Employment regulation, game theory, and the lacuna in employee participation in liberal economies

Employee participation is a vital ingredient of what the International Labour Organization (ILO) calls ‘representation security’. This article provides theoretical and empirical insights relating to social policy impact of worker participation, specifically the European Information and Consultation Directive (ICD) for employee voice rights. While existing research on the ICD offers important empirical insights, there is a need for further theoretical analysis to examine the potential effectiveness of the regulations in liberal market economies (LMEs). Drawing on data from 16 case studies, the article uses game theory and the prisoner's dilemma framework to explain why national implementing legislation is largely ineffective in diffusing mutual gains cooperation in two LMEs: UK and the Republic of Ireland. Three theoretical (metaphorical) propositions advance understanding of the policy impact of national information & consultation regulations in LMEs.

Similarity or Variation? Employee Representation and Consultation Approaches Amongst Liberal Market Economy Multinationals

This paper engages with the varieties of capitalism literature to investigate the employee representation and consultation approaches of liberal market economy multinational companies (MNCs), specifically Australian, British and US MNCs operating in Australia. While the literature would suggest commonality amongst these MNCs, the paper considers whether the evidence points to similarity or variation amongst liberal market headquartered MNCs. The findings contribute to filling a recognized empirical gap on MNC employment relations practice in Australia and to a better understanding of within category varieties of capitalism similarity and variation. Drawing on survey data from MNCs operating in Australia, the results demonstrated that UK-owned MNCs were the least likely to report collective structures of employee representation. Moreover, it was found that Australian MNCs were the most likely to engage in collective forms of employee representation and made less use of direct consultative mechanisms relative to their British and US counterparts. In spite of the concerted individualization of the employment relations domain over previous decades, Australian MNCs appear to have upheld more long-standing national institutional arrangements with respect to engaging with employees on a collective basis. This varies from British and US MNC approaches which denotes that our results display within category deviation in the variety of capitalism liberal market economy typology. Just as Hall and Soskice described their seminal work on liberal market economy (LME) and coordinated market economy (CME) categories as a “work-in-progress” (2001: 2), we too suggest that Australia’s evolution in the LME category, and more specifically its industrial relations system development, and the consequences for employment relations practices of its domestic MNCs, may be a work-in-progress.

The relationship between time attitudes profiles and self-efficacy, sensation seeking, and alcohol use: An exploratory study

A growing body of research has begun to report on time attitudes which specifically refers to an individual's emotional and evaluative feelings toward the past, the present, and the future. The present study used data from the first wave of a longitudinal cohort study in the United Kingdom. Sample 1 consisted of 1580 adolescents (40% female, 1.7% unreported) in Northern Ireland, while Sample 2 consisted of 813 adolescents (46.7% female, 1.4% unreported) in Scotland. Five similar time attitudes profiles emerged in both countries, with one additional "balanced" profile in Scotland. Results show that there were no substantive differences between profiles in terms of socio-demographic indicators. However, in respect of academic, social and emotional self-efficacy, best results were observed for those with Positive, Ambivalent, and Balanced profiles, with the reverse true for those with Negative, Past Negative, and Pessimistic profiles. Positives were also less likely to report using alcohol.

Étude des compétences informatiques et des attitudes du corps professoral face à l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) à l'Institut de Technologie du Cambodge (ITC)

L'utilisation des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication (NTIC) fait l'objet de discussions dans le domaine de l'éducation. La présente recherche a pour objectif principal d'identifier le profil des compétences informatiques et des attitudes du corps professoral d'une haute école de formation technologique du Cambodge au regard de l'utilisation des environnements informatiques dans sa pratique d'enseignement. Cette étude descriptive exploratoire aura comme principale retombée de contribuer au développement de l'intégration des NTIC en pédagogie universitaire au Cambodge. Nous tenterons éventuellement de mettre en lumière les besoins que cette intégration suscite. L'élaboration d'une stratégie de systématisation de l'implantation des NTIC en pédagogie universitaire pourrait être traitée dans une future étude. Le recueil de données a été réalisé à l'aide d'un questionnaire d'enquête ainsi que d'une série d'entrevues réalisées auprès du personnel enseignant de l'Institut de Technologie du Cambodge durant la session d'hiver 2001.

La relation entre les connaissances et les attitudes relatives à la diversité sexuelle chez les enseignantes et les enseignants québécois et colombiens en formation initiale

Des études états-uniennes et canadiennes révèlent diverses situations d'homophobie (Taylor, Peter, McMinn, Elliott, Beldom, Ferry, Gross, Paquin et Schachter, 2011) en milieu scolaire. Au Québec, une étude récente a également montré que les élèves lesbiennes, gays et bisexuels des deux sexes (LGB) font face à l'intimidation, au harcèlement, aux insultes et à la discrimination dans les écoles (Chamberland, Émond, Bemier, Richard, Petit, Chevrier, Ryan, Otis et Julien, 2011). Les victimes d'intimidation et de discrimination manifestent des difficultés psychologiques (diagnostiquées ou non) telles que des troubles de l'humeur (tristesse, dépression, idéations ou tentatives de suicide), des troubles anxieux ou encore une faible estime d'eux-mêmes. De plus, ces élèves se sentent mal à l'aise à l'école, ont de la difficulté à se concentrer en classe et vont même jusqu'à manquer des cours, des journées de classe ou encore décrocher du système scolaire (Chamberland, Émond, Julien, Otis, et Ryan, 2011). Compte tenu de la situation problématique des élèves LGB dans les écoles, nous avons voulu identifier les liens entre les connaissances relatives aux rôles et comportements sexuels ainsi qu'aux réalités des jeunes LGB ou perçus comme tels du futur personnel enseignant tant québécois que colombien et leur attitudes envers l'homosexualité et bisexualité. Notre hypothèse à cet égard est que la tolérance face à la diversité sexuelle est en partie fonction des connaissances des personnes sur la question. Pour réaliser notre recherche, nous avons construit un questionnaire à partir des travaux de Kinsey (1948, 1953) sur le comportement sexuel humain, de Bein (1974, 1981) sur le rôle sexuel, de la littérature sur le vécu des jeunes LGB et de Herek et McLemore, (2011) sur les attitudes envers l'homosexualité. Nous avons effectué des analyses descriptives pour identifier les connaissances des participants et participantes ainsi que leurs attitudes envers la diversité sexuelle. Nous avons en outre procédé à des analyses de corrélations pour examiner la force des liens entre les connaissances et les attitudes. Nous avons enfin comparé les résultats obtenus en Colombie et au Québec à l'aide de tests t. Les résultats obtenus confirment notre hypothèse sur la relation entre connaissances et attitudes et révèlent un manque de connaissances sur les trois sujets testés, des attitudes ni tout à fait hostiles ni tout à fait positives dans les deux sous-échantillons, colombien et québécois. Cette étude pourra donc contribuer à améliorer la formation du personnel enseignant, en incluant des cours portant sur la diversité, sexuelle notamment, de façon à favoriser l'éclosion d'attitudes positives chez ce dernier et contribuer ainsi à rendre l'école plus sécuritaire pour les élèves LGB et à favoriser leur réussite scolaire. Cette recherche est pionnière par certains de ses aspects et apporte de nouvelles informations utiles pour comprendre les phénomènes humains autour desquels s'articulent les attitudes envers la diversité sexuelle.

L'accompagnement du personnel enseignant au regard de l'enseignement et l'évaluation des attitudes au collégial.

La présente recherche-intervention s'intéresse à l'accompagnement des enseignantes et des enseignants vers l'appropriation de pratiques pédagogiques qui visent l'enseignement et l'évaluation des attitudes. Le développement d'attitudes professionnelles se retrouve parmi les ojectifs de la plupart des programmes techniques au collégial. Parfois, appelées valeur, savoir-être, habiletés de type socioaffectif et dimension affective, un fait demeure, l'enseignement et l'évaluation des attitudes représentent un défi de taille pour les enseignants. C'est dans ce contexte que la conseillère ou le conseiller pédagogique joue son rôle d'accompagnateur. Mais dans quelle mesure l'accompagnement d'enseignantes et d'enseignants du secteur technique pour enseigner et évaluer des attitudes professionnelles peut-il être efficace? Une méthode méthodologie interprétative a été adoptée pour réaliser cette recherche.

Choosing Union Representation: The Role of Attitudes and Emotions

In the United States, most unions are recognized by a majority vote of employees through union representation elections administered by the government. Most empirical studies of individual voting behavior during union representation elections use a rational choice model. Recently, however, some have posited that voting is often influenced by emotions. We evaluate competing hypotheses about the determinants of union voting behavior by using data collected from a 2010 representation election at Delta Air Lines, a US-based company. In addition to the older rational choice framework, multiple regression results provide support for an emotional choice model. Positive feelings toward the employer are statistically significantly related to voting ‘no’ in a representation election, while positive feelings toward the union are related to a ‘yes’ vote. Effect sizes for the emotion variables were generally larger than those for the rational choice variables, suggesting that emotions may play a key role in representation election outcomes.

Youth attitudes toward difference and diversity: a cross-national analysis

This paper analyses youth attitudes toward difference and cultural diversity. Firstly, we analyse data from 65 countries showing that youths are more tolerant than older people toward both stigmatised groups and groups perceived as racially or ethnically different. Findings also show that political conservatism is a very stable predictor of intolerance to difference. Secondly, we study the appraisals of cultural diversity in 21 European countries, showing that youths express greater openness to cultural diversity than older people. In this new study, while values of conservation correlate negatively with openness to cultural diversity, values of self-transcendence correlate positively.

Unpacking the Link Between Entrepreneurialism and Employability: an Assessment of the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Likelihood of Graduate Employment in a Professional Field

Purpose This research investigates the relationship between students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and traits and their classification of employment six months after university graduation. It aims to identify what specific attitudes and traits of entrepreneurial graduates are linked to employability in a professional or managerial field. Design/Methodology The research adopts a quantitative approach to measure the entrepreneurial drive of final-year undergraduate business school students and regresses this measurement against the employment level of the same students six months after their graduation. The employment classification of each respondent was classified as ‘professional/managerial’ or ‘non-professional/non-managerial’, in line with the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2010. Findings The research found that both proactive disposition and achievement motivation were statistically linked to the likelihood of graduates being employed in a professional or managerial position six months after graduation. Originality/Value This research goes beyond existing literature linking entrepreneurship to employability to quantitatively examine what specific attitudes and traits can be linked to employability in recent graduates. By identifying the aspects of entrepreneurialism that have a relationship with employability, more information is available for educators who are designing entrepreneurial education programs and allows for greater focus on aspects that may be of greatest benefit to all students.

An Ever-Shadowed Past? Citizens’ Attitudes towards the Dictatorship in Twenty-First Century Portugal

Several years after the transition to democracy, positive attitudes towards the authoritarian past are still observable in Portugal: the belief that the previous regime had more good things than bad things is expressed by about one-fifth  of the Portuguese. What explains this nostalgic sentiment? Are factors such as socialisation under the regime, party identification or religiosity more important than satisfaction with democracy and the state of the economy? The empirical analysis suggests that the relevance of these factors varies considerably, but socialisation phases lead to different stances on the past both in routine times and in times of economic crisis.