Report on the workshop of tuna-dolphin interactions

ENGLISH: In April 1981 the IATTC convened a working group of scientists in Managua, Nicaragua to discuss the tuna-dolphin association and to suggest priorities for future research which would enable the effects of any interaction to be detected or quantified. The yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, fishery in the eastern tropical Pacific is unique in that a significant proportion of the catch is of fish found in association with one or more species of dolphins. This association has never been fully understood but for many years tuna fishermen have used the more visible and more easily herded dolphin schools to help them locate and capture the tuna. In recent years, the concept of managing renewable resources in relation to their environments has been more fully developed. Any renewable resource is closely linked to other components in its general system and it is becoming increasingly more apparent that the harvesting of one resource affects another. This is the case with yellowfin tuna and dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific, although the dolphins are killed incidental to the fishery and are not harvested. There would seem to be obvious advantages in managing the tuna-dolphin complex as a whole. To do this it is necessary to understand the effect that tuna and dolphins have on each other and the causal mechanisms of the interactions. SPANISH: En abril de 1981, la CIAT convoco un grupo de trabajo de investigadores en Managua (Nicaragua), para deliberar sobre la asociación atún-delfín e indicar prioridades referentes a una investigación futura que pueda facilitar la cuantificación o el reconocimiento de los efectos de cualquier interacción. La pesca del atún aleta amarilla Thunnus albacares en el Pacifico oriental tropical, es única, ya que una proporción importante de su captura es de peces encontrados en asociación con una o mas especies de delfines. No se ha logrado comprender cabalmente esta asociación, pero por varios anos los pescadores atuneros han utilizado los cardúmenes de delfines que son mas visibles y que pueden agruparse mas fácilmente para poder localizar y capturar los atunes. En los últimos anos, el concepto de administrar los recursos renovables con relación a su ambiente, ha tenido mas auge. Cualquier recurso renovable se vincula estrechamente a otros componentes en el sistema general y actualmente es mas evidente que la explotación de un recurso afecta otro. Este es el caso del atún aleta amarilla y de los delfines en el Pacifico oriental tropical aunque los delfines mueren incidentalmente con relación a la pesca y no son explotados. Parece que se obtendr1an ventajas evidentes si se administrara como un todo el conjunto atún-delfín. Para realizar esto es necesario comprender los efectos que tienen los atunes y delfines los unos sabre los otros y los mecanismos causantes de la interacción.

Studies of magnetic interactions in Mn-doped β-Ga2O3 from first-principles calculations

The magnetic behavior of Mn-doped beta-Ga2O3 is Studied from first-principles calculations within the generalized gradient approximation method. Calculations show that ferromagnetic ordering is always favorable for configurations in which two Mn ions substitute either tetrahedral or octahedral sites, and the ferromagnetic ground state is also sometimes favorable for configurations where one Mn ion substitutes a tetrahedral site and another Mn ion substitutes an octahedral site. However, the configurations of the latter case are less stable than those of the former. (c) 2008 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies of magnetic interactions in Ni-doped ZnO from first-principles calculations

The magnetic interactions in Ni-doped ZnO are calculated using GGA and GGA + U method of density functional theory. The following three cases: (i) Ni-doped ZnO, (ii) (Ni, Al)-codoped ZnO, and (iii) (Ni, Li)-codoped ZnO are studied. The ferromagnetic ordering is always favorable for the three cases within GGA method. However, the ferromagnetic state is sometimes favorable after treating within the method of GGA + U. The GGA underestimates the correlated interactions especially when the Ni ions align directly to each other. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interactions of age-dependent mortality and selectivity functions in age-based stock assessment models

The natural mortality rate (M) of fish varies with size and age, although it is often assumed to be constant in stock assessments. Misspecification of M may bias important assessment quantities. We simulated fishery data, using an age-based population model, and then conducted stock assessments on the simulated data. Results were compared to known values. Misspecification of M had a negligible effect on the estimation of relative stock depletion; however, misspecification of M had a large effect on the estimation of parameters describing the stock recruitment relationship, age-specific selectivity, and catchability. If high M occurs in juvenile and old fish, but is misspecified in the assessment model, virgin biomass and catchability are often poorly estimated. In addition, stock recruitment relationships are often very difficult to estimate, and steepness values are commonly estimated at the upper bound (1.0) and overfishing limits tend to be biased low. Natural mortality can be estimated in assessment models if M is constant across ages or if selectivity is asymptotic. However if M is higher in old fish and selectivity is dome-shaped, M and the selectivity cannot both be adequately estimated because of strong interactions between M and selectivity.

Physico-chemical interactions between compartment-forming lipids and other prebiotically relevant biomolecules

Lipids are essential constituents of contemporary living cells, serving as structural molecules that are necessary to form membranous compartments. Amphiphilic lipid-like molecules may also have contributed to prebiotic chemical evolution by promoting the synthesis, aggregation and cooperative encapsulation of other biomolecules. The resulting compartments would allow systems of molecules to be maintained that represent microscopic experiments in a natural version of combinatorial chemistry. Here we address these possibilities and describe recent results related to interactions between amphiphiles and other biomolecules during early evolution toward the first living cells.

Spatial and temporal distribution and the potential for estuarine interactions between wild and hatchery chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Taku Inlet, Alaska

We investigated estuarine spatial and temporal overlap of wild and marked hatchery chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry; the latter included two distinct size groups released near the Taku River estuary (Taku Inlet) in Southeast Alaska (early May releases of ~ 1.9 g and late May releases of ~ 3.9 g wet weight). Our objectives were to compare abundance, body size, and condition of wild chum salmon fry and hatchery chum salmon fry raised under early and late rearing strategies in different habitats of Taku Inlet and to document environmental factors that could potentially explain the distribution, size, and abundance of these chum salmon fr y. We used a sampling design stratified into inner and outer inlet and neritic and littoral habitats. Hatchery fry were rare in the inner estuary in both years but outnumbered wild fry 20:1 in the outer estuary. Hatchery fry were significantly larger than wild fry in both littoral and neritic samples. Abundances of wild and hatchery fry were positively correlated in the outer inlet, indicating the formation of mixed schools of hatchery and wild fry. Spatial and temporal overlap was greatest between wild and early hatchery fry in the outer inlet in both habitats. The early hatchery release coincided with peak abundances of wild fry in the outer inlet, and the distribution of wild and early hatchery fry overlapped for about three weeks. Our results demonstrate that the timing of release of hatchery fry may affect interactions with wild fry.