Design and developement of a pulsed power system for a Vircator based HPM source

Pulse Forming Line (PFL) based high voltage pulsed power systems are well suited for low impedance High Power Microwave (HPM) sources such as a virtual cathode oscillator (VIRCATOR) operating in nanosecond regimes. The system under development consists of a primary voltage source that charges the capacitor bank of a Marx pulser over a long time duration. The Marx pulser output is then conditioned by a PFL to match the requirement of the HPM diode load. This article describes the design and construction of an oil insulated pulse forming line for a REB (Relativistic Electron Beam) diode used in a VIRCATOR for the generation of high power microwaves. Design of a 250 kV/10 kA/60 ns PFL, including the PSPICE simulation for various load conditions are described.

Coupling of High Voltage AC Power Line Fields to Metallic Pipelines

In the recent years, there has been a trend to run metallic pipelines carrying petroleum products and high voltage AC power lines parallel to each other in a relatively narrow strip of land. Due to this sharing of the right-of-way, verhead AC power line electric field may induce voltages on the metallic pipelines running in close vicinity leading to serious adverse effects. In this paper, the induced voltages on metallic pipelines running in close vicinity of high voltage power transmission lines have been computed. Before computing the induced voltages, an optimum configuration of the phase conductors based on the lowest conductor surface gradient and field under transmission line has been arrived at. This paper reports the conductor surface field gradients calculated for the various configurations. Also the electric fields under transmission line, for single circuit and double circuit (various phase arrangements) have been analyzed. Based on the above results, an optimum configuration giving the lowest field under the power line as well as the lowest conductor surface gradient has been arrived at and for this configuration, induced voltage on the pipeline has been computed using the Charge Simulation Method (CSM). For comparison, induced voltages on the pipeline has been computed for the various other phase configurations also.

Fault-Diagnostic System using Support Vector Machines for Power Transmission Systems

This paper presents an approach for identifying the faulted line section and fault location on transmission systems using support vector machines (SVMs) for diagnosis/post-fault analysis purpose. Power system disturbances are often caused by faults on transmission lines. When fault occurs on a transmission system, the protective relay detects the fault and initiates the tripping operation, which isolates the affected part from the rest of the power system. Based on the fault section identified, rapid and corrective restoration procedures can thus be taken to minimize the power interruption and limit the impact of outage on the system. The approach is particularly important for post-fault diagnosis of any mal-operation of relays following a disturbance in the neighboring line connected to the same substation. This may help in improving the fault monitoring/diagnosis process, thus assuring secure operation of the power systems. In this paper we compare SVMs with radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) in data sets corresponding to different faults on a transmission system. Classification and regression accuracy is reported for both strategies. Studies on a practical 24-Bus equivalent EHV transmission system of the Indian Southern region is presented for indicating the improved generalization with the large margin classifiers in enhancing the efficacy of the chosen model.

Operational experience on a grid connected 100 kWe biomass gasification power plant in Karnataka, India

The paper reports the operational experience from a 100 kWe gasification power plant connected to the grid in Karnataka. Biomass Energy for Rural India (BERI) is a program that implemented gasification based power generation with an installed capacity of 0.88 MWe distributed over three locations to meet the electrical energy needs in the district of Tumkur. The operation of one 100 kWe power plant was found unsatisfactory and not meeting the designed performance. The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, the technology developer, took the initiative to ensure the system operation, capacity building and prove the designed performance. The power plant connected to the grid consists of the IISc gasification system which includes reactor, cooling, cleaning system, fuel drier and water treatment system to meet the producer gas quality for an engine. The producer gas is used as a fuel in Cummins India Limited, GTA 855 G model, turbo charged engine and the power output is connected to the grid. The system has operated for over 1000 continuous hours, with only about 70 h of grid outages. The total biomass consumption for 1035 h of operation was 111 t at an average of 107 kg/h. Total energy generated was 80.6 MWh reducing over loot of CO(2) emissions. The overall specific fuel consumption was about 1.36 kg/kWh, amounting to an overall efficiency from biomass to electricity of about 18%. The present operations indicate that a maintenance schedule for the plant can be at the end of 1000 h. The results for another 1000 h of operation by the local team are also presented. (C) 2011 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Multilevel inverters for low-power application

Multilevel inverters are an attractive solution in the medium-voltage and high-power applications. However in the low-power range also it can be a better solution compared to two-level inverters, if MOSFETs are used as devices switching in the order of 100 kHz. The effect of clamping diodes in the diode-clamped multilevel inverters play an important role in determining its efficiency. Power loss introduced by the reverse recovery of MOSFET body diode prohibits the use of MOSFET in hard-switched inverter legs. A technique of avoiding reverse recovery loss of MOSFET body diode in a three-level neutral point clamped inverter is suggested. The use of multilevel inverters topology enables operation at high switching frequency without sacrificing efficiency. High switching frequency of operation reduces the output filter requirement, which in turn helps in reducing the size of the inverter. This study elaborates the trade-off analysis to quantify the suitability of multilevel inverters in the low-power applications. Advantages of using a MOSFET-based three-level diode-clamped inverter for a PM motor drive and UPS systems are discussed.

Dynamic Supply and Threshold Voltage Scaling for CMOS Digital Circuits Using In-Situ Power Monitor

A generalized power tracking algorithm that minimizes power consumption of digital circuits by dynamic control of supply voltage and the body bias is proposed. A direct power monitoring scheme is proposed that does not need any replica and hence can sense total power consumed by load circuit across process, voltage, and temperature corners. Design details and performance of power monitor and tracking algorithm are examined by a simulation framework developed using UMC 90-nm CMOS triple well process. The proposed algorithm with direct power monitor achieves a power savings of 42.2% for activity of 0.02 and 22.4% for activity of 0.04. Experimental results from test chip fabricated in AMS 350 nm process shows power savings of 46.3% and 65% for load circuit operating in super threshold and near sub-threshold region, respectively. Measured resolution of power monitor is around 0.25 mV and it has a power overhead of 2.2% of die power. Issues with loop convergence and design tradeoff for power monitor are also discussed in this paper.

Information-theoretic and communication-theoretic optimal power allocation for fading channels

In this paper we review the most peculiar and interesting information-theoretic and communications features of fading channels. We first describe the statistical models of fading channels which are frequently used in the analysis and design of communication systems. Next, we focus on the information theory of fading channels, by emphasizing capacity as the most important performance measure. Both single-user and multiuser transmission are examined. Further, we describe how the structure of fading channels impacts code design, and finally overview equalization of fading multipath channels.

A power scalable receiver front-end at 2.4 GHz

We propose a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) architecture for power scalable receiver front end (FE) for Zigbee. The motivation for power scalable receiver is to enable minimum power operation while meeting the run-time performance needed. We use simple models to find empirical relations between the available signal and interference levels to come up with required Noise Figure (NF) and 3rd order Intermodulation Product (IIP3) numbers. The architecture has two independent digital knobs to control the NF and IIP3. Acceptable input match while using adaptation has been achieved by using an Active Inductor configuration for the source degeneration inductor of the LNA. The low IF receiver front end (LNA with I and Q mixers) was fabricated in 130nm RFCMOS process and tested.

Power and Discrete Rate Adaptation for Energy Harvesting Wireless Nodes

Energy Harvesting (EH) nodes, which harvest energy from the environment in order to communicate over a wireless link, promise perpetual operation of a wireless network with battery-powered nodes. In this paper, we address the throughput optimization problem for a rate-adaptive EH node that chooses its rate from a set of discrete rates and adjusts its power depending on its channel gain and battery state. First, we show that the optimal throughput of an EH node is upper bounded by the throughput achievable by a node that is subject only to an average power constraint. We then propose a simple transmission scheme for an EH node that achieves an average throughput close to the upper bound. The scheme's parameters can be made to account for energy overheads such as battery non-idealities and the energy required for sensing and processing. The effect of these overheads on the average throughput is also analytically characterized.

Analysis of non-uniform waveguide in MZI and optimization of the power confinement in the waveguide

The technological world has attained a new dimension with the advent of miniaturization and a major breakthrough has evolved in the form of moems, technically more advanced than mems. This breakthrough has paved way for the scientists to research and conceive their innovation. This paper presents a mathematical analysis of the wave propagation along the non-uniform waveguide with refractive index varying along the z axis implemented on the cantilever beam of MZI based moem accelerometer. Secondly the studies on the wave bends with minimum power loss focusing on two main aspects of bend angle and curvature angle is also presented.