Relative importance of female-specific and non-female-specific effects on variation in iron stores between women

Women have lower iron stores than men because of iron loss during their reproductive years. However, variation between women could result from differences in iron loss, aspects of iron homeostasis common to men and women, or a combination of both. We compared the effects of age, menopause, menstrual blood loss and the number of pregnancies (sex-specific factors), and the effects of genetic variation, on markers of iron stores. We assessed how much the same genes or other familial factors influence iron status in both men and women. Data from 2039 female twins who participated in studies of reproductive health and iron status were used to estimate the proportions of variation that could be ascribed to genes, environment and measured factors. Significant effects of age, menopausal status and magnitude of menstrual blood loss were demonstrated, accounting for up to 18% of variance in serum ferritin in this sample, but number of children had no significant effect. Genetic effects were more than twice as great as sex-specific effects. The within-pair similarity of ferritin values in dizygotic female twin pairs was greater than for dizygotic opposite-sex pairs, but this difference was not quite significant, consistent with a minor role for sex-specific factors; and the opposite-sex within-pair differences did not diminish significantly with age. We conclude that the contribution of genetic differences between women to variation in iron stores outweighs the comparatively small effects of interindividual variation in iron loss through variation in menstruation and number of pregnancies.

Back to (non)-Basics: Recent developments in neutral and charge-balanced glycosidase inhibitors

Certain glycosidase inhibitors possess potent antiviral, antitumour and antidiabetic properties. Glyconic acid lactones, the earliest glycosidase inhibitors identified, have planar anomeric carbons that mimic the transition state of glycoside hydrolysis. Other classes include lactams, glycals, epoxides, halides and sulfonium ions, the latter based on the natural product salacinol from an antidiabetic herb.

Acquired myasthenia gravis associated with a non-invasive thymic carcinoma in a dog

An 8 1/2-year-old neutered male Beagle was diagnosed with acquired myasthenia gravis associated with a non-invasive thymic carcinoma. The thymic mass was surgically excised and the dog was treated with pyridostigmine, prednisolone and azathioprine. Serial acetylcholine receptor antibody titres were increased initially but slowly declined to normal values over a period of 24 weeks. Improved exercise tolerance was seen following therapy, however, oesophageal dysfunction persisted. The dog was euthanased 26 weeks after initial presentation due to a complicating illness. A necropsy showed no regrowth or metastasis of the thymic carcinoma.

High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients

Background Wide testing of the aldosterone: renin ratio among hypertensive individuals has revealed primary aldosteronism to be common, with most patients normokalaemic. Some investigators, however, have reported aldosterone-producing adenoma to be rare among patients so detected. Objective To test the hypothesis that differences among reported studies in the rate of detection of aldosterone-producing adenoma (as opposed to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia) reflect differences in the procedures used for diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, and the methods used to identify aldosterone-producing adenomas. Methods In the newly established Princess Alexandra Hospital Hypertension Unit (PAHHU), we used procedures developed by Greenslopes Hospital Hypertension Unit (which reports that more than 30% of patients with primary aldosteronism have aldosterone-producing adenomas) to diagnose primary aldosteronism and determine the subtype. All patients with an increased aldosterone: renin ratio (measured after correction for hypokalaemia and while the patient was not receiving interfering medications) underwent fludrocortisone suppression testing to confirm or exclude primary aldosteronism; if they were positive, they underwent genetic testing to exclude glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism before adrenal venous sampling was used to differentiate lateralizing from bilateral primary aldosteronism. Results This approach allowed PAHHU to diagnose, within 2 years, 54 patients [only seven (13%) hypokalaemic] with primary aldosteronism. All tested negative for glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. Aldosterone production was lateralized to one adrenal in 15 patients (31%; only six hypokalaemic) and was bilateral in 34 (69%; all normokalaemic) of 49 patients who underwent adrenal venous sampling. Among patients with lateralizing adrenal hyperplasia, computed tomography revealed an ipsilateral mass in only six and a contralateral lesion in one. Fourteen patients underwent unilateral adrenalectomy, which cured the hypertension in seven and improved it in the remainder. In patients with bilateral primary aldlosteronism, hypertension responded to spironolactone (112.5-50 mg/ day) or amiloride (2.5-10 mg/day). Conclusion When performed with careful regard to confounding factors, measurement of the aldosterone: renin ratio in all hypertensive individuals, followed by fludrocortisone suppression testing to confirm or exclude primary aldosteronism and adrenal venous sampling to determine the subtype, can result in the detection of significant numbers of patients with specifically treatable or potentially curable hypertension. (C) 2003 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Time will tell: Ambiguous non-responses on internet relay chat

The design of Internet Relay Chat (IRC) affords for, and itself produces, non-response situations that are not possible in FTF or telephone interaction. These system-occasioned nonresponses produce almost isomorphic stimuli to participant non-responses. Situations thus arise in which non-responses are interpersonally accountable despite agentive ambiguity. This study explores four intersections of participant-action and system-occasioned non-responses. An extension to Pomerantz's (1984b) 'pursuing a response' problems/solutions is proposed. The impact of IRC's design on its popularity is discussed in contrast to more recent chat systems. Suggestions are made for active and passive presence and non-response accounting features in future chat systems.

The use of 16s rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for the identification of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli in a cystic fibrosis microbiology referral service

The utility of 16s rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the partial genomovar differentiation of Burkholderia cepacia complex bacterium is well documented. We compared the 16s rDNA RFLP signatures for a number of non-fermenting gram negative bacilli (NF GNB) LMG control strains and clinical isolates pertaining to the genera Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter (Alcaligenes), Ralstonia, Stenotrophomonas and Pandoraea. A collection of 24 control strain (LMG) and 25 clinical isolates were included in the study. Using conventional PCR, a 1.2 kbp 16s rDNA fragment was generated for each organism. Following restriction digestion and electrophoresis, each clinical isolate RFLP signature was compared to those of the control strain panel. Nineteen different RFLP signatures were detected from the 28 control strains included in the study. TwentyoneyTwenty- five of the clinical isolates could be classified by RFLP analysis into a single genus and species when compared to the patterns produced by the control strain panel. Four clinical B. pseudomallei isolates produced RFLP signatures which were indistinguishable from B. cepacia genomovars I, III and VIII. The identity of these four isolates were confirmed using B. pseudomallei specific PCR. 16s rDNA RFLP analysis can be a useful identification strategy when applied to NF GNB, particularly for those which exhibit colistin sulfate resistance. The use of this molecular based methodology has proved very useful in the setting of a CF referral laboratory particularly when utilised in conjunction with B. cepacia complex and genomovar specific PCR techniques. Species specific PCR or sequence analysis should be considered for selected isolates; especially where discrepancies between epidemiology, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics occur.

Adsorption of supercritical fluids in non-porous and porous carbons: analysis of adsorbed phase volume and density

In this paper, we revisit the surface mass excess in adsorption studies and investigate the role of the volume of the adsorbed phase and its density in the analysis of supercritical gas adsorption in non-porous as well as microporous solids. For many supercritical fluids tested (krypton, argon, nitrogen, methane) on many different carbonaceous solids, it is found that the volume of the adsorbed phase is confined mostly to a geometrical volume having a thickness of up to a few molecular diameters. At high pressure the adsorbed phase density is also found to be very close to but never equal or greater than the liquid phase density. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Programa times de resultados

O Banco do Nordeste, a partir de 1995, iniciou um profundo processo de mudan??a organizacional ??? redefini????o e amplia????o dos neg??cios, redefini????o das estrat??gias, reorienta????o na forma de funcionamento e inser????o de novas concep????es na gest??o de pessoas. Havia a necessidade de uma maior intera????o da Dire????o Geral (??reas estrat??gicas) com as unidades de neg??cios e uma melhor comunica????o sobre as estrat??gias adotadas para o processo de mudan??a organizacional. Fazia-se necess??rio criar uma ambi??ncia para sustenta????o desse processo de mudan??as, que possibilitasse o aprofundamento dos conceitos e pressupostos do novo modelo organizacional e proporcionasse o desenvolvimento das equipes e conseq??entemente a melhoria dos resultados empresarias. Desde a cria????o do Programa em 1997, foram realizadas 333 oficinas, sendo que deste total 86 j?? se constitu??ram segunda oficina. Anualmente, ?? realizado acompanhamento de p??s-venda das oficinas, o que tem gerado registros em torno de 1.373 depoimentos positivos de gestores e colaboradores sobre o Programa. Desde a sua cria????o, foram gerados 4.093 compromissos de melhoria cont??nua nas dimens??es estrat??gias, processos e pessoas, transformando positivamente a realidade das unidades

Non-volant tetrapods from Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas, State of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil

A Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas (2.190 ha) é um dos maiores remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do Estado do Espírito Santo, Sudeste do Brasil. Nós amostramos tetrápodes não voadores nessa área entre maio de 2007 e abril de 2008, utilizando armadilhas de queda, armadilhas de isca, armadilhas fotográficas e buscas oportunísticas diurnas e noturnas. Além disso, nós compilamos registros de vertebrados não voadores ocorrentes nesta área disponíveis na literatura e através de espécimes em museus. Nós documentamos 52 espécies de anfíbios, 24 espécies de répteis não voadores e 39 espécies de mamíferos não voadores. Do total de 115 espécies, 47 configuram novos registros para a área e seis outras espécies tiveram sua distribuição geográfica ampliada com os resultados do presente estudo. Além disso, apresentamos o registro de predação da perereca Hypsiboas faber pela serpente Chironius bicarinatus. Cinco das espécies registradas são listadas como ameaçadas no Estado do Espírito Santo e muitas outras possuem estado de conservação incerto. A Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas é um importante refúgio de vida selvagem, principalmente quando consideramos a expansão de áreas urbanas no seu entorno.

O não-lugar dos professores nos entrelugares de formação continuada

O artigo faz uma análise dos sistemas de representação de professores, delegados eleitos para participarem do GT — Formação e Valorização do Magistério, por ocasião da realização do Seminário Estadual de Política Educacional do Espírito Santo, sobre os processos de formação continuada desenvolvidos pela Secretaria de Educação. Utiliza como referencial de análise as categorias de não-lugar, lugar, espaços-tempos e comunidades compartilhadas, a partir das obras de Lefebvre (1983), Augé (1994), Certeau (2001) e Santos (2000), dentre outros. Trabalha com metodologia baseada em coleta de dados por meio de questionário composto de questões abertas e fechadas. Aponta como resultado que o sistema de representação de professores enuncia a necessidade de instauração de processos de formação continuada voltados para a "utópica" de constituição de um coletivo escolar que supere, por meio de comunidades compartilhadas, o não-lugar por eles ocupado até então.

Formas de aplicação de inoculante e seus efeitos sobre a nodulação da soja

Atualmente, tem-se difundido a aplicação de inoculante no sulco de semeadura na cultura da soja, mas há poucas informações que dão suporte a essa prática e comprovam sua eficiência em diferentes ambientes manejados sob plantio direto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade da aplicação de inoculantes na cultura da soja, via semente e sulco de semeadura, em solo já cultivado ou não com soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos em campo a partir de dezembro de 2004 em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, seguindo o mesmo método e tratamentos, porém em dois locais distintos, com ou sem cultivo anterior de soja. Foram testados oito tratamentos: (1) inoculação via semente (inoculante + fungicida + micronutriente); (2) sem inoculação (fungicida + micronutriente); (3) testemunha (semente pura, sem tratamento); (4) aplicação no sulco-dose 1 (dose do inoculante recomendada no sulco); (5) aplicação no sulco-dose 2 (duas vezes a dose recomendada no sulco); (6) aplicação no sulco-dose 3 (três vezes a dose recomendada no sulco); (7) sulco-dose 1 + inoculação via semente; e (8) adubação com N (200 kg ha-1 N). Foram avaliados massa de matéria seca de nódulos e número de nódulos totais e nódulos viáveis e não-viáveis aos 30 e 75 dias após emergência. A melhor nodulação foi obtida com aplicação de inoculante + fungicida + micronutriente via semente no solo ainda não cultivado. No solo previamente cultivado com soja, destacaram-se os tratamentos uma e duas vezes a dose do inoculante no sulco. Menores valores de massa seca de nódulos na soja foram obtidos no tratamento com adubação mineral. A aplicação via sulco do inoculante mostrou-se uma prática viável, em razão da semelhança dos resultados obtidos com a aplicação tradicional via semente.

Terrorism as war by other means: national security and state support for terrorism

The conventional approach in the discipline of International Relations is to treat terrorist organizations as "non-state" actors of international relations. However, this approach is problematic due to the fact that most terrorist organizations are backed or exploited by some states. In this article, I take issue with the non-stateness of terrorist organizations and seek to answer the question of why so many states, at times, support terrorist organizations. I argue that in the face of rising threats to national security in an age of devastating wars, modern nation states tend to provide support to foreign terrorist organizations that work against their present and imminent enemies. I elaborate on my argument studying three cases of state support for terrorism: Iranian support for Hamas, Syrian support for the PKK, and American support for the MEK. The analyses suggest that, for many states, terror is nothing but war by other means.