EPDM/CIIR Blends: Compatibility, Morphology and Physical Properties

A detailed study of the blends of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) and chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) is proposed in this study. These blends may find application in the manufacture of curing diaphragms/curing envelopes for tire curing applications. EPDM possesses better physical properties such as high heat resistance, ozone resistance, cold and moisture resistance, high resistance to permanent defonnation, very good resistance to flex cracking and impact. Because of the low gas and moisture penneability, good weathering resistance and high thermal stability of CIIR, blends of EPDM with CIlR may be attractive, if sufficient mechanical strength can be developed. Although a lot of work has been done on elastomer blends, studies on the blends of EPDM and CIIR rubbers are meagre. Hence in this investigation it is proposed to make a systematic study on the characteristics of EPDM and CIIR rubber blends.The mechanical and physical properties of an elastomer blend depend mainly on the blend compatibility. So in the first part of the study, it is proposed to develop compatible blends of EPDM with CIIR. Various commercial grades of ethylenepropylene- diene rubber are proposed to be blended with a specific grade of chlorobutyl rubber at varying proportions. The extent of compatibility in these blends is proposed to be evaluated based on their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength and ageing resistance. In addition to the physical property measurements, blend compatibility is also proposed to be studied based on the glass transition behavlour of the blends in relation to the Tg's of the individual components using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The phase morphology of the blends is also proposed to be investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies of the tensile fracture surfaces. In the case of incompatible blends, the effect of addition of chlorosulfonated polyethylene as a compatibiliser is also proposed to be investigated.In the second part of the study, the effect of sulphur curing and resin curing on the curing behaviour and the vulcanizate properties of EPDM/CIIR blends are planned to be evaluated. Since the properties of rubber vulcanizates are determined by their network structures, it is proposed to determine the network structure of the vulcanizates by chemical probes so as to correlate it with the mechanical properties.In the third part of the work, the effect of partial precuring of one of the components prior to blending as a possible means of improving the properties of the blend is proposed to be investigated. This procedure may also help to bring down the viscosity mismatch between the constituent e1astomers and provide covulcanization of the blend.The rheological characteristics and processability of the blends are proposed to be investigated in the last part of the study. To explore their possible applications, the air permeability of the blend samples at varying temperatures is proposed to be measured. The thermal diffusivity behaviour of EPDM/CIlR blends is also proposed to be investigated using novel laser technique. The thermal diffusivity of the blends along with the thermal degradation resistance may help to determine whether the blends are suitable for high temperature applications such as in the manufacturing of curing envelope.

Vertically coupled double quantum rings at zero magnetic field

Within local-spin-density functional theory, we have investigated the ¿dissociation¿ of few-electron circular vertical semiconductor double quantum ring artificial molecules at zero magnetic field as a function of interring distance. In a first step, the molecules are constituted by two identical quantum rings. When the rings are quantum mechanically strongly coupled, the electronic states are substantially delocalized, and the addition energy spectra of the artificial molecule resemble those of a single quantum ring in the few-electron limit. When the rings are quantum mechanically weakly coupled, the electronic states in the molecule are substantially localized in one ring or the other, although the rings can be electrostatically coupled. The effect of a slight mismatch introduced in the molecules from nominally identical quantum wells, or from changes in the inner radius of the constituent rings, induces localization by offsetting the energy levels in the quantum rings. This plays a crucial role in the appearance of the addition spectra as a function of coupling strength particularly in the weak coupling limit.

Covulcanization of elastomer blends with special reference to NR/EPDM blends

Attempts have been made to attain satisfactory network structures in each of the phases of a rubber blend by minimising the cure rate imbalance by employing methods such as grafting of accelerators to the slow curing rubber, chemically bonding the crosslinking agents to the rubber in which it has lower solubility, functionalisation of the slow curing rubber, masterbatching of the curing agents to the slow curing rubber etc. Functionalisation of the slow curing constituents of NR/IIR and NR/EIPDM blends is tried using novel reagents as the first part of this study. However, the crux of the present study is a more direct approach to attaining a covulcanized state in NR/IIR and NR/EPDM blends: Precuring the slow curing rubber (IIR or EPDM) to a low level when it can still blend with NR and then to ck) the final curing after blending with NR. TNM3 precuring is also likely to minimise the viscosity mismatch. Since a low level of resmmal crosslink density is likely to be present lJ1 reclaimed rubbers, blending heat resistant reclaimed rubber such as butyl reclaim with NR may also have the same effect of precuring IIR, and then blending with NR. Hence use of IIR reclaim for developing blends with NR is also proposed to be investigated in this study

High-Speed Semiconductor Lasers based on Low-Dimensional Active Materials for Optical Telecommunication

The scope of this work is the fundamental growth, tailoring and characterization of self-organized indium arsenide quantum dots (QDs) and their exploitation as active region for diode lasers emitting in the 1.55 µm range. This wavelength regime is especially interesting for long-haul telecommunications as optical fibers made from silica glass have the lowest optical absorption. Molecular Beam Epitaxy is utilized as fabrication technique for the quantum dots and laser structures. The results presented in this thesis depict the first experimental work for which this reactor was used at the University of Kassel. Most research in the field of self-organized quantum dots has been conducted in the InAs/GaAs material system. It can be seen as the model system of self-organized quantum dots, but is not suitable for the targeted emission wavelength. Light emission from this system at 1.55 µm is hard to accomplish. To stay as close as possible to existing processing technology, the In(AlGa)As/InP (100) material system is deployed. Depending on the epitaxial growth technique and growth parameters this system has the drawback of producing a wide range of nano species besides quantum dots. Best known are the elongated quantum dashes (QDash). Such structures are preferentially formed, if InAs is deposited on InP. This is related to the low lattice-mismatch of 3.2 %, which is less than half of the value in the InAs/GaAs system. The task of creating round-shaped and uniform QDs is rendered more complex considering exchange effects of arsenic and phosphorus as well as anisotropic effects on the surface that do not need to be dealt with in the InAs/GaAs case. While QDash structures haven been studied fundamentally as well as in laser structures, they do not represent the theoretical ideal case of a zero-dimensional material. Creating round-shaped quantum dots on the InP(100) substrate remains a challenging task. Details of the self-organization process are still unknown and the formation of the QDs is not fully understood yet. In the course of the experimental work a novel growth concept was discovered and analyzed that eases the fabrication of QDs. It is based on different crystal growth and ad-atom diffusion processes under supply of different modifications of the arsenic atmosphere in the MBE reactor. The reactor is equipped with special valved cracking effusion cells for arsenic and phosphorus. It represents an all-solid source configuration that does not rely on toxic gas supply. The cracking effusion cell are able to create different species of arsenic and phosphorus. This constitutes the basis of the growth concept. With this method round-shaped QD ensembles with superior optical properties and record-low photoluminescence linewidth were achieved. By systematically varying the growth parameters and working out a detailed analysis of the experimental data a range of parameter values, for which the formation of QDs is favored, was found. A qualitative explanation of the formation characteristics based on the surface migration of In ad-atoms is developed. Such tailored QDs are finally implemented as active region in a self-designed diode laser structure. A basic characterization of the static and temperature-dependent properties was carried out. The QD lasers exceed a reference quantum well laser in terms of inversion conditions and temperature-dependent characteristics. Pulsed output powers of several hundred milli watt were measured at room temperature. In particular, the lasers feature a high modal gain that even allowed cw-emission at room temperature of a processed ridge wave guide device as short as 340 µm with output powers of 17 mW. Modulation experiments performed at the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion) showed a complex behavior of the QDs in the laser cavity. Despite the fact that the laser structure is not fully optimized for a high-speed device, data transmission capabilities of 15 Gb/s combined with low noise were achieved. To the best of the author`s knowledge, this renders the lasers the fastest QD devices operating at 1.55 µm. The thesis starts with an introductory chapter that pronounces the advantages of optical fiber communication in general. Chapter 2 will introduce the fundamental knowledge that is necessary to understand the importance of the active region`s dimensions for the performance of a diode laser. The novel growth concept and its experimental analysis are presented in chapter 3. Chapter 4 finally contains the work on diode lasers.

1.55 µm High-Speed QDs Lasers for Optical Telecommunication Applications

In this work investigation of the QDs formation and the fabrication of QD based semiconductor lasers for telecom applications are presented. InAs QDs grown on AlGaInAs lattice matched to InP substrates are used to fabricate lasers operating at 1.55 µm, which is the central wavelength for far distance data transmission. This wavelength is used due to its minimum attenuation in standard glass fibers. The incorporation of QDs in this material system is more complicated in comparison to InAs QDs in the GaAs system. Due to smaller lattice mismatch the formation of circular QDs, elongated QDs and quantum wires is possible. The influence of the different growth conditions, such as the growth temperature, beam equivalent pressure, amount of deposited material on the formation of the QDs is investigated. It was already demonstrated that the formation process of QDs can be changed by the arsenic species. The formation of more round shaped QDs was observed during the growth of QDs with As2, while for As4 dash-like QDs. In this work only As2 was used for the QD growth. Different growth parameters were investigated to optimize the optical properties, like photoluminescence linewidth, and to implement those QD ensembles into laser structures as active medium. By the implementation of those QDs into laser structures a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 meV was achieved. Another part of the research includes the investigation of the influence of the layer design of lasers on its lasing properties. QD lasers were demonstrated with a modal gain of more than 10 cm-1 per QD layer. Another achievement is the large signal modulation with a maximum data rate of 15 Gbit/s. The implementation of optimized QDs in the laser structure allows to increase the modal gain up to 12 cm-1 per QD layer. A reduction of the waveguide layer thickness leads to a shorter transport time of the carriers into the active region and as a result a data rate up to 22 Gbit/s was achieved, which is so far the highest digital modulation rate obtained with any 1.55 µm QD laser. The implementation of etch stop layers into the laser structure provide the possibility to fabricate feedback gratings with well defined geometries for the realization of DFB lasers. These DFB lasers were fabricated by using a combination of dry and wet etching. Single mode operation at 1.55 µm with a high side mode suppression ratio of 50 dB was achieved.

Schauder – Zur Dekonstruktion eines Spürens

Zusammenfassung: Ziel der Arbeit ist den Sinn von Schauder philosophisch zu erhellen. An einem Einzelphänomen, wie es so bisher nicht behandelt wurde, wird zugleich das Geflecht von Affekt/Emotion/Gefühl, gestützt auf Hegel, Heidegger, Husserl, Freud und Lacan, in immer neuen Ansätzen kritisch reflektiert und Zug um Zug mit Derrida dekonstruiert. In einem Textverfahren, das sich auch grafisch durch gegenübergestellte Kolumnen auszeichnet, werden heterogene Ansätze zum Sinn von Schauder mit dekonstruktivistischen Einsichten konfrontiert. Die Ansätze, Schauder über Datum, Begriff, Phänomen oder Strukturelement bestimmen zu wollen, durchdringen sich dabei mit denjenigen, die sich einer solchen Bestimmung entziehen (Hegels Negativität, Heideggers Seinsentzug oder Lacans Signifikantenmangel). Am Fokus Schauder, an dem sich das Fiktive einer mit sich selbst identischen Präsenz besonders eindringlich darstellt, werden so spezifische Aporien der Metaphysik der Präsenz entfaltet und die Geschlossenheit logozentristischer Systeme in die Bewegung einer anderen Öffnung und Schließung im Sinn der Schrift bzw. des allgemeinen Textes transformiert. Neben der différance, dem Entzug der Metapher, dem Supplement und dem Gespenstischen stützt sich die Arbeit auf die Iterabilität, bei der im selben Zug die Identität des Sinns gestiftet und zerstreut wird (Dissemination). Im Kapitel Piloerection werden Ambivalenzen und Paradoxien des Schauders am Beispiel von computergestützten empirisch-psychologischen Studien aufgezeigt. Im Kapitel Atopologie des Schauders prädikative, propositionale und topologische Bedingungen zum Sinn von Schauder analysiert und dekonstruiert. Ebenso, im Folgekapitel Etymon, etymologische und technisch-mediale Bedingungen. Im Schlußkapitel Maß, Anmaß, Unmaß der Empfindung des Schauders wird am Beispiel der konkreten Beiträge zum Schauder von Aristoteles, Kant, Fechner, Otto, Klages, Lorenz und Adorno aufgezeigt, dass (1) ein Schauder nicht von einem Außen aus an-gemessen werden kann, (2) sich im Schauder die metaphysische Opposition von Fiktion und Realität in einer Unentscheidbarkeit zerstreut, (3) dass trotz der Heterogenität der Ansätze in diesen Beiträgen eine Komplizenschaft zum Ausdruck kommt: ein Begehren nach Präsenz, das durch den Ausschluß des Anderen zugleich die Gewalt des Einen produziert, (4) dass der Signifikant Schauder, der selbst in Abwesenheit eines Referenten, eines bestimmten Signifikats, einer aktuellen Bedeutungs­intention, eines Sen­ders oder Empfängers funktioniert, als verändertes Zu­rückbleiben eines differenzieller Zeichens betrachtet werden muss, als Effekt von Spuren, die sich nur in ihrem eige­nen Auslöschen ereignen. Die Arbeit schließt mit dem Vorschlag, Spüren jenseits von Arché, Telos oder Eschaton, jenseits eines Phallogozentrismus in der derridaschen Spur zu denken. Nicht zuletzt über diese Pfropfung, wie sie im Französischen [trace] so nicht möglich ist, schließt sie als deutschsprachiger Beitrag an sein Werk an.

Strained Silicon on Silicon by Wafer Bonding and Layer Transfer from Relaxed SiGe Buffer

We report the creation of strained silicon on silicon (SSOS) substrate technology. The method uses a relaxed SiGe buffer as a template for inducing tensile strain in a Si layer, which is then bonded to another Si handle wafer. The original Si wafer and the relaxed SiGe buffer are subsequently removed, thereby transferring a strained-Si layer directly to Si substrate without intermediate SiGe or oxide layers. Complete removal of Ge from the structure was confirmed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy as well as secondary ion mass spectrometry. A plan-view transmission electron microscopy study of the strained-Si/Si interface reveals that the lattice-mismatch between the layers is accommodated by an orthogonal array of edge dislocations. This misfit dislocation array, which forms upon bonding, is geometrically necessary and has an average spacing of approximately 40nm, in excellent agreement with established dislocation theory. To our knowledge, this is the first study of a chemically homogeneous, yet lattice-mismatched, interface.

Discovering similarities in the time use patterns of the Spanish Autonomous Communities by Fuzzy techniques

In 2000 the European Statistical Office published the guidelines for developing the Harmonized European Time Use Surveys system. Under such a unified framework, the first Time Use Survey of national scope was conducted in Spain during 2002– 03. The aim of these surveys is to understand human behavior and the lifestyle of people. Time allocation data are of compositional nature in origin, that is, they are subject to non-negativity and constant-sum constraints. Thus, standard multivariate techniques cannot be directly applied to analyze them. The goal of this work is to identify homogeneous Spanish Autonomous Communities with regard to the typical activity pattern of their respective populations. To this end, fuzzy clustering approach is followed. Rather than the hard partitioning of classical clustering, where objects are allocated to only a single group, fuzzy method identify overlapping groups of objects by allowing them to belong to more than one group. Concretely, the probabilistic fuzzy c-means algorithm is conveniently adapted to deal with the Spanish Time Use Survey microdata. As a result, a map distinguishing Autonomous Communities with similar activity pattern is drawn. Key words: Time use data, Fuzzy clustering; FCM; simplex space; Aitchison distance

A Gain Scheduling Model Predictive Controller for Blood Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes

This paper presents a control strategy for blood glucose(BG) level regulation in type 1 diabetic patients. To design the controller, model-based predictive control scheme has been applied to a newly developed diabetic patient model. The controller is provided with a feedforward loop to improve meal compensation, a gain-scheduling scheme to account for different BG levels, and an asymmetric cost function to reduce hypoglycemic risk. A simulation environment that has been approved for testing of artificial pancreas control algorithms has been used to test the controller. The simulation results show a good controller performance in fasting conditions and meal disturbance rejection, and robustness against model–patient mismatch and errors in meal estimation

Assessing the labor supply and demand missmatch by skills in the Uruguay labor market

This article examines the mismatch between labor supply and demand for educational qualificationsin the Uruguayan labor market during 2000-2009. It attempts to measure the phenomenonof under-qualification and overqualification by occupation type based on educational requirementfor each occupation. Following the previous literature, the empirical work concentrates onthe determinants of over-education and its impact on wages.

Mercado laboral calificado en Colombia: Estudio sobre el desequilibrio entre oferta y demanda de trabajo para los años 2020 y 2030

El propósito básico de esta investigación es identificar los desajustes (déficits o superávits) no estructurales entre la oferta y demanda de trabajo en Colombia para los años 2020 y 2030, así como interpretar los hallazgos y proponer elementos de estrategia para las empresas a fin de mitigar los efectos adversos del desajuste sobre su capacidad para atraer y retener talento. El argumento central del proyecto consiste en sostener que en un escenario no mayor a los 10 años la oferta de trabajo calificado en Colombia no será suficiente para (i) equilibrar el mercado y (ii) atender la demanda agregada de trabajo, debido a los cambios generacionales en la realidad demográfica del país, el bajo nivel de preparación de la fuerza laboral disponible y los altos índices de informalidad de los trabajadores y las empresas. Dentro de los resultados se presenta una proyección del comportamiento del mercado de trabajo, así como la magnitud del desequilibrio entre los agentes del mercado. Este estudio aplicado es una propuesta cuantitativa de aproximación a la crisis de talento que se revisa en otros estudios. Es un precedente sólido para profundizar con otros enfoques el futuro del trabajo en Colombia.

Informality in the City: a Theoretical Analysis

This thesis theoretically studies the relationship between the informal sector (both in the labor and the housing market) and the city structure.

Resultados tratamiento de las fracturas intertrocantéricas en el Hospital Universitario Mayor MEREDÍ

Las fracturas intertrocantericas son una importante causa de la morbimortalidad en los adultos mayores. Requieren la mayoria manejo quirurgico. No se ha logrado definir si es mejor el tratamiento con osteosintesis o artoplastia de cadera. Por esta razon decidimos realizar un estudio identificando los resultados en cada uno de los tratamientos con poblacion colombiana en el Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi. Metodos: Estudio de serie de casos. Se analizó una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes mayores de 59 años con fractura intertrocantérica en el Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi. Resultados: Se reportaron un total de 179 pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura intertrocantérica. De los cuales se realizaron 100 osteosíntesis , 20 reemplazos totales de cadera y 59 hemiartroplastias. La mortalidad fueron 11 pacientes que corresponde al 6.1%, 3 fueron hombres y 8 mujeres, en cuanto al procedimiento realizado a 7 pacientes se les realizo osteosíntesis y a los 4 restantes se les realizo hemiartroplastia. En total 7 infecciones las cuales se presentaron respectivamente en 6 osteosíntesis y 1 hemiartroplastia. Discusión: La mortalidad fue mayor en la osteosíntesis con 7 pacientes que equivale al 63,6 % de la mortalidad total del estudio. Los porcentajes de infección postoperatoria fueron mayores en la osteosíntesis , encontrándose que del total de pacientes intervenidos 3,9% se infectaron y de estos el 85,7 % corresponden a osteosíntesis versus 14,3% de hemiartroplastia. El sangrado postoperatorio fue mayor a 500 cc en un 39% de las osteosíntesis y en un 44% en las hemiartroplastias. Conclusión: el tratamiento de las fracturas intertrocantéricas tuvo menor mortalidad y menor porcentaje de infección cuando los pacientes fueron tratados con hemiartroplastia y reemplazo total de cadera.

Análisis de supervivencia en pacientes con prótesis valvular biológica, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Colombia, 2005-2013

Introducción: A partir de la década de los cincuenta el manejo de la enfermedad valvular presenta cambios significativos cuando se incorporan los reemplazos valvulares tanto mecánicos como biológicos dentro de las opciones de tratamiento quirúrgico (1). Las válvulas biológicas se desarrollaron como una alternativa que buscaba evitar los problemas relacionados con la anticoagulación y con la idea de utilizar un tejido que se comportara hemodinámicamente como el nativo. Este estudio está enfocado en establecer la sobrevida global y la libertad de reoperación de la válvula de los pacientes sometidos a reemplazo valvular aórtico y mitral biológicos en la Fundación Cardioinfantil - IC a 1, 3, 5 y 10 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de supervivencia de pacientes sometidos a reemplazo valvular aórtico y/o mitral biológico intervenidos en la Fundación Cardioinfantil entre 2005 y 2013. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 919 pacientes incluidos en el análisis general y 876 (95,3%) pacientes con seguimiento efectivo para el análisis de sobrevida. La edad promedio fue 64años. La sobrevida a 1, 3, 5 y 10 años fue 95%,90%,85% y 69% respectivamente. El seguimiento efectivo para el desenlace reoperación fue del 55% y se encontró una libertad de reoperación del 99%, 96%, 93% y 81% a los 1, 3, 5 y 10 años. No hubo diferencias significativas entre la localización de la válvula ni en el tipo de válvula aortica empleada. Conclusiones: La sobrevida de los pacientes que son llevados a reemplazo valvular biológico en este estudio es comparable a grandes cohortes internacionales. La sobrevida de los pacientes llevados a reemplazo valvular con prótesis biológicas en posición mitral y aortica fue similar a 1, 3, 5 y 10 años.

Efectividad del tratamiento inmunomodulador con leucocitos alogénicos, en aborto involuntario recurrente. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Dentro del marco del aborto involuntario recurrente (AIR), se han propuesto causas autoinmunes y alogénicas, e implementación de terapias como la inmunización activa con leucocitos alogénicos de la pareja o de donantes. La evidencia disponible en cuanto a la efectividad de estos tratamientos es contradictoria, por lo que se desea realizar una revisión sistemática para evaluar la efectividad de la inmunización activa con leucocitos alogénicos de la pareja o de donantes para esta condición. Se realizó un estudio tipo revisión sistemática de la literatura, usando las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library y Scielo. Se realizó una búsqueda a través del registro de ensayos clínicos del Instituto Nacional de Salud de los Estados Unidos (www.clinicaltrials.gov) y, una búsqueda manual a través de las referencias de los estudios seleccionados siguiendo la estrategia de bola de nieve. Se seleccionaron ensayos clínicos y estudios de cohorte analítica, en idioma inglés y español. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo de la información por medio de un metaanálisis. El tratamiento inmunomodulador con linfocitos puede considerarse como una terapia efectiva para mantener la gestación y lograr recién nacido vivo según resultados estadísticos; sin embargo la calidad de los estudios incluidos es baja, por lo que no se aconseja para la práctica rutinaria. Se sugiere la realización de estudios con metodologías robustas y que apoyen los resultados presentados en esta investigación.