Executive Order Number Forty-Four, September 2005

Excecutive order signed by Governor Thomas Vilsck. Directs the Department of Human Services to comply with all directives from the federal government arising from Hurricane Katrina insofar as those directives concern public welfare programs administered by DHS, declares that any evacuee shall be deemed a resident of the State of Iowa for purposes of obtaining eligibility for the food stamp, family investment and Medicaid programs, and DHS should process applications in an expedited and flexible manner.

The 15-minute family interview: a family health strategy tool

The 15-minute family interview is a condensed form of the Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models (CFAM and CFIM) that aims to contribute to the establishment of a therapeutic relationship between nurses and family and to implement interventions to promote health and suffering relief, even during brief interactions. This study investigated the experience of nurses from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) who used the 15-minute interview on postpartum home. The qualitative research was conducted in three stages: participants' training program, utilization of the 15-minute family interview by participants, and interviews with nurses. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight nurses. The thematic analysis revealed two main themes: dealing with the challenge of a new practice and evaluating the assignment. This work shows that this tool can be used to deepen relationships between nurses and families in the Family Health Strategy.

Do orthopaedic shoes improve local dynamic stability of gait? An observational study in patients with chronic foot and ankle injuries.

BACKGROUND: Complex foot and ankle fractures, such as calcaneum fractures or Lisfranc dislocations, are often associated with a poor outcome, especially in terms of gait capacity. Indeed, degenerative changes often lead to chronic pain and chronic functional limitations. Prescription footwear represents an important therapeutic tool during the rehabilitation process. Local Dynamic Stability (LDS) is the ability of locomotor system to maintain continuous walking by accommodating small perturbations that occur naturally during walking. Because it reflects the degree of control over the gait, LDS has been advocated as a relevant indicator for evaluating different conditions and pathologies. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in LDS induced by orthopaedic shoes in patients with persistent foot and ankle injuries. We hypothesised that footwear adaptation might help patients to improve gait control, which could lead to higher LDS: METHODS: Twenty-five middle-aged inpatients (5 females, 20 males) participated in the study. They were treated for chronic post-traumatic disabilities following ankle and/or foot fractures in a Swiss rehabilitation clinic. During their stay, included inpatients received orthopaedic shoes with custom-made orthoses (insoles). They performed two 30s walking trials with standard shoes and two 30s trials with orthopaedic shoes. A triaxial motion sensor recorded 3D accelerations at the lower back level. LDS was assessed by computing divergence exponents in the acceleration signals (maximal Lyapunov exponents). Pain was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). LDS and pain differences between the trials with standard shoes and the trials with orthopaedic shoes were assessed. RESULTS: Orthopaedic shoes significantly improved LDS in the three axes (medio-lateral: 10% relative change, paired t-test p < 0.001; vertical: 9%, p = 0.03; antero-posterior: 7%, p = 0.04). A significant decrease in pain level (VAS score -29%) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Footwear adaptation led to pain relief and to improved foot & ankle proprioception. It is likely that that enhancement allows patients to better control foot placement. As a result, higher dynamic stability has been observed. LDS seems therefore a valuable index that could be used in early evaluation of footwear outcome in clinical settings.

Poor, Hungry and Stupid: Numeracy and the Impact of High Food Prices in Industrializing Britain, 1780-1850

This paper argues that low levels of nutrition impaired cognitive development in industrializing England, and that welfare transfers mitigated the adverse effects of high food prices. Age heaping is used as an indicator of numeracy, as derived from census data. For the cohorts from 1780-1850, we analyse the effect of high grain prices during the Napoleonic Wars. We show that numeracy declined markedly for those born during the war years, especially when wheat was dear. Crucially, where the Old Poor Law provided for generous relief payments, the adverse impact of high prices for foodstuffs was mitigated. Finally, we show some tentative evidence that Englishmen born in areas with low income support selected into occupations with lower cognitive requirements.

GeoKernels: Modeling of Spatial Data on GeoManifolds

This paper presents a review of methodology for semi-supervised modeling with kernel methods, when the manifold assumption is guaranteed to be satisfied. It concerns environmental data modeling on natural manifolds, such as complex topographies of the mountainous regions, where environmental processes are highly influenced by the relief. These relations, possibly regionalized and nonlinear, can be modeled from data with machine learning using the digital elevation models in semi-supervised kernel methods. The range of the tools and methodological issues discussed in the study includes feature selection and semisupervised Support Vector algorithms. The real case study devoted to data-driven modeling of meteorological fields illustrates the discussed approach.

Technologies of birth and models of midwifery care

This article is based on a study of a reform in the organisation of maternity services in the United Kingdom, which aimed towards developing a more woman-centred model of care. After decades of fragmentation and depersonalisation of care, associated with the shift of birth to a hospital setting, pressure by midwives and mothers prompted government review and a relatively radical turnaround in policy. However, the emergent model of care has been profoundly influenced by concepts and technologies of monitoring. The use of such technologies as ultrasound scans, electronic foetal monitoring and oxytocic augmentation of labour, generally supported by epidural anaesthesia for pain relief, have accompanied the development of a particular ecological model of birth – often called active management –, which is oriented towards the idea of an obstetric norm. Drawing on analysis of women’s narrative accounts of labour and birth, this article discusses the impact on women’s embodiment in birth, and the sources of information they use about the status of their own bodies, their labour and that of the child. It also illustrates how the impact on women’s experiences of birth may be mediated by a relational model of support, through the provision of caseload midwifery care.

Massage with aromatherapy: effectiveness on anxiety of users with personality disorders in psychiatric hospitalization

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of aromatherapy massage using the essential oils (0.5%) of Lavandula angustifolia and Pelargonium graveolens for anxiety reduction in patients with personality disorders during psychiatric hospitalization. METHOD Uncontrolled clinical trial with 50 subjects submitted to six massages with aromatherapy, performed on alternate days, on the cervical and the posterior thoracic regions. Vital data (heart and respiratory rate) were collected before and after each session and an anxiety scale (Trait Anxiety Inventory-State) was applied at the beginning and end of the intervention. The results were statistically analyzed with the chi square test and paired t test. RESULTS There was a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.001) of the heart and respiratory mean rates after each intervention session, as well as in the inventory score. CONCLUSION Aromatherapy has demonstrated effectiveness in anxiety relief, considering the decrease of heart and respiratory rates in patients diagnosed with personality disorders during psychiatric hospitalization.

Efficacy and Safety of Canakinumab Vs Triamcinolone Acetonide in Patients with Gouty Arthritis Unable to Use Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Colchicine, and On Stable Urate Lowering Therapy (ULT) or Unable to Use ULT

Background/Purpose: The primary treatment goals for gouty arthritis (GA) are rapid relief of pain and inflammation during acute attacks, and long-term hyperuricemia management. A post-hoc analysis of 2 pivotal trials was performed to assess efficacy and safety of canakinumab (CAN), a fully human monoclonal anti-IL-1_ antibody, vs triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in GA patients unable to use NSAIDs and colchicine, and who were on stable urate lowering therapy (ULT) or unable to use ULT. Methods: In these 12-week, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled studies (_-RELIEVED and _-RELIEVED II), patients had to have frequent attacks (_3 attacks in previous year) meeting preliminary GA ACR 1977 criteria, and were unresponsive, intolerant, or contraindicated to NSAIDs and/or colchicine, and if on ULT, ULT was stable. Patients were randomized during an acute attack to single dose CAN 150 mg s.c. or TA 40 mg i.m. and were redosed "on demand" for each new attack. Patients completing the core studies were enrolled into blinded 12-week extension studies to further investigate on-demand use of CAN vs TA for new attacks. The subpopulation selected for this post-hoc analysis was (a) unable to use NSAIDs and colchicine due to contraindication, intolerance or lack of efficacy for these drugs, and (b) currently on ULT, or contraindication or previous failure of ULT, as determined by investigators. Subpopulation comprised 101 patients (51 CAN; 50 TA) out of 454 total. Results: Several co-morbidities, including hypertension (56%), obesity (56%), diabetes (18%), and ischemic heart disease (13%) were reported in 90% of this subpopulation. Pain intensity (VAS 100 mm scale) was comparable between CAN and TA treatment groups at baseline (least-square [LS] mean 74.6 and 74.4 mm, respectively). A significantly lower pain score was reported with CAN vs TA at 72 hours post dose (1st co-primary endpoint on baseline flare; LS mean, 23.5 vs 33.6 mm; difference _10.2 mm; 95% CI, _19.9, _0.4; P_0.0208 [1-sided]). CAN significantly reduced risk for their first new attacks by 61% vs TA (HR 0.39; 95% CI, 0.17-0.91, P_0.0151 [1-sided]) for the first 12 weeks (2nd co-primary endpoint), and by 61% vs TA (HR 0.39; 95% CI, 0.19-0.79, P_0.0047 [1-sided]) over 24 weeks. Serum urate levels increased for CAN vs TA with mean change from baseline reaching a maximum of _0.7 _ 2.0 vs _0.1 _ 1.8 mg/dL at 8 weeks, and _0.3 _ 2.0 vs _0.2 _ 1.4 mg/dL at end of study (all had GA attack at baseline). Adverse Events (AEs) were reported in 33 (66%) CAN and 24 (47.1%) TA patients. Infections and infestations were the most common AEs, reported in 10 (20%) and 5 (10%) patients treated with CAN and TA respectively. Incidence of SAEs was comparable between CAN (gastritis, gastroenteritis, chronic renal failure) and TA (aortic valve incompetence, cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, diarrohea, nausea, vomiting, bicuspid aortic valve) groups (2 [4.0%] vs 2 [3.9%]). Conclusion: CAN provided superior pain relief and reduced risk of new attack in highly-comorbid GA patients unable to use NSAIDs and colchicine, and who were currently on stable ULT or unable to use ULT. The safety profile in this post-hoc subpopulation was consistent with the overall _-RELIEVED and _-RELIEVED II population.

Burned-out but proud Portuguese family doctors

Background: Burnout syndrome (BS) is increasing among health professionals, including family doctors (FD). Aim: To characterize the prevalence of BS in a sample of FDs working in the Portuguese National Health System. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Primary Health Care Centers (HCC) from the 18 continental districts and 2 archipelagos of Portugal. Method: The Portuguese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI - HSS) was sent to 40 randomly selected health-care centers (HCC) and distributed to the FDs employed. Sociodemographic and work-related data was also collected. Participants were classified as having high, average or low levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA) dimensions of burnout. Results: 371 questionnaires were sent, of which 153 (83 women, age range 29-64 years; response rate 41%) returned. One quarter (25.5%) of participants had high EE, 10.1% high DP and 11.4% high PA, but only 2.0% of participants scored high for all three dimensions. Women had significantly higher DP and PA scores than men; increased daily workload also led to increased PA scores. Conversely, no association was found between BS scores and age, marital status, number of years of practice or type of HCC (Family or Personalized). Conclusion: High burnout is relatively common among Portuguese family doctors, yet slightly lower than reported for other European countries. Burnout relief measures should be developed in order to prevent a further increase of BS among Portuguese FDs.

Implementation methodology of practices based on scientific evidence for assistance in natural delivery: a pilot study

AbstractOBJECTIVEPresenting methodology for transferring knowledge to improve maternal outcomes in natural delivery based on scientific evidence.METHOD: An intervention study conducted in the maternity hospital of Itapecerica da Serra, SP, with 50 puerperal women and 102 medical records from July to November 2014. The PACES tool from Joanna Briggs Institute, consisting of pre-clinical audit (phase 1), implementation of best practice (phase 2) and Follow-up Clinical Audit (phase 3) was used. Data were analyzed by comparing results of phases 1 and 3 with Fisher's exact test and a significance level of 5%.RESULTSThe vertical position was adopted by the majority of puerperal women with statistical difference between phases 1 and 3. A significant increase in bathing/showering, walking and massages for pain relief was found from the medical records. No statistical difference was found in other practices and outcomes. Barriers and difficulties in the implementation of evidence-based practices have been identified. Variables were refined, techniques and data collection instruments were verified, and an intervention proposal was made.CONCLUSIONThe study found possibilities for implementing a methodology of practices based on scientific evidence for assistance in natural delivery.

RAPPORT NATIONAL SUR L'ETAT DE LA BIODIVERSITE

Informations de base sur la République du Cap Vert L'archipel du Cap Vert est constitué par dix îles et huit îlots situés à environ 500 km de la côte occidentale africaine. Sa superficie est de 4033 km2. Les îles sont d'origine volcanique et sont implantées sur la zone sud-ouest de la plate-forme sénégalaise sur la croûte océanique d'âge comprise entre 140 et 120 millions d'années. Le relief est très accidenté dans les îles les plus jeunes (Fogo, Santiago, Santo Antão et S. Nicolau), mais relativement plat dans les îles plus anciennes (Maio, Boavista e Sal). Les sols sont peu évolués, avec des horizons pédologiques peu différenciés. Par sa situation géographique, dans une zone d'aridité météorologique, le climat du Cap Vert est sahélien du type tropical sec, soumis aux vents alizés du nordest, avec des températures modérées (environ 24ºC) et une faible amplitude thermique dû à l'environnement atlantique. Les précipitations sont généralement faibles sur l'ensemble du pays, ne dépassant pas les 300 mm de moyenne annuelle pour les 65% du territoire situé à moins de 400 m d'altitude. Les zones sous l'influence des alizés étant encore plus sèches (150 mm de moyenne annuelle). Sur les versants situés à plus de 500 m d'altitude faisant face aux alizés, on peut atteindre ou dépasser les 700 mm. Les pluies sont irrégulières et généralement mal distribuées dans le temps et dans l'espace. Le peuplement et son influence sur la biodiversité Après leur colonisation par les humains au cours du XVème siècle, les îles du Cap Vert ont été soumises à une forte exploitation des ressources biologiques. Des facteurs anthropiques avec conséquences directe et indirecte sur la végétation, tels que l'agriculture pluviale, dans la plupart des cas pratiquée sur les fortes pentes des versants, l'utilisation du bois de feu, le surpâturage et l'introduction des espèces exotiques ont contribué à la dégradation graduelle de la végétation et des habitats de l'archipel. Le rôle de ces facteurs a été encore accentué par l'action passif des facteurs intrinsèques tels que l'insularité et la fraction importante du territoire occupée par des zones arides et semi-arides. La végétation des zones arides et semi-arides qui occupent, au Cap Vert, plus de 70% du sol arable du territoire, a un faible pouvoir de régénération. Sa flore insulaire est sensible par le fait d'avoir évolué en l'absence de prédateurs et d'être issues de petites populations avec une diversité génétique limitée et par une aire de dissémination très limitée. La diversité des espèces Il existe au Cap Vert, 110 espèces de bryophytes dont 15 sont endémiques. Du total, 36% sont extinctes ou menacées. Parmi les endémiques 40% sont menacées. Les espèces d’angiospermes sont en nombre de 240 dont 45 sont endémiques. A noter que 27% du total sont extinctes ou menacées. Parmi les endémiques, 54% sont en danger de disparition. La biodiversité animale cours des risques majeures de survie. Des 37 espèces de gastéropodes existantes, 15 sont endémiques dont 67% sont menacées. Les arachnides sont au nombre de 111 dont 46 sont endémiques. Parmi les endémiques, 78% sont menacées. Il existe 470 espèces d'insectes (coléoptères) dont 155 sont endémiques. 84% des taxa endémiques sont menacées. On suppose que du total des 470 espèces, 64% sont disparues ou en danger. L'état actuel de la faune et de la flore a été donné par la Première Liste Rouge du Cap Vert, publiée en 1996 et qui indique un certain nombre de statistiques effrayantes : sont menacées plus de 26% des angiospermes, plus de 40% des bryophytes, plus de 65% des ptéridophytes et plus de 29% des lichens ; plus de 47% des oiseaux, 25% des reptiles terrestres, 64% des coléoptères, plus de 57% des arachnides, plus de 59% des mollusques terrestres. L'archipel du Cap Vert est situé dans la zone tropicale où, selon Nunan (1992), si on exclue les espèces migratoires on peu compter environ 273 espèces de poissons, dont 70% sont endémiques. La liste des espèces de poissons des îles du Cap Vert est assez diversifiée et compte environ une centaine d'espèces appartenant à différentes familles. En matière de diversité biologique marine l'exploitation des ressources dans la ZEE (Zone Economique Exclusive) sont encore loin d'atteindre le potentiel estimé. Néanmoins, il existe quelques espèces qui sont en danger, notamment les tortues et les langoustes. Dans les eaux capverdiennes il existe 5 espèces de tortues : Dermocelys coriacea, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Caretta caretta et Lepidochelys olivacea. Les tortues sont d'une façon générale soumises à une exploitation irrationnelle depuis des décades. La viande et les oeufs, surtout de la tortue mâle sont très appréciés. La carapace est utilisée dans la bijouterie (boucles, bagues, colliers, etc.). Parmi les quatre familles de langoustes connues, l'archipel du Cap Vert recèle deux : la Palinuridae (langouste rose, verte et marron) et la Scyllaride (langouste de pierre). A signaler également une espèce endémique, le Palinuris charlestoni. Toutes les espèces existantes au Cap Vert sont exploitées, souvent à la limite de la durabilité. La République du Cap Vert et la Convention sur la Biodiversité Le Cap Vert a signé la Convention sur la biodiversité en juin 1992 et l'a ratifié en mars 1995. Pour remplir les obligations découlant de l'adoption de la Convention, le pays a complété sa Stratégie Nationale et Plan d'Action sur la Biodiversité en février 1999. Une institution responsable pour la mise en oeuvre de la politique nationale en matière de l'environnement a été créée, le Secrétariat Exécutif pour l'Environnement (SEPA). Le Plan d'Action National a identifié 21 objectifs divisés en huit groupes thèmatiques et contient des activités jusqu'à l'an 2010. Parallèlement à ces actions, la Loi de Base pour l'Environnement, le Code de l'Environnement, le Code de l'Eau et le Code Forestier ont été adoptés. Ce nouveau Code Forestier a été élaboré afin d'actualiser les normes pour une gestion durable des ressources et le transfert des compétences aux régions et communautés. Au niveau stratégique le Cap Vert a élaboré son Programme d'Action National pour l'Environnement (PANA) et a développé le Programme d'Action National de Lutte Contre la Désertification (PAN-LCD) en utilisant l'approche participative faisant appel à tous les acteurs de la société civile y inclus les associations et ONG. Au niveau international le Cap Vert a adhéré aux conventions telles que la biodiversité, les changements climatiques et le contrôle de la désertification. Le pays a également signé les conventions suivantes : Convention des Nations Unies sur le Droit de la Mer, Convention relative à la Protection du Patrimoine Mondial Culturel et Naturel, Convention de Bâle sur les mouvements trans-frontaliers, Convention internationale pour la Prévention de la pollution par des bateaux, Convention de Vienne sur la protection de la couche de l'ozone, Protocole de Montréal sur les substances qui appauvrissent la couche de l'ozone. La mise en oeuvre de la stratégie nationale sur la Diversité Biologique permettra une meilleure gestion de l'eau, des ressources naturelles et des espaces, l'introduction de nouvelles espèces et de nouvelles technologies alternatives pour l'agriculture et l'élevage ainsi que la création de nouveaux emplois alternatifs, à partir des activités génératrices de revenus, et de diminuer ainsi, la pression sur les ressources naturelles.

Biblia [Vetus et Novum Testamentum].

La Bible s’ouvre par deux compositions poétiques d’Alcuin qui encadrent l’Épître de saint Jérôme à Paulinus, « Frater Ambrosius... » (ff. 1-2r : Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Poetae latinae, I, 1, p. 287, LXVIII-LXX, v. 1-200 ; ff. 4r-v : Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Poetae latinae, I, 1, p. 283-284, LXV, I-III). La fin manque: la Bible s'interrompt à la fin de l'Epître de saint Paul aux Colossiens.

The use of contrast-enhanced MRI angiography for planning interventional catheterization

Background: Interventional catheterization is being increasingly used for relief of residual lesions in congenital heart disease. Exact anatomical imaging is crucial in the planning of an intervention. This can be provided non-invasively and without radiation by contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA). Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of the measurements of the vessels obtained by CEMRA in comparison to those obtained by conventional X-ray angiography (CXA). Methods: Retrospective blinded measurement of the diameters of aorta and pulmonary arteries on the CEMRA and CXA images, in the same locations. Comparison of the results by Pearson correlation and by calculating the limits of agreement. Results: Twenty-one children with congenital heart disease, mean age 5.6 +- 5.2 years, weight 21.1 +- 18.4 kg, underwent CEMRA and catheterization for assessment or treatment of a residual lesion. The time interval between the CEMRA and the CXA examination was 2.6 +- 2.3 months. A total of 98 measurements, 37 of the aorta and 61 of the pulmonary arteries were performed on the images obtained by each technique. The correlation between CEMRA and CXA measurements was excellent, r = 0.97, p < 0.0001. The mean difference between the two techniques was 0.018 +- 1.1mm; the limits of agreement were -2.14 and +2.18mm. Similar agreement was found for measures of the aorta (r +- 0.97, mean difference 0.20 = 1.08 mm) and of the pulmonary arteries (r +- 0.97, mean difference 0.048 = 0.89 mm). Conclusions: CEMRA provide accurate quantitative anatomical information, which highly agrees with CXA data, and can therefore be used for planning interventional catheterization.

Demand for private health insurance: Is there a quality gap?

Quality of care is qualified as a main determinant of the demand forvoluntary private health insurance (PHI) in National Health Systems(NHS). This paper provides new evidence on the influence of the qualitygap between public and private health insurance and other demanddeterminants in the demand for PHI in Catalonia. The demand for PHI ismodelled as a demand for health care quality. Unlike previous studies, the database employed allows for the development of a link between thetheoretical and the empirical model dealing with unobserved heterogeneityand endogeneity issues. Results suggest that a rise in PHI qualityenhances an equivalent influence in the demand for PHI as an equalreduction of NHS quality. Income and price elasticity estimates areconsistent with the observed feature that PHI appears to be a luxurygood and individuals tend to be relatively insensible to tax relief'sand monetary co-payments in insurance contracts.

Effective temporary analgesia for severe painful blind eye.

There are various methods of providing pain relief for painful blind eyes. We wish to recommend this effective method of providing temporary analgesia in patients suffering from a severe painful blind eye before undergoing enucleation.