Conséquences de l’acclimatation à différents régimes thermiques sur les taux métaboliques standards des tacons du saumon de l’Atlantique(Salmo salar)

Les poissons vivant au sein d’une rivière sont soumis à des variations circadiennes de température pouvant influencer la croissance, la digestion et le métabolisme standard. Les modèles bioénergétiques utilisant les fonctions métaboliques pour déterminer la croissance d’un poisson ont souvent été élaborés avec des poissons acclimatés à des températures constantes. Ces modèles pourraient sous-estimer l’énergie dépensée par un poisson soumis à des températures fluctuantes. En utilisant la respirométrie par débit intermittent, les objectifs de ce travail étaient : (1) de quantifier les différences entre les taux métaboliques standards de poissons acclimatés à une température constante (20.2 oC ± 0.5 oC) et à des fluctuations circadiennes de température (19.8 oC ± 2.0 oC; 19.5 oC ± 3.0 oC) et (2) comparer deux méthodologies pour calculer les taux métaboliques standards de poissons sujets aux fluctuations circadiennes de températures : respirométrie (a) en température constante ou (b) en température fluctuante. Les poissons acclimatés à des fluctuations circadiennes de température ont des taux métaboliques standards plus élevés que des poissons acclimatés à une température constante. À 20.2 oC ± 0.5 oC, les taux métabolique standards ont été de 25% à 32% plus bas pour des poissons maintenus à une température constante que pour des poissons gardés sous des fluctuations circadiennes de température. Les méthodologies utilisées pour estimer les taux métaboliques standards de poissons sujets aux fluctuations de température offrent des résultats similaires.

Effet de la transmission cholinergique sur la cartographie fonctionnelle du cortex visuel du rongeur

La transmission cholinergique, et notamment muscarinique, joue un rôle déterminant dans le système nerveux central au niveau de la modulation de la plasticité neuronale. La libération d'ACh dans le cortex visuel est concomitante à la présentation de stimuli visuels. Par son action sur la transmission neuronale corticale, l'ACh module à long terme les réponses à de nouveaux stimuli sensoriels. Dans la présente étude, l'implication du système cholinergique au niveau du développement cortical et de la plasticité inductible chez l'adulte a été étudiée par les techniques d'imagerie optique des signaux intrinsèques et d'immunohistochimie chez le rongeur. Ces deux techniques de cartographie de l'activité corticale nous ont permis d'évaluer, d'une part, l'impact modulatoire de l'acétylcholine (ACh) et de ses récepteurs muscariniques (mAChRs, M1 à M5) sur l'organisation fonctionnelle du cortex visuel chez des souris déficitaires pour les mAChRs et, d'autre part, l'impact de la libération d'ACh lors d'un entraînement visuel, sur le nombre, la nature neurochimique et la localisation au niveau des couches corticales des neurones corticaux activés. L'implication du système cholinergique sur la cartographie du cortex visuel primaire a été étudiée sur les souris génétiquement modifiées délétères (knock out : KO) pour différentes combinaisons de sous-types de mAChRs. L'imagerie des signaux intrinsèques, basée sur les changements de réflectance corticale de la lumière survenant lors de la consommation d'oxygène par les neurones activés, a permis de déterminer, lors de stimulations visuelles, les différentes composantes des propriétés des neurones du cortex visuel. La taille des champs récepteurs des neurones est diminuée lors de l'absence du récepteur M1 ou de la combinaison M1/M3. Le champ visuel apparent est augmenté chez les souris M2/M4-KO mais diminué chez les M1-KO. La finesse des connectivités neuronales (évaluée par la mesure du scatter du signal) est réduite lors de l'absence des récepteurs M2/M4. Finalement, chez les animaux M1/M3-KO, une diminution de l'acuité visuelle est observée. L'effet à long-terme d'un entraînement visuel couplé à une stimulation des neurones cholinergiques sur la distribution et la nature des neurones immunoréactifs au c-Fos, c'est-à-dire les neurones activés, a été évalué. Puisque cette stimulation combinée est en mesure de produire des modifications comportementales, notamment au niveau de l'acuité visuelle, il devenait intéressant de s'attarder aux modifications neuroanatomiques et de déterminer quels éléments de l'équilibre excitateur/inhibiteur sont compromis chez ces animaux. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que les animaux ayant reçu une combinaison de l'entraînement cholinergique et visuel présentent une augmentation du marquage c-Fos comparativement aux animaux n'ayant reçu que la stimulation cholinergique. D'autre part, chez ces animaux, il est possible d'observer des modifications de l'équilibre excitateur/inhibiteur qui correspond au potentiel plastique de la région. En conclusion, ces études démontrent un rôle important du système cholinergique dans le développement, la maturation et la plasticité du système visuel cérébral.

Mesure de l’activité physique par accélérométrie : validation et précision de la mesure

Introduction : Les accéléromètres sont actuellement les appareils les plus utilisés pour mesurer le niveau d’activité physique, et ce, parce qu'ils évaluent les niveaux d'activité physique de façon objective. Toutefois, les mouvements humains sont difficiles à mesurer, et de nombreuses limitations doivent être prises en considération pour la bonne utilisation des accéléromètres. Les études présentées s’intéressent donc à la validité de la fonction podomètre des accéléromètres ainsi qu’à la validation de la composante accéléromètre d’un nouvel appareil multicapteur (SenseDoc). Méthode : Les sujets ayant participé à la première étude, qui consistait en la validation de la fonction podomètre des accéléromètres, ont marché sur un tapis roulant à trois vitesses différentes (2,5 km/h, 3,5 km/h et 4,8 km/h) pendant 5 minutes par palier. Un accéléromètre (ActiGraph GT3X) porté à la ceinture a enregistré le nombre de pas tandis qu'une caméra a enregistré la marche des participants. Pour la seconde étude, les participants portaient un accéléromètre Actigraph et un SenseDoc à la hanche. Les données brutes des accéléromètres et la mesure de la consommation d’oxygène par calorimétrie indirecte ont été mesurées lors de 14 activités réalisées en laboratoire allant de sédentaires à vigoureuses. Résultats : La première étude indique que les accéléromètres ont détecté seulement 53 % des pas à 2,5 km/h, 82 % à 3,5 km/h et 91 % à 4,8 km/h pour les personnes non obèses. Pour les personnes obèses, l'accéléromètre a détecté 47 % des pas à 2.5 km/h, 67 % à 3.5 km/h et 100 % à 4.8 km/h, des résultats significativement différents des personnes non obèses. La seconde étude confirme pour sa part que le SenseDoc est un outil valide de mesure du niveau d’activité physique. Les accéléromètres possèdent une bonne capacité prédictive de la dépense énergétique avec des valeurs de R carré de 0,84 et 0,80 respectivement pour l'Actigraph et le SenseDoc. Conclusion : À vitesse de marche lente, les accéléromètres sous-estiment le nombre de pas, et ce, dans une plus large mesure chez les personnes obèses que chez les personnes non obèses. Également, une méthode valide et transparente de transformation de données brutes d’accélérométrie a été divulguée dans l’étude avec le SenseDoc. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire visent à améliorer l’utilisation en milieu clinique et en recherche des accéléromètres et ouvrent la voie à une plus grande uniformité entre les études utilisant différents types d’accéléromètres.

Association of reduced extracellular brain ammonia, lactate, and intracranial pressure in pigs with acute liver failure.

We previously demonstrated in pigs with acute liver failure (ALF) that albumin dialysis using the molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS) attenuated a rise in intracranial pressure (ICP). This was independent of changes in arterial ammonia, cerebral blood flow and inflammation, allowing alternative hypotheses to be tested. The aims of the present study were to determine whether changes in cerebral extracellular ammonia, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, and energy metabolites were associated with the beneficial effects of MARS on ICP. Three randomized groups [sham, ALF (induced by portacaval anastomosis and hepatic artery ligation), and ALF+MARS] were studied over a 6-hour period with a 4-hour MARS treatment given beginning 2 hours after devascularization. Using cerebral microdialysis, the ALF-induced increase in extracellular brain ammonia, lactate, and glutamate was significantly attenuated in the ALF+MARS group as well as the increases in extracellular lactate/pyruvate and lactate/glucose ratios. The percent change in extracellular brain ammonia correlated with the percent change in ICP (r(2) = 0.511). Increases in brain lactate dehydrogenase activity and mitochondrial complex activity for complex IV were found in ALF compared with those in the sham, which was unaffected by MARS treatment. Brain oxygen consumption did not differ among the study groups. Conclusion: The observation that brain oxygen consumption and mitochondrial complex enzyme activity changed in parallel in both ALF- and MARS-treated animals indicates that the attenuation of increased extracellular brain ammonia (and extracellular brain glutamate) in the MARS-treated animals reduces energy demand and increases supply, resulting in attenuation of increased extracellular brain lactate. The mechanism of how MARS reduces extracellular brain ammonia requires further investigation.

Coût bioenergetique des modes de déplacements irréguliers en sport

The objective of this thesis was to quantify the physiological responses such as O2 uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate ([LA]) to some types of activities associated with intermittent sports in athletes. Our hypothesis is that the introduction of accelerations and decelerations with or without directional changes results in a significative increase of the oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood lactate. The purpose of the first study was to measure and compare the VO2 and the HR of 6 on-court tennis drills at both high and low displacement speeds. These drills were done with and without striking the ball, over full and half-width court, in attack or in defense mode, using backhand or forehand strokes. Results show that playing an attacking style requires 6.5% more energy than playing a defensive style (p < 0.01) and the backhand stroke required 7% more VO2 at low speed than forehand stroke (p < 0.05) while the additional cost of striking the ball lies between 3.5 and 3.0 mL kg-1 min-1. Finally, while striking the ball, the energy expanded during a shuttle displacement on half-width court is 14% higher than running on full-width court. Studies #2 and #3 focused on different modes of displacement observed in irregular sports. The objective of the second study was to measure and compare VO2, HR and [LA] responses to randomly performed multiple fractioned runs with directional changes (SR) and without directional changes (FR) to those of in-line running (IR) at speeds corresponding to 60, 70 and 80% of the subject’s maximal aerobic speed (MAS). All results show that IR’s VO2 was significantly lower than SR’s and FR’s (p<0.05). SR’s VO2 was greater than FR’s only at speeds corresponding to 80%MAS. On the other hand, HR was similar in SR and FR but significantly higher than IR’s (p<0.05). [LA] varied between 4.2 ± 0.8 and 6.6 ± 0.9 mmol L-1 without significant differences between the 3 displacement modes. Finally, the third study’s objective was to measure and compare VO2 , HR and [LA] responses during directional changes at different angles and at different submaximal running speeds corresponding to 60, 70 and 80% MAS. Subjects randomly performed 4 running protocols 1) a 20-m shuttle running course (180°) (SR), 2) an 8-shaped running course with 90-degree turns every 20 m (90R), 3) a Zigzag running course (ZZR) with multiple close directional changes (~ 5 m) at different angle values of 91.8°, 90° and 38.6°, 4) an In-line run (IR) for comparison purposes. Results show that IR’s was lower (p<0.001) than for 90R’s, SR’s and ZZR’s at all intensities. VO2 obtained at 60 and 70%MAS was 48.7 and 38.1% higher during ZZR when compared to IR while and depending on the intensity, during 90R and SR was between 15.5 and 19.6% higher than during IR. Also, ZZR’s VO2 was 26.1 and 19.5% higher than 90R’s, 26.1 and 15.5% higher than SR’s at 60 and 70%MAS. SR’s and 90R’s VO2 were similar. Changing direction at a 90° angle and at 180° angle seem similar when compared to continuous in-line running. [LA] levels were similar in all modalities. Overall, the studies presented in this thesis allow the quantification of the specific energetic demands of certain types of displacement modes in comparison with conventional forward running. Also, our results confirm that the energy cost varies and increase with the introduction of accelerations and decelerations with and without directional changes.

Studies on the Survival of Sunetta Scripta in Different Salinities

Division of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Metabolic Efficiency of Penaeus Indicus H.Milne Edwards Under Different Salinity Stress Conditions

The investigation was aimed at establishing the effect of salinity on the culture performance of Peneus Indicus in pokkali fields and also to find out the growth performance of the shrimp at varying salinities. The experiments were laid out at Rice Research Station, Vyttila of Kerala Agriculture University in three fields of area 1000 m2 each. The results of the experiment clearly establish that shrimps when stocked at higher salinity (20-25 ppt) for 45 days has given higher growth, survival and production than those stocked at lower salinity (10-15 ppt) in all the above parameters even when the culture experiment was maintained for longer periods in lower salinity. In the prolonged culture experiments conducted for 120 days in 10-25 ppt salinity, the results were poorer than the short period culture in higher salinity and the production values similar to lower saline culture. This clearly establishes the importance of salinity as an ecological factor which will have profound influence in shrimp farming operations.

Physiological effects of copper (II) on sunetta scripta L.

In India industrial pollution has become a subject of increasing concern.Incidents of industrial pollution have been reported from many parts of the country. Cochin, the collection site of the present study, being the industrial capital of Kerela is also a harbour, is vulnerable to pollution by trace metal contaminants. In the recent times, pollutants of greatest concern in the aquatic environment are those which are persistent such as toxic heavy metals and the chlorinated hydrocarbons which include insecticides and pesticides.The animals collected from the clam bed situated on the northern side af Cochin bermouth are subject to wide fluctuations in salinity both seasonal and tidal. also; salinity is considered as an important parameter influencing the.-physiological functioning of an organism. Hence, the salinity tolerance of the animal is worked out. Considering the potential vulnerability of Cochin backwaters to heavy metal pollution, the impact of heavy metal copper (II) on the bivalve Sunetta sripta was conceived. Static bioassays were conducted for the determination of the sublethal concentrations of the metal as a preliminary step towards the toxicity studies. Oxygen consumption and filtration rate which are considered as reliable sublethal toxicity indices were employed for investigating the toxic effects of the metal. Bioaccumulation, a physiological phenomenon which can be of importance from the public health point of view, and also in the assessment of environmental quality is also dealt with.

Toxicity, accumulation and depuration of heavy metalsin the brown mussel perna indica

In this thesis certain important aspects of heavy metal toxicity have been worked out. Recent studies have clearly shown that when experimental media contained more than one heavy metals, such metals could conspicuously influence the toxic reaction of the animals both in terms of quantity and nature. The experimental results available on individual metal toxicity show that, in majority of such results, unrealistically high concentrations of dissolved metals are involved. A remarkable number of factors have been shown to influence metal toxicity such as various environmental factors particularly temperature and salinity, the condition of the organism and the ability of some of the marine organisms to adapt to metallic contamination. Further, some of the more sensitive functions like embryonic and larval development, growth and fecundity, oxygen utilization and the function of various enzymes are found to be demonstrably sensitive in the presence of heavy metals. However, some of the above functions could be compensated for by adaptive process. If it is assumed that the presence of a single metal in higher concentrations could affect the life function of marine animals, more than one metal in the experimental media should manifest such effects in a greater scale. Commonly known as synergism or more than additivity, majority of heavy metals bring about synergistic reaction .The work presented in this thesis comprises lethal and sublethal toxicities of different salt forms of copper and silver on the brown mussel Perna indica. during the present investigation sublethal concentrations of copper and silver in their dent effects on survival, oxygen consumption, filtration, accumulation and depuration on Perna indica. The results are presented under different sections to make the presentation meaningful .

Studies on the teredinids of cochin harbour

Teredinids (shipworms), a group of wood boring bivalves occurring in the Cochin Harbour region have been taken up for the eco-physiological studies. On the ecological part, the occurrence, abunance and seasonal intensity of the teredinids in relation to hydrographic conditions have been studied. On the physiological part, salinity tolerance and oxygen consumption of the most commonly occurring shipworms, Nausitcra hedlgyi and Teredo furcifera have been investigated. The hydrographic factors studied are temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite, silicate and pH. The variation in temperature is found to be comparatively narrow. But seasonal variation in salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite and silicate has been observed, with the highest values during the monsoon period. In the case of pH, the minimum value has been obtained during the low saline period and the maximum value, during the high saline period. Of the various hydrographic factors studied, salinity has been found to be the most important fluctuating environmental parameter influencing the life of organisms in the habitat.

Studies on a sea anemone ,anthopleura nicrescens(verrill) from the south west coast of India

The present study was undertaken with a view to understanding some aspects of the morphology, bionomics and physiology of the sea anemone A.nigrescens. This species was selected for the study since it is abundantly available along the coast throughout the year and can successfully reared in the laboratory without much effort. The present study deals with the following aspects of A.nigrescens. description of the species, habitat, food and feeding, digestion, studies on salinity tolerance, studies on oxygen consumption, studies on tolerance to desiccation, asexual reproduction and regeneration.

Studies on the common penaeid prawns of the Kerala coast

Very little is known about the tolerance of the pensoid prawns in Indian waters under varying environment conditions ,except for a note on the salinityon The growth of the juvenile papacus indicus by sreekumaran nair and krishnankutty there seems to be no work on this aspect besides the oxygen consumption of metsponecus dobsoni which is a major constituent of prawn fishery in this region has not been studied so far.T he present work comprises studies on the occurrence and abudance of penacid prawnsin two major estuaries in Kerala the kayamkulam lake and cochin backwaters the salinity and tempeture tolerance the effect of salinity on the growth of three comercially important prawns of kerala namely pensecus indicus, ,metaponaeus dobsoni, M monoceros and the respiratory metabolism of M. dobsoni.

Studies On Some Boring And Fouling Crustaceans

The present work comprises studies on the salinity tolerance and respiratory metabolism of a mood-boring sphaeromid, Sphaeroma annandalei, Stabbing and two free living,foulers of the family Cirolanidae, Cirolana fluviatilis Stabbing and C. uilleyi Stabbing. Except for the systematic accounts and general observations by Pillai (1961) and the preliminary studies on the salinity tolerance and respiration of C. fluviatilis by Nagabhushanam and Gopalakrishnamurthy (1965, 1965a) very little is known about these isopods From Indian waters. Studies by John (1968) on the habits, structure, and development of Sphaeroma terebrans and by Cheriyan (1973) on the eoéphysiology of the same are the recent major contributions on this interesting group of animals. 5. annandalei is closely related to S. terebrans and has been reported to occur on timber along with the latter (Pillai, 1951). s. gggandalei is a serious pest attacking wood along the Kerala coast, but detailed works on this species have not been undertaken so Far

Studies on the effects of selected trace metals on Matapenaeus Dobsoni (MIERS)

This thesis is an attempt by the author to assess the suitability of Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers), an economically important crustacean species as a sentinel organism of trace metal pollution. The results of detailed investigations on seasonal variation, bioassay, accumulation and depuration of three metals viz., mercury, copper and zinc are presented and discussed. The importance of trace metals in the aquatic environment and their present status in the study area - Cochin backwaters, the significance of crustacean fisheries, the species M. dobsoni and the objectives of the present studies are described in Chapter 1. The methodology adopted during the investigation is given in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 delineates the seasonal variation of Hg, Cu and Zn in the edible and non-edible parts of M. dobsoni collected from Cochin backwaters for a period of one year (June 1984-May 1985). The results of bioassay experiments are given in Chapter 4. Kinetics of accumulation ,retention and depuration of trace metals, their biological half-life, the influence of size group and environmental factors are given in Chapter 5. The effect of these metals on the physiological response of M. dobsoni viz. oxygen consumption is included in Chapter 6. A summary and list of references are also appended.

“Factores asociados con la calificación del origen del síndrome de manguito rotatorio en trabajadores afiliados a una entidad promotora de salud privada”.

El dolor de hombro es una de las causas más frecuentes de consulta médica general. El Síndrome de Manguito Rotatorio emerge durante los años 2003 y 2004 como la quinta causa de morbilidad profesional en Colombia, ocupando el segundo lugar a nivel del miembro superior. La gran mayoría de estudios han encontrado una clara relación entre los trastornos musculoesqueléticos de hombro y el tipo de trabajo. Se ha descrito una alta relación del hombro doloroso asociado a profesiones manualmente intensas, es evidente la asociación entre la actividad laboral con el brazo elevado con patologías de hombro. Dentro de los factores individuales predisponentes se encuentran: Edad mayor, género femenino, dominancia del miembro superior, alto índice de masa corporal, sintomatología osteomuscular previa, baja realización de ejercicio, embarazo; hábitos de consumo y enfermedades metabólicas concomitantes. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, examinando las historias clínicas de 117 trabajadores calificados por diagnóstico de Síndrome de Manguito Rotatorio en el área de Medicina Laboral de una Entidad Promotora de Salud privada, durante año 2.013. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue identificar las variables relacionadas como factores influyentes en la causalidad de esta patología. Se estudió la asociación bivariada entre los diferentes factores de riesgo (personales y laborales) de interés y la determinación del origen laboral del Síndrome de Manguito Rotatorio mediante la obtención de la medida de asociación correspondiente (Odds ratio). La investigación permitió identificar que el mayor porcentaje de calificación del origen del S.M.R. es el laboral con el 86.6% de la población estudiada, el 11.8% restante tiene una calificación de origen común. Todos los trabajadores estudiados presentaron sintomatología dolorosa a nivel del hombro en calificación 100%. La imagen diagnostica utilizada para la calificación de la patología fue la Resonancia Magnética de hombro 97.5%. Se encontró relación de causalidad entre la presentación de la patología con el género femenino, la edad con rango entre 30 y 45 años, el hábito de fumar y la no realización de ejercicio. Como conclusión final se obtiene que los resultados obtenidos concuerdan con lo descrito en la literatura a nivel mundial en trabajadores, en los cuales influyen los aspectos personales y laborales descritos como variables en el presente estudio con relación a la calificación del origen laboral del Síndrome de Manguito Rotatorio.