underlies the IFN-α-mediated suppression of HIV-1 replication in vitro. We sought to characterize the as-yet-undefined relationship between IFN-α treatment, retroviral restriction factors, and HIV-1 in vivo. APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and BST-2 expression levels were measured in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected, antiretroviral therapy-naïve individuals before, during, and after pegylated IFN-α/ribavirin (IFN-α/riba) combination therapy. IFN-α/riba therapy decreased HIV-1 viral load by -0.921 (±0.858) log(10) copies/mL in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. APOBEC3G/3F and BST-2 mRNA expression was significantly elevated during IFN-α/riba treatment in patient-derived CD4+ T cells (P < 0.04 and P < 0.008, paired Wilcoxon), and extent of BST-2 induction was correlated with reduction in HIV-1 viral load during treatment (P < 0.05, Pearson's r). APOBEC3 induction during treatment was correlated with degree of viral hypermutation (P < 0.03, Spearman's ρ), and evolution of the HIV-1 accessory protein viral protein U (Vpu) during IFN-α/riba treatment was suggestive of increased BST-2-mediated selection pressure. These data suggest that host restriction factors play a critical role in the antiretroviral capacity of IFN-α in vivo, and warrant investigation into therapeutic strategies that specifically enhance the expression of these intrinsic immune factors in HIV-1-infected individuals.