Fabrication et caractérisation de cellules solaires organiques nanostructurées par la méthode de nanoimpression thermique

La morphologie des couches actives des cellules solaires organiques joue un rôle important sur l’efficacité de conversion de l’énergie solaire en énergie électrique de ces dispositifs. Les hétérojonctions planaires et les hétérojonctions en volume sont les plus communément utilisées. Cependant, la morphologie idéale pour l’efficacité se situerait à mis chemin entre celles-ci. Il s’agit de l’hétérojonction nanostructurée qui augmenterait la surface entre les couches actives de matériaux tout en favorisant le transport des porteurs de charge. L’objectif de ce projet de maîtrise est d’étudier l’impact de l’implantation de nanostructures dans les cellules solaires organiques sur leurs performances photovoltaïques. Pour ce faire, on utilise la méthode de nanoimpression thermique sur le matériau donneur, le P3HT, afin que celui-ci forme une interface nanostructurée avec le matériau accepteur, le PCBM. Pour effectuer les nanoimpressions, des moules en alumine nanoporeuse ont été fabriqués à l’aide du procédé d’anodisation en deux temps développé par Masuda et al. Ces moules ont subi un traitement afin de faciliter leur séparation du P3HT. Les agents antiadhésifs PDMS et FTDS ont été utilisés à cette fin. Les résultats obtenus témoignent de la complexité d’exécution du procédé de nanoimpression. Il a été démontré que la pression appliquée durant le procédé, la tension superficielle des éléments en contact et les dimensions des nanopores des moules sont des paramètres critiques pour le succès des nanoimpressions. Ceux-ci ont donc dû être optimisés de manière à réussir cette opération. Ainsi, des cellules à interface nanostructurée à 25% avec des nanobâtonnets de 35 nm de hauteur ont pu être fabriquées. Les cellules nanostructurées ont démontré une efficacité 2,3 ± 0,6 fois supérieure aux cellules sans nanostructures, dites planaires. D’autre part, un solvant a été proposé pour diminuer l’interdiffusion entre les couches de P3HT et de PCBM pouvant altérer les nanostructures. Ce phénomène bien connu survient lors du dépot de la couche de PCBM avec le dichlorométhane, un solvant orthogonal avec ces matériaux. Des mesures au TOF-SIMS ont démontré que le limonène permet de diminuer l’interdiffusion entre les couches de P3HT et de PCBM, ce qui en fait un meilleur solvant orthogonal que le dichlorométhane.

Study the methods of connecting jacket to the seabed and choosing the best method for Persian Gulf according to soil characteristics

Offshore structures with numerous applications in different environments throughout the world and used at different depths. Due to the expansion of marine industries, including offshore oil industry in Iran , particularly in the Persian Gulf region, in order to more accurately model these structures and to prevent incidents such as the Overturning of the platform serious damage to the South Pars Phase ١٣ was platforms, the use New Technic is essential technologies. One of the methods that are used in the construction of offshore wind turbines, using a pre-pile. In this method, a template is constructed with the dimensions specified in the workshop. After making templates using special vessels for placement in the desired location on the sea bed is carried, then the template is placed on the sea bed, Then, using a hammer for Pile Driving Operation Started Vibration hammer and fit the template of 3 or 4 piles of crushed within this template on the seabed . The next step piling, templates have been removed from the site And Jacket placed on piles. The system was installed on the deck on piles and Consequently Deck Load pile inserted on .It should be noted that the design of these types of platforms, base diameter of the pile diameter independent of the choice as one of the major advantages of this system is. This thesis examines a Template Fixed Platform in the oil Soroush Using the Pre-Piling and the Common Piling systems in the Persian Gulf were studied and the effect of different design compared to the Pre-Piling Platforms Persian Gulf were evaluated. The results suggest that Pre-Piling system compared with conventional systems piling in the Persian Gulf, as a more appropriate model structure and behavior Top Model economic efficiency is selected. It should be noted that all calculations and analyzes were performed using Software Abaqus.

The Effect of Architecture and Shear Stress on Endothelialization of 3D Printed Vascular Networks

Despite significant progress in the field of tissue engineering within the last decade, a number of unsolved problems still remain. One of the most relevant issues is the lack of proper vascularization that limits the size of engineered tissues to smaller than clinically relevant dimensions. In particular, the growth of engineered tissue in vitro within bioreactors is plagued with this challenge. Specifically, the tubular perfusion system bioreactor has been used for large scale bone constructs; however these engineered constructs lack inherent vasculature and quickly develop a hypoxic core, where no nutrient exchange can occur, thus leading to cell death. Through the use of 3D printed vascular templates in conjunction with a tubular perfusion system bioreactor, we attempt to create an endothelial cell monolayer on 3D scaffolds that could potentially serve as the foundation of inherent vasculature within these engineered bone grafts.

Dispositifs optoélectroniques à base de semi-conducteurs organiques en couches minces

Les petites molécules de type p à bandes interdites étroites sont de plus en plus perçues comme des remplaçantes possibles aux polymères semi-conducteurs actuellement utilisés conjointement avec des dérivés de fullerènes de type n, dans les cellules photovoltaïques organiques (OPV). Par contre, ces petites molécules tendent à cristalliser facilement lors de leur application en couches minces et forment difficilement des films homogènes appropriés. Des dispositifs OPV de type hétérojonction de masse ont été réalisés en ajoutant différentes espèces de polymères semi-conducteurs ou isolants, agissant comme matrices permettant de rectifier les inhomogénéités des films actifs et d’augmenter les performances des cellules photovoltaïques. Des polymères aux masses molaires spécifiques ont été synthétisés par réaction de Wittig en contrôlant précisément les ratios molaires des monomères et de la base utilisée. L’effet de la variation des masses molaires en fonction des morphologies de films minces obtenus et des performances des diodes organiques électroluminescentes reliées, a également été étudié. La microscopie électronique en transmission (MET) ou à balayage (MEB) a été employée en complément de la microscopie à force atomique (AFM) pour suivre l’évolution de la morphologie des films organiques minces. Une nouvelle méthode rapide de préparation des films pour l’imagerie MET sur substrats de silicium est également présentée et comparée à d’autres méthodes d’extraction. Motivé par le prix élevé et la rareté des métaux utilisés dans les substrats d’oxyde d’indium dopé à l’étain (ITO), le développement d’une nouvelle méthode de recyclage eco-responsable des substrats utilisés dans ces études est également présenté.

Portveb.com : um site para programadores e webdesigners

As exigências da sociedade atual obrigam a mudanças tecnológicas cada vez mais rápidas e constantes para satisfazer as necessidades empresariais, especialmente no que concerne à transmissão de informações de forma cada vez mais rápidas, mas sempre mantendo um elevado padrão de qualidade de conteúdos, bem como níveis de segurança elevados para impedir que os mesmos sejam corrompidos. Desde o aparecimento da Internet que a informação circula de forma cada vez mais veloz, em maiores quantidades e alcança cada vez mais pessoas. No entanto, nem todas as pessoas têm acesso a conteúdos de qualidade, sendo nesse ponto que o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho terá importância na respectiva área. O portveb.com é um website que pretende colmatar uma carência de conteúdos de qualidade para especialistas web designers, programadores e optimizadores de motores de busca. A importância do trabalho desenvolvido deve-se à escassez de websites da referida temática, sendo uma oportunidade para explorar a utilização de soluções técnicas como o Bootstrap, HTML, CSS, Javacript, PHP, MYSQL e desenvolver um website cuja funcionalidade não esteja só restrita a computadores pessoais, mas também a plataformas móveis. O desenvolvimento do website portveb.com demonstrou que a utilização das soluções técnicas já referidas foram a melhor opção do que concerne à obtenção de resultados, por assentar em plataformas onde não foi necessário elaborar um design de raíz, sendo que a interacção com bases de dados como PHP e MySQL tornaram o website mais dinâmico. A realização deste trabalho possibilitou ainda a descoberta de potencialidades do website para soluções técnicas futuras que se destinam a aumentar a partilha de conhecimento entre os utilizadores de forma mais prática e eficiente.

ENGINEERING HIERARCHICAL MESO-/MICROPOROUS LAMELLAR ZEOLITES WITH VARIABLE TEXTURAL AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES

Meso-/microporous zeolites combine the charactersitics of well-defined micropores of zeolite with efficient mass transfer consequences of mesopores to increase the efficiency of the catalysts in reactions involving bulky molecules. Different methods such as demetallation and templating have been explored for the synthesis of meso-/microporous zeolites. However, they all have limitations in production of meso-/microporous zeolites with tunable textural and catalytic properties using few synthesis steps. To address this challenge, a simple one-step dual template synthesis approach has been developed in this work to engineer lamellar meso-/microporous zeolites structures with tunable textural and catalytic properties. First, one-step dual template synthesis of meso-/microporous mordenite framework inverted (MFI) zeolite structures was investigated. Tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) and diquaternary ammonium surfactant ([C22H45-N+(CH3)2-C6H12-N+(CH3)2-C6H13]Br2, C22-6-6) were used as templates to produce micropores and mesopores, respectively. The variation in concentration ratios of dual templates and hydrothermal synthesis conditions resulted in production of multi-lamellar MFI and the hybrid lamellar-bulk MFI (HLBM) zeolite structures. The relationship between the morphology, porosity, acidity, and catalytic properties of these catalysts was systematically studied. Then, the validity of the proposed synthesis approach for production of other types of zeolites composites was examined by creating a meso-/microporous bulk polymorph A (BEA)-lamellar MFI (BBLM) composite. The resulted composite samples showed higher catalytic stability compared to their single component zeolites. The studies demonstrated the high potential of the one-step dual template synthesis procedure for engineering the textural and catalytic properties of the synthesized zeolites.

Membrana de alumina anódica: comportamento da microestrutura e estudo das propriedades ópticas após tratamento térmico

Thin commercial aluminum electrolytic and passed through reactions was obtained with anodic alumina membranes nanopores. These materials have applications in areas recognized electronic, biomedical, chemical and biological weapons, especially in obtaining nanostructures using these membranes as a substrate or template for processing nanowires, nanodots and nanofibers for applications noble. Previous studies showed that the membranes that have undergone heat treatment temperature to 1300° C underwent changes in morphology, crystal structure and optical properties. This aim, this thesis, a study of the heat treatment of porous anodic alumina membranes, in order to obtain and to characterize the behavior changes structures during the crystallization process of the membranes, at temperatures ranging between 300 and 1700° C. It was therefore necessary to mount a system formed by a tubular furnace resistive alumina tube and controlled environment, applying flux with special blend of Ag-87% and 13% N2, in which argon had the role of carrying out the oxygen nitrogen system and induce the closing of the pores during the densification of the membrane. The duration of heat treatment ranged from 60 to 15 minutes, at temperatures from 300 to 1700° C respectively. With the heat treatment occurred: a drastic reduction of porosity, grain growth and increased translucency of the membrane. For the characterization of the membranes were analyzed properties: Physical - thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area; morphological - SEM, EDS through compositional and, optical absorbance, and transmittance in the UV-VIS, and FTIR. The results using the SEM showed that crystallization has occurred, densification and significant changes in membrane structure, as well as obtaining microtube, the BET analysis showed a decrease in specific surface area of the membranes has to 44.381 m2.g-1 to less than 1.8 m2.g-1 and in the analysis of transmittance and absorbance was found a value of 16.5% in the range of 800 nm, characteristic of the near infrared and FTIR have confirmed the molecular groups of the material. Thus, one can say that the membranes were mixed characteristics and properties which qualify for use in gas filtration system, as well as applications in the range of optical wavelength of the infra-red, and as a substrate of nanomaterials. This requires the continuation and deepening of additional study

Estudos comparativos do ciclo de regeneração de diferentes tipos de silicoaluminofosfatos

Different types of heterogeneous catalysts of the silicoaluminophosphate type, (SAPO-5, SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-34 and SAPO-41), molecular sieves with a: AFI, AEL, ATO, CHA and AFO structure, respectively, were synthesized through the hydrothermal method. Using sources such as hydrated alumina (pseudobohemita), phosphoric acid, silica gel, water, as well as, different types of organic structural templates, such as: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMABr), di-isopropylamine (DIPA), di-n- propylamine (DNPA) and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEOS), for the respective samples. During the preparation of the silicoaluminophosphates, the crystallization process of the samples occurred at a temperature of approximately 200 ° C, ranging through periods of 18-72 h, when it was possible to obtain pure phases for the SAPOs. The materials were furthermore washed with deionized water, dried and calcined to remove the molecules of the templates. Subsequently the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region (FT-IR), specific surface area and thermal analysis via TG/DTG. The acidic properties were determined using adsorption of n-butylamine followed by programmed termodessorption. These methods revealed that the SAPO samples showed a typically weak to moderate acidity. However, a small amount of strong acid sites was also detected. The deactivation of the catalysts was conducted by artificially coking the samples, followed by n-hexane cracking reactions in a fixed bed with a continuous flow micro-reactor coupled on line to a gas chromatograph. The main products obtained were: ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, n-pentane and isopentane. The Vyazovkin (model-free) kinetics method was used to determine the catalysts regeneration and removal of the coke

A Organização e os Dispositivos Móveis

O uso de dispositivos móveis está a ganhar cada vez mais espaço dentro das organizações. O aumento do consumo de material informático por parte dos consumidores está a levar a que os mesmos comecem a tentar utilizar os seus dispositivos móveis1 Notebooks, Tablets e Smartphones no interior das organizações. Este tipo de comportamento, levou ao aparecimento de uma nova tendência – o Bring Your Own Device (BYOD), a utilização de dispositivos móveis para fins laborais, levanta várias e sérias questões de segurança aos departamentos de TI das organizações, fazendo com que as organizações necessitem de definir novas políticas de segurança para que a sua informação e os seus dados se mantenham seguros. O trabalho adiante desenvolvido pretende mostrar de que forma as organizações veem esta mudança de paradigma, em que os próprios colaboradores utilizam os seus dispositivos móveis como ferramenta de trabalho na organização. Por outro lado analisar os modelos de segurança que se podem associar ao BYOD e aos dispositivos móveis para permitir uma maior segurança dos dados e informação que circula entre a organização e o dispositivo móvel.

Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Materials by Dry Etching

A novel synthesis method for ordered mesoporous carbons is presented. The inverse replication of a silica template was achieved using the carbonization of sucrose within mesoporous KIT-6. Instead of liquid acid etching, as in classical nanocasting, a novel dry chlorine etching procedure for template removal is presented for the first time. The resultant ordered mesostructured carbon material outperforms carbons obtained by conventional hard templating with respect to high specific micro- and mesopore volumes (0.6 and 1.6 cm3 g−1, respectively), due to the presence of a hierarchical pore system. A high specific surface area of 1671 m2 g−1 was achieved, rendering this synthesis route a highly convenient method to produce ordered mesoporous carbons.

Guía didáctica de rúbricas de evaluación para el bloque uno de números y funciones, dirigida a docentes de matemáticas de segundo año de bachillerato

El presente trabajo titulado “Guía Didáctica de Rúbricas de Evaluación para el Bloque Uno de Números y Funciones, dirigida a docentes de matemática de Segundo Año de Bachillerato” ha sido diseñado con la intención de fortalecer el proceso de evaluación a través de la utilización de un nuevo instrumento, la rúbrica; con el objetivo de facilitarla tarea evaluadora del docente. En el primer capítulo, se da a conocer de manera general los cambios que ha sufrido la educación en los últimos años, la necesidad de conocer y relacionar las corrientes pedagógicas innovadoras como el constructivismo y la teoría del aprendizaje significativo con la evaluación del proceso educativo, la didáctica en el ámbito de la matemática, y la implementación de guías didácticas y rúbricas como instrumentos de apoyo para el docente. En el segundo capítulo se busca dar sustento a la propuesta mediante la aplicación de una encuesta, en la cual se evidenciala falta de instrumentos de evaluación que rompan el estigma de la utilización únicamente de pruebas en este proceso, además la factibilidad del uso de una guía didáctica de rúbricas para la matemática. Finalmente, en el tercer capítulo se presentan20 modelos de rúbricas holísticas y analíticas desarrolladas por cada actividad, referidas al Bloque Uno de “Números y Funciones” en base a las Destrezas con Criterio de Desempeño de acuerdo a lo que se establece en el Currículo del sistema educativo ecuatoriano.

An internet-based control engineering laboratory

This paper presents LABNET, an internet-based remote laboratory for control engineering education developed at UEM-University. At present, the remote laboratory integrates three basic physical systems (level control, temperature control and ship stabilizing system). In this paper, the LABNET architecture is presented and discussed in detail. Issues concerned with concurrent user access, local or remote feedback, automatic report generating and reusing of experiment’s templates have been addressed. Furthermore, the experiences gained developing, testing and using the system will be also presented and their consequences for future design.

Entrepreneurship: a long way to go

Entrepreneurship education has emerged as one popular research domain in academic fields given its aim at enhancing and developing certain entrepreneurial qualities of undergraduates that change their state of behavior, even their entrepreneurial inclination and finally may result in the formation of new businesses as well as new job opportunities. This study attempts to investigate the Colombian student´s entrepreneurial qualities and the influence of entrepreneurial education during their studies.

BM: El comercio electrónico como plataforma de comercio internacional para Colombia

Las relaciones Internacionales hoy, se abordan bajo la óptica de la interdependencia Compleja caracterizada por variados canales de acción, una agenda múltiple no jerarquizada y la relevancia del conocimiento y la información, lo que desarrollará agilidad en los procesos, la consolidación del mundo 7 x 241, y la desaparición de las fronteras geográficas. Surge así una nueva visión de la política mundial que privilegia la interacción entre los distintos segmentos de las sociedades nacionales en función de múltiples intereses específicos, dentro de un mundo totalmente transnacionalizado, en el cual debe predominar el concepto de bienestar y específicamente, trabajar enfocados en políticas en materia de productividad y de competitividad por medio del comercio electrónico, para elevar los índices de comercio exterior. En este sentido, la multipolaridad2 se presenta como una característica que representa al sistema mundial de hoy, cuando los centros de poder luchan por desarrollar una infraestructura que apoye la base económica, política y social para impulsar la modernización. Hoy es un hecho, aceptado como natural, el que aunque el Estado siga ejerciendo un papel importante en el orden político internacional, progresivamente el monopolio y la centralización del poder sea disgregado en beneficio de los actores transnacionales, dando lugar a lo que se denomina el Estado de Competencia.

Posibilidad de exportación de frutas liofilizadas al mercado europeo

En el presente trabajo se realiza una investigación acerca de la tecnología de liofilización, que comprende un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. Esto con la finalidad de conocer la posibilidad de exportar frutas liofilizadas a países pertenecientes de la Unión Europea y la EFTA. La investigación inicia con la recolección de información como la historia de la tecnología de liofilización, su proceso, ventajas y desventajas de aplicación, equipos y funciones necesarias para su realización y se ejemplifican dos empresas colombianas que en la actualidad utilizan esta tecnología. Adicionalmente, se evidencia la diferencia que existe entre este proceso y la deshidratación con calor. Posteriormente, se realiza una matriz de selección de países en la que se tienen en cuenta variables políticas, económicas, culturales y legales de los 32 países pertenecientes a la Unión Europea y la EFTA. Con base en esto se eligieron los dos países cuyo resultado presentaba mayor favorabilidad para la actividad a realizar, estos fueron Suiza y Suecia, para los cuales se hizo un estudio de mercado, teniendo en cuenta seis etapas: contactos, potencial de ventas del mercado, análisis competitivo, condiciones de entrada al país, condiciones financieras y de entrada al mercado y selección del país objetivo. Finalmente se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones que la información recolectada permitió obtener.