Do hospitals react to random demand pressure by early discharges?

This project tries to assess whether hospitals react to random demand pressure by discharging patients earlier than expected. As a matter of fact, combining an unpredictable demand for medical services with limited and, to some extent, fixed medical resources, generates strong incentives to discharge patients earlier than expected when demand is high − increasing the risk of readmission and decreasing the benefit from treatment. This work was conducted as a way to determine whether those incentives actually affect discharging decisions. Analysis of Portuguese hospitals data shows that hospital utilization levels at the time of admission, prior to the admission and post admission do have a negative impact over the length of stay in hospital, although this impact is quantitatively irrelevant. More than that, larger utilization levels have a positive impact over the probability of being discharged at certain days of the week, indicating that an early discharges problem may exist.

Perfil imunológico de grávidas atópicas versus grávidas saudáveis

RESUMO: A prevalência das doenças atópicas tem vindo a aumentar, em especial ao nível dos países ocidentalizados. Vários fatores têm sido apontados para justificar este aumento de prevalência,destacando-se o reduzido tamanho das famílias, o elevado uso de antibióticos, a melhoria das condições sanitárias, bem como a diminuição quer das infeções de helmintas, quer da contaminação orofecal. Alguns estudos têm também avaliado a influência do ambiente pré-natal no desenvolvimento de atopia e asma. Da análise da literatura, parece inegável a importância deste período para o desenvolvimento do sistema imunitário. Neste âmbito, a transmissão de atopia à descendência em mulheres atópicas, e concretamente com asma alérgica, poderá ser moldada desde este período. A possibilidade de identificar marcadores de risco precoces para o desenvolvimento de atopia poderá ser o primeiro passo para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção para os indivíduos em risco. Este trabalho pretendeu abordar o sistema imunitário materno de forma a enriquecer a sua caraterização desde o terceiro trimestre da gravidez até ao fim do puerpério. Para além da exploração de perfis celulares e citocínicos maternos (nos quais se incluiu sobretudo a avaliação de diferentes populações de células T e B, com funções efetoras e reguladoras), foi também considerada a sua eventual relação com o desenvolvimento de atopia nas crianças. Foram recrutadas 135 mulheres com critérios para serem incluídas num dos 4 grupos do estudo: grávidas atópicas – GA (n=24), não grávidas atópicas – NGA (n=32), grávidas saudáveis – GS (n=44) e não grávidas saudáveis – NGS (n=35). Foram caraterizadas por Citometria de Fluxo populações de leucócitos e linfócitos, com particular interesse nos perfis maturativos de linfócitos T e B, bem como nas subpopulações de células T e B reguladoras. Foi ainda efetuada uma análise funcional, para avaliar a capacidade de produção de citocinas pelos linfócitos T e B. Foram igualmente avaliadas as concentrações de citocinas séricas por ensaios imunoenzimáticos. Estes parâmetros imunológicos maternos foram acompanhados desde o terceiro trimestre de gestação, até depois do puerpério (primeiras 6 semanas pós parto), e aos seis meses de idade, foi efetuada uma avaliação clínica das crianças. As mulheres não grávidas atópicas apresentaram contagens celulares mais elevadas para a generalidade das populações leucocitárias e linfocitárias (em relação a mulheres não grávidas saudáveis). Destaca-se ainda uma maior presença de eosinófilos nas mulheres NGA (p=0,0009; teste de Mann-Whitney U), que tinham igualmente os seus compartimentos linfocitários T e B mais ricos em células de memória, em relação às mulheres NGS. Para os perfis de regulação, verificou-se que as células T reguladoras se encontravam percentualmente aumentadas (p≤0,003; teste de Mann-Whitney U), tal omo as células T produtoras de IL10 após estimulação (p≤0,03; teste de Mann-Whitney U) em mulheres NGA. Também se observou uma maior expressão de Foxp3 (p=0,0002; teste de Mann-Whitney U), e ainda a diminuição dos níveis séricos de IFN-γ nas mulheres NGA (p=0,0019; teste de Mann-Whitney U), em relação a mulheres NGS. De um modo geral, as alterações verificadas nos parâmetros imunológicos de mulheres grávidas atópicas no terceiro trimestre da gravidez foram semelhantes às observadas em mulheres grávidas saudáveis. Comparadas com mulheres NGA, nas mulheres grávidas atópicas ocorreu uma alteração substancial da fórmula leucocitária, com um importante incremento de neutrófilos (p<0,0001; teste de Mann-Whitney U) e diminuição dos valores das restantes populações leucocitárias. A diminuição nas contagens de linfócitos totais estendeu-se a grande parte das subpopulações linfocitárias caraterizadas. Nos compartimentos linfocitários T e B foi possível observar uma diminuição das subpopulações de células de memória. Verificou-se igualmente na gravidez uma menor expressão de Foxp3 em mulheres GA (p<0,0001; teste de Mann-Whitney U) e ainda menos células B CD24HiCD38Hi circulantes (p=0,0012; teste de Mann-Whitney U). Ocrreu ainda uma diminuição relativa das células T CD4 produtoras de IFN-γ em mulheres GA (p≤0,024; teste de Mann-Whitney U), e uma maior presença de células T CD8 produtoras de IL17 (p=0,0172; teste de Mann-Whitney U), em relação ao observado em mulheres NGA. Depois do puerpério, no compartimento T de mulheres do grupo GA, verificou-se um aumento das populações de células de memória. Em comparação com a gravidez, após o puerpério o compartimento B, apresentou nas mulheres GA um aumento significativo da subpopulação de células B de transição (p<0,0001; teste de Wilcoxon). Verificou-se, igualmente em mulheres GA após o puerpério, uma maior expressão de Foxp3 nas células T reguladoras (p<0,0001; teste de Wilcoxon) e o aumento das populações de células T circulantes produtoras de IFN-γ (p≤0,0234; teste de Wilcoxon). As modulações das populações T e B desde a gravidez até depois do puerpério ocorreram de forma semelhante nas mulheres dos grupos GA e GS. Apesar de as mulheres GA manterem um perfil imunológico próximo do das mulheres GS depois do puerpério, aconteceu também neste período um processo de reaproximação ao perfil observado nas mulheres NGA. As mulheres GA com manifestações de risco para atopia na descendência (comparadas com mulheres GA sem manifestações de risco para atopia na descendência até aos 6 meses de vida) apresentaram uma maior proporção de células T e menor proporção de células B, percentagens mais elevadas de células T CD8 de memória efetoras, de células B de transição e de células B CD24HiCD38Hi, e contagens mais baixas de células B de memória. Na avaliação destes parâmetros como marcadores de risco para o desenvolvimento de atopia verificou-se que o parâmetro com melhor desempenho foi a percentagem de células B de transição, com uma Odds-Ratio de 54,0 [IC 95%: 4,2-692,9; (p=0,0005)], sensibilidade de 90,0% [IC 95%: 55,5 – 99,8] e especificidade de 85,7% [IC 95%: 57,2 – 98,2]. Este estudo foi pioneiro em Portugal, e no mundo, no que se refere ao acompanhamento do compartimento linfocitário B circulante, abordando o seu perfil de maturação, e em particular as células B com funções reguladoras, desde a gravidez até ao fim do puerpério, em mulheres atópicas e não atópicas. A este nível, encontram-se estudos na literatura a documentar a alteração do compartimento B durante a gravidez. O presente trabalho reporta agora que alterações, como a diminuição do número de células B em circulação, são impostas também na mulher atópica. Em suma, demonstrou-se a existência de um perfil imunológico caraterístico em mulheres atópicas, que sofre alterações significativas durante a gravidez, tendendo os parâmetros imunológicos a normalizar após o puerpério. O compartimento T, para o qual a literatura é mais rica em estudos e abordagens, demonstrou também neste trabalho oscilações caraterísticas entre o período pré e pós-natal. Verificaram-se sobretudo variações nos compartimentos de células T de memória, sem grandes alterações ao nível das células Treg no que se refere à sua presença em circulação. Apenas a registar a menor expressão de Foxp3 nas células Treg durante a gestação observada em mulheres atópicas, tal como em mulheres saudáveis (como também já foi relatado em estudos anteriores). Apesar de muitos dos dados se encontrarem em concordância com a literatura, quer no que se refere às subpopulações de células de memória, quer no que se refere às células Treg, também se encontram resultados discordantes, por exemplo documentando variações numéricas nas células Treg em circulação em mulheres atópicas e mulheres atópicas grávidas. A importância de harmonizar protocolos e fenótipos, parece crucial na abordagem de estudos futuros. Ao nível do risco para a atopia na descendência de mulheres atópicas, acrescentou-se ainda a possibilidade de definir marcadores não invasivos para a criança, em particular as células B de transição. Estas células, cuja maior presença em circulação no recém-nascido foi recentemente associada com manifestações alérgicas subsequentes, são agora apontadas já na mulher atópica, grávida do terceiro trimestre, como um elemento de risco para o desenvolvimento de atopia. Os marcadores de risco descritos, para além de facilmente poderem vir a ser englobados no âmbito dos normais rastreios maternos durante a gravidez, apresentam ainda a vantagem da precocidade do diagnóstico, permitindo não só a possibilidade de prevenção pós-natal, mas estendendo esta possibilidade ao período gestacional.----------------------------ABSTRACT: The prevalence of atopic diseases has been increasing, especially in Westernized countries. Several factors have been suggested to justify this increase in prevalence, as the small size of families, the high use of antibiotics, the improvement in sanitation conditions, as well as the reduction of both helminth infections, and orofecal contamination. A few studies have adressed the influence of prenatal environment on the development of atopy and asthma. From literature, it seems undeniable the importance of the prenatal period for the development of the immune system. In this context, the transmission of atopy to the progeny in atopic women, and specifically in women with allergic asthma, can be modulated from this period on. The ability to detect early risk markers for the development of atopic diseases may be the first step in the development of prevention strategies for individuals at risk. This study aimed to approach the maternal immune system in order to enrich its characterization from the third trimester of pregnancy until the end of the puerperium period. In addition to the evaluation of the maternal cellular profiles (in which, mostly, diferente populations of T and B cells with effector and regulatory functions were included) and citokines, the relation between these profiles and the development of atopy in the progeny was also assessed. 135 women were recruited for this study, and fullfiled the inclusion criteria necessary to be included in one of the four groups preset: atopic pregnant women - GA (n = 24), atopic nonpregnant women - NGA (n = 32), healthy pregnant women - GS (n = 44) and healthy nonpregnant women - NGS (n = 35). Populations of leukocytes and lymphocytes, and particularty maturation profiles of T and B lymphocytes, as well as subpopulations of T and B cells with regulatory functions, were characterized by flow cytometry. Functional assays were also performed, to assess the ability of cytokine production by T and B lymphocytes. Serum cytokine concentrations were assessed as well by enzymatic immunoassays. These maternal imune parameters were monitored since the third trimester of pregnancy until the end of the puerperium period (first six weeks after delivery). A clinical evaluation of all the newborn children was performed at the age of six months. Non-atopic pregnant women presented higher cell counts for most leukocyte and lymphocyte populations (compared to healthy non-pregnant women). We should also highlight the increased presence of eosinophils in NGA women (p = 0,0009; Mann-Whitney U test). Again compared to NGS women, NGA women showed increased memory cells within the circulating T and B lymphocyte compartments. Considering the regulatory profiles, NGA women presented higher percentages of regulatory T cells (p≤0,003; Mann-Whitney U test) and IL10 producing T cells after stimulation (p≤0,03; Mann Whitney U), as well as increased expression of Foxp3 (p = 0,0002; Mann-Whitney U test), and also decreased serum levels of IFN-γ (p = 0,0019; test Mann-Whitney U test) compared to NGS women. In general, the changes observed in immune parameters of atopic pregnant women in the third trimester of gestation were similar to those observed in healthy pregnant women. Comparing pregnant and non-pregnant atopic women, an important change in leukocyte subsets was observed, with a significant increase of neutrophils (p <0,0001; Mann-Whitney U test) and the consequent diminution of the remaining leukocyte populations in the GA group. The decrease in total lymphocyte counts was extended to most of the lymphocyte subsets characterized. It was possible to detect a decrease in memory cell subsets within the T and B lymphocyte compartments, also. During pregnancy, a lower expression of Foxp3 was reported in GA women (p <0,0001; Mann-Whitney U test) and, besides, lesser CD24HiCD38Hi B cells were present in circulation in these women, compared to NGA women (p = 0,0012; Mann-Whitney U test). There was still a decrease in the percentages of IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells in GA women (p≤0,024; Mann-Whitney U test) and a greater presence of IL17-producing CD8 T cells (p = 0,0172; Mann-Whitney U test), compared to the levels observed in NGA women. At the end of the puerperium, there was an increase in memory cell subpopulations within the T cell compartment of GA women. Compared with the pregnancy evaluation, after puerperium, the B cell compartment showed a significant increase in the transitional subpopulation (p<0,0001; Wilcoxon test), in GA women. Moreover, after puerperium, GA women exhibited a greater expression of Foxp3 in Treg cells (p <0,0001; Wilcoxon test) and there was an increase in circulating IFN-γ-producing T cells (p≤0,0234; Test Wilcoxon). The modulations of T and B cell subpopulations from pregnancy until the end of puerperium were similar in women of GA and GS groups. Although at the end of puerperium, GA women still kept an immune profile close the one observed in GS women, at this time point, there were also signs of rapprochement between the immune profiles observed in women of GA and NGA groups. GA women with atopic manifestations in the offspring (compared to GA women without atopic manifestations in the offspring at the age of 6 months) presented higher proportions of T cells and lower proportions of B cells, higher percentages of effector memory CD8 T cells, transitional B cells and CD24HiCD38Hi B cells, and, finally, lower absolute counts of memory B cells. In the evaluation of these parameters as risk markers for the development of atopy, the parameter which presented the best performance was the percentage of transitional B cells, with an Oddsratio of 54,0 [95% CI: 4,2 to 692,9; (p = 0,0005)], sensitivity of 90,0% [95% CI: 55,5 to 99,8] and a specificity of 85,7% [95% CI: 57,2 to 98,2]. This study was a pioneer in Portugal, and in the world, in what concerns the monitoring of the circulating B cell compartment, addressing not only the maturation profile, but, in particular, B cells with regulatory functions, from pregnancy untill after puerperium, in atopic and non-atopic women. Literature presents evidence of a typical change in circulating B cells during pregnancy. This study now reports that changes, such as the decrease in the number of circulating B cells,/ are also imposed by pregnancy in atopic woman. In brief, it demonstrated the existence of a characteristic immune profile in atopic women, which undergoes significant alterations during pregnancy, tending to normalize after the puerperium. As for the T cell compartment, for which the literature is richer in studies and approaches, this study also showed characteristic fluctuations between the pre- and postnatal periods. There were variations mostly in the memory subsets within the T cell compartment, without major changes in regulatory T cells regarding their presence in circulation. Only the expression of Foxp3 in Treg cells presented lower levels during pregnancy, in both atopic and healthy women (as previously reported in other studies). Although much of the data now reported are in agreement with literature, regarding either memory cell subsets or regulatory T cells, there are also conflicting results, for example documenting changes in the numbers of regulatory T cells circulating in atopic pregnant and atopic non-pregnant women. The importance of harmonizing protocols and phenotypes seems crucial for the establishement of future studies. Considering the risk for atopy in the offspring of atopic women, this study added the possibility to define non-invasive markers for the child, in particular transitional B cells. These cells, whose greater presence in circulation in newborns has recently been associated with subsequent allergy development, are here identified in atopic pregnant women in the third trimester of gestation as a risk factor in the development of atopy in their progeny. The risk factors described, besides having the capacity to easily become integrated within the normal maternal screening protocols during pregnancy, also have the advantage of an early diagnosis, allowing not only the possibility of postnatal prevention but extending this possibility to the prenatal period.

Severe dengue in the early postoperative period after kidney transplantation: two case reports from Hospital Geral de Fortaleza

Abstract: Dengue is an arbovirosis that ranges from an asymptomatic presentation to a more severe disease, which is characterized by a vascular leakage syndrome where abdominal pain is a major symptom. Transplant recipients are immunosuppressed and are less likely to develop a severe form of the disease because of a reduction in immune-mediated responses that trigger plasma extravasation events. Herein, we report two cases of severe dengue in the early postoperative period of two kidney transplant recipients. Considering the severity of the cases, we emphasize the importance of dengue screening immediately before transplantation in areas endemic for the disease.

Improving the early diagnostic of prostate cancer by multiple biomarker detection with new biosensing devices

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common form of cancer in men, in Europe (World Health Organization data). The most recent statistics, in Portuguese territory, confirm this scenario, which states that about 50% of Portuguese men may suffer from prostate cancer and 15% of these will die from this condition. Its early detection is therefore fundamental. This is currently being done by Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) screening in urine but false positive and negative results are quite often obtained and many patients are sent to unnecessary biopsy procedures. This early detection protocol may be improved, by the development of point-of-care cancer detection devices, not only to PSA but also to other biomarkers recently identified. Thus, the present work aims to screen several biomarkers in cultured human prostate cell lines, serum and urine samples, developing low cost sensors based on new synthetic biomaterials. Biomarkers considered in this study are the following: prostate specific antigen (PSA), annexin A3 (ANXA3), microseminoprotein-beta (MSMB) and sarcosine (SAR). The biomarker recognition may occurs by means of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), which are a kind of plastic antibodies, and enzymatic approaches. The growth of a rigid polymer, chemically stable, using the biomarker as a template allows the synthesis of the plastic antibody. MIPs show high sensitivity/selectivity and present much longer stability and much lower price than natural antibodies. This nanostructured material was prepared on a carbon solid. The interaction between the biomarker and the sensing-material produces electrical signals generating quantitative or semi-quantitative data. These devices allow inexpensive and portable detection in point-of-care testing.

Management of pregnancy in a University Hospital: a 6-year study

In order to evaluate the obstetric care in the Obstetric Clinic of the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department of University of São Paulo, the authors present a survey of the management of pregnancy during the 6-year period from 1993 to 1998. The number of deliveries increased during the study by 45% over the 6 years. During this same period the number of fetal deaths was 526 (4.48%), but there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the incidence of fetal death. However, there was no concomitant increase in the proportion of pregnant women with prenatal care that could explain this improvement. Incidence of premature labor also decreased considerably. The authors believe that the increment in the number of deliveries was due mainly to the increasing number of pregnant women referred to our service. The efforts made by the service towards decreasing the time of hospitalization of both newborns in the nursery and the mothers in the hospital made this possible. Despite the increasing number of deliveries, there was a significant improvement in the management of pregnancy during the period of study. This improvement may be a consequence of the standardization of a protocol of management of pregnancy based on the recent progress in scientific and technological knowledge.

The early metallurgy in Southwestern Iberia: metals from the Chalcolithic Settlement of São Pedro (Redondo)

Archaeological excavations carried out in the archaeological site of São Pedro (Southern Portugal) revealed a Chalcolithic settlement occupied in different moments of the 3rd millennium BC. The material culture recovered includes different types of materials, such as ceramics, lithics and metals. The later comprises about 30 artefacts with different typologies such as tools (e.g. awls, chisels and a saw) and weapons (e.g. daggers and arrowheads) mostly belonging to the 2nd and 3rd quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. In the present work the collection of chalcolithic metallic artefacts recovered in São Pedro was characterized. Analytical studies involved micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (micro-EDXRF) to determine elemental composition, together with optical microscopy and Vickers microhardness testing for microstructural characterisation and hardness determination. Main results show copper with variable amounts of arsenic and very low content of other impurities, such as iron. Moreover, nearly half of the collection is composed by arsenical copper alloys (As > 2 wt.%) and an association was found between arsenic content and typology since the weapons group (mostly daggers) present higher values than tools (mostly awls). These results suggest some criteria in the selection of arsenic-rich copper ores or smelting products. Furthermore, after casting an artefact would have been hammered, annealed and sometimes, finished with a hammering operation. Additionally, microstructural variations in this collection reveal somewhat different operational conditions during casting, annealing and forging, as expected in such a primitive metallurgy. Moreover the operational sequence seems to be used to achieve the required shape to the object, rather than to intentionally make the alloy harder. Overall, this study suggests that Chalcolithic metallurgists might have a poor control of the addition of arsenic and/or were unable to use this element to increase the hardness of tools and weapons. Finally, the compositions, manufacturing processes and hardness were compared to those from neighbouring regions and different chronological periods.

Measuring male infertility: epidemiological aspects

Evidence suggests that human semen quality may have been deteriorating in recent years. Most of the evidence is retrospective, based on analysis of data sets collected for other purposes. Measures of male infertility are needed if we want to monitor the biological capacity for males to reproduce over time or between different populations. We also need these measures in analytical epidemiology if we want to identify risk indicators, risk factors, or even causes of an impaired male fecundity-that is, the male component in the biological ability to reproduce. The most direct evaluation of fecundity is to measure the time it takes to conceive. Since the time of conception may be missed in the case of an early abortion, time to get pregnant is often measured as the time it takes to obtain a conception that survives until a clinically recognized pregnancy or even a pregnancy that ends with a live born child occurs. A prolonged time required to produce pregnancy may therefore be due to a failure to conceive or a failure to maintain a pregnancy until clinical recognition. Studies that focus on quantitative changes in fecundity (that does not cause sterility) should in principle be possible in a pregnancy sample. The most important limitation in fertility studies is that the design requires equal persistency in trying to become pregnant and rather similar fertility desires and family planning methods in the groups to be compared. This design is probably achievable in exposure studies that make comparisons with reasonable comparable groups concerning social conditions and use of contraceptive methods.

Vaccines in pregnancy: a review of their importance in Brazil

Neonates and young children remain susceptible to many serious infectious diseases preventable through vaccination. In general, current vaccines strategies to prevent infectious diseases are unable to induce protective levels of antibodies in the first 6 months of life. Women vaccinated during pregnancy are capable of producing immunoglobulin antibodies that are transported actively to the fetus, and maternal immunization can benefit both the mother and the child. With few exceptions, maternal immunization is not a routine, because of the concerns related to the safety of this intervention. Ethical and cultural issues make the studies on maternal immunization difficult; however, in the last decade, the development of new vaccines, which are very immunogenic and safe has reactivated the discussions on maternal immunization. In this paper we present a review of the literature about maternal immunization based on MEDLINE data (1990 to 2002). The most important conclusions are: 1) there is no evidence of risk to the fetus by immunizing pregnant women with toxoids, polysaccharide, polysaccharide conjugated and inactive viral vaccines; 2) most viral attenuated vaccines are probably safe too, but data is still insufficient to demonstrate their safety; therefore these vaccines should be avoided in pregnant women; 3) in Brazil, there is a need for a maternal immunization program against tetanus. Many new candidate vaccines for maternal immunization are available, but studies should be conducted to evaluate their safety and efficacy, as well as regional priorities based on epidemiological data.

Reinvigorating and redesigning early intervention in psychosis services for young people in Auckland

RESUMO: Auckland tem sido pioneira na implementação de modelos de Intervenção Precoce em Psicose. No entanto, esta organização do serviço não mudou nos últimos 19 anos. Segundo os dados obtidos da utilização do serviço, no período de 1996 -2012 foram atendidos 997 doentes, que tinham um número médio de 89 contactos (IQR: 36-184), com uma duração média de 62 horas de contactos (IQR: 24-136). Estes doentes passaram um número médio de 338 dias (IQR: 93-757) em contacto com o programa. 517 doentes (52%) não necessitaram de internamento no hospital, e os que foram internados, ficaram uma mediana de 124 dias no hospital (IQR: 40-380). Os doentes asiáticos tiveram um aumento de 50% de probabilidade de serem internados no hospital. Este relatório inclui 15 recomendações para orientar as reformas para o serviço e, nomeadamente, delinear a importância de uma visão organizacional e dos seus componentes-chave. As recomendações incluem o reforço da gestão e da liderança numa estrutura de equipe mais integrada, com recursos dedicados a melhorar a consciencialização da comunidade, a educação e deteção precoce, bem como a capacidade de receber referenciações diretas. Os Indicadores Chave de Desempenho devem ser estabelecidos, mas os Exames de Estado Mental em risco, devem ser removidos. Auckland deve manter a faixa etária alvo atual. A duração do serviço deve ser aumentada para um mínimo de três anos, com a opção de aumentá-la para cinco anos. A proporção de gestor de cuidados para os doentes deve ser preconizada em 1:15, enquanto o pessoal de apoio não-clínico deve ser aumentado. Os psiquiatras devem ter uma carga de trabalho de cerca de 80 doentes por equivalente de tempo completo. Um serviço local de prestação de cuidados deve ser desenvolvido com, nomeadamente, intervenções culturais para responder às necessidades da população multicultural de Auckland. A capacidade de investigação deve ser incorporada no Serviço de Intervenção Precoce em Psicoses. Qualquer alteração deverá envolver contacto com todas as partes interessadas, e a Administração Regional de Saúde deve comprometer-se em tempo, recursos humanos e políticos para apoiar e facilitar a mudança do sistema, investindo de forma significativa para melhor servir a comunidade Auckland.----------------------------------- ABSTRACT: Auckland has been pioneering in the adoption of Early Intervention in Psychosis models but the design of the service has not changed in 19 years. In service utilisation data from 997 patients seen from 1996 -2012, patients had a median number of 89 contacts (IQR: 36-184), with a median duration of 62 hours of contact (IQR: 24-136). Patients spent a median number of 338 days (IQR: 93-757) in contact with the program. 517 patients (52%) did not require admission to hospital, and those who did spent a median of 124 days in hospital (IQR: 40-380). Asian patients had a 50% increased chance of being admitted to hospital. This report includes 15 recommendations to guide reforms to the service, including outlining the importance of vision and key components. It recommends strengthened managerial leadership and a more integrated team structure with dedicated resources for improved community awareness, education and early detection as well as the capacity to take direct referrals. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) should be established but At Risk Mental States should be excluded. Auckland should maintain the current target age range. The duration of service should be increased to a minimum of three years, with the option to extend this to five years. The ratio of care co-ordinator to patients should be capped at 1:15 whilst non-clinical supporting staff should be increased. Psychiatrists should have a caseload of about 80 per FTE. A local Service Delivery framework should be developed, as should cultural interventions to meet the needs of the multicultural population of Auckland. Research capacity should be incorporated into the fabric of Early Intervention in Psychosis Services. Any changes should involve consultation with all stakeholders, and the DHB should commit to investing time, human and political resources to support and facilitate meaningful system change to best serve the Auckland community.

Predição precoce de risco de Pré-eclâmpsia na doença hipertensiva e diabetes na gravidez: Papel de fatores angiogénicos

RESUMO: A pré-eclâmpsia tem elevada morbi-mortalidade materna e perinatal. A sua etiologia multi-fatorial tem sido objeto de investigação, não sendo ainda totalmente conhecida. Não se conhece também a razão da diferente suscetibilidade individual e das diferentes expressões da doença. A hipertensão crónica e a diabetes são fatores de risco reconhecidos, e o adiamento da maternidade contribui para que estas duas patologias sejam atualmente mais prevalentes entre as mulheres grávidas. Uma vez que o seu quadro fisiopatológico precede em meses o quadro clínico, tem-se investigado a possibilidade de serem encontrados marcadores precoces e indicadores de risco. Em Portugal, os estudos relativos à hipertensão na gravidez são escassos, bem como a investigação sobre fatores de risco e marcadores para a mesma. No sentido de avaliar possíveis marcadores de risco para o desenvolvimento de préeclâmpsia ou complicações hipertensivas foi colhida, para esta dissertação, uma amostra de 1215 mulheres que frequentaram a consulta de Hipertensão ou de Diabetes na gravidez de um centro terciário, entre 2004 e 2013. Optou-se pela realização de três estudos independentes, abrangendo os dois primeiros um leque temporal de 9 e de 2 anos respetivamente. O primeiro, centrado na hipertensão, pesquisou, em 521 mulheres com hipertensão na presente ou em anterior gravidez, fatores de risco capazes de influenciar a progressão para pré-eclâmpsia. O segundo, direcionado para a diabetes gestacional, considerou uma amostra de 334 grávidas, parte das quais tinha também hipertensão crónica e procurou identificar fatores que contribuíram para o aparecimento de complicações hipertensivas. O terceiro estudo, realizado em 2012 e 2013, em três coortes de grávidas com hipertensão crónica, com diabetes gestacional, e sem estas patologias - procurou avaliar no 1º trimestre o comportamento de dois marcadores placentares obtidos no 1º trimestre - proteína plasmática A associada à gravidez (PAPP-A) e o fator de crescimento placentar (PlGF) - e o seu papel, quer como bio-marcadores isolados, quer em associação aos fatores de risco encontrados nos anteriores estudos, na construção de um modelo preditivo de préeclâmpsia. No primeiro estudo, a nuliparidade, a hipertensão gestacional, a fluxometria das artérias uterinas com IP superiores ao P95 entre as 20-22 semanas e a existência de restrição de crescimento fetal, foram os fatores que contribuíram para a construção de um modelo preditivo de pré-eclâmpsia. No segundo estudo, a coexistência de diabetes e hipertensão crónica agravou o prognóstico, associando-se as complicações hipertensivas à multiparidade, obesidade, idade materna e etnia negra. No terceiro estudo verificou-se uma redução da PlGf e da PAPP-A no 1º trimestre nas duas primeiras coortes, comparativamente à coorte sem patologia; na análise separada de cada coorte, quando se verificaram complicações hipertensivas ou pré-eclâmpsia, as concentrações de PlGf e PAPP-A também foram inferiores. Contudo, na elaboração de um modelo preditivo de pré-eclâmpsia, em conjunto com marcadores encontrados, apenas a PlGf pode ser integrada no modelo preditivo, o que se verificou na coorte com hipertensão crónica. Os marcadores bioquímicos em estudo tiveram valores inferiores nas coortes com patologia hipertensiva, demonstrando uma deficiente produção destas proteínas placentares nestas situações, podendo ser importante a sua pesquisa. Contudo, neste estudo, apenas na coorte de hipertensão crónica a PlGf teve participação como fator de risco, na construção de um modelo preditivo de pré-eclâmpsia.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: Preeclampsia is associated with a great maternal and perinatal morbimortality. Its multifactorial etiology has been under investigation and is still insufficiently understood. The reason why there are differences in individual susceptibility and differences in expressions of the disease is still unknown. Chronic hypertension and diabetes are known risk factors for preeclampsia and maternity delay contributes to the great prevalence of these pathologies among pregnant women. As the physiopathological signs antedate by months the clinical course of the disease, early risk factors and biological markers are object of clinical research. In Portugal, scarce clinical studies were devoted to hypertension in pregnancy and to risk factors and markers of this pathology. This dissertation inquires 1215 pregnant women who were treated for hypertension or diabetes in a tertiary care center between 2004 and 2013, in order to find risk markers for hypertensive complications or preeclampsia. We conducted three independent studies for this purpose. In the first one we investigated which risk factors could influence the progression to preeclampsia in 521 pregnant women with present or past history of hypertension. The second one was conducted to find what factors were associated to hypertensive complications, with a sample of 334 pregnant women with gestational diabetes, some also with chronic hypertension, addressing the identification of the factors contributing to hypertensive complications. The third study was conducted between 2012 and 2013 with three cohorts of pregnant women, with chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, and in the third one, pregnant women had a low risk pregnancy. The objective of the study was to evaluate the behavior of two placental markers – PAPP-A and PlGf – obtained in the first trimester, and the role of these markers as isolated biomarkers or in association with other risk factors, in order to define a predictive model of early preeclampsia. In the first study, nuliparity, gestational hypertension, uterine arteries doppler with PI above P95 between 20-22 weeks of gestation and the presence of fetal growth restriction were the markers involved in a predictive model for preeclampsia. In the second study the cohort with the coexistence of diabetes and hypertension had registered worse result and hypertensive complications were associated to multiparity, obesity, maternal age and black ethnicity. In the third study there was a reduction of the PlGf and a PAPP-A concentration for the first trimester in the two first cohorts comparatively to the low risk cohort; the separate analysis of each cohort showed that plGf and PAPP-A concentrations were reduced when hypertensive complications appeared. However, when trying to find a preeclampsia predictive model, only plGf gave significant results for being considered in the model and this was only possible in the chronic hypertension cohort. The biochemical markers investigated in this study were reduced in the cohorts when high blood pressure complications occurred, showing a defective production of these placenta proteins, and suggesting that they should be investigated as first trimester biomarkers. Nevertheless, for this research, in the cohort of chronic hypertension only PlGf had a significant result, when multivariate analysis of all the risk factors was considered for the construction of a preeclampsia predictive model.

Bone turnover markers for early detection of fracture healing disturbances: A review of the scientific literature

Imaging techniques are the standard method for assessment of fracture healing processes. However, these methods are perhaps not entirely reliable for early detection of complications, the most frequent of these being delayed union and non-union. A prompt diagnosis of such disorders could prevent prolonged patient distress and disability. Efforts should be directed towards the development of new technologies for improving accuracy in diagnosing complications following bone fractures. The variation in the levels of bone turnover markers (BTMs) have been assessed with regard to there ability to predict impaired fracture healing at an early stage, nevertheless the conclusions of some studies are not consensual. In this article the authors have revised the potential of BTMs as early predictors of prognosis in adult patients presenting traumatic bone fractures but who did not suffer from osteopenia or postmenopausal osteoporosis. The available information from the different studies performed in this field was systematized in order to highlight the most promising BTMs for the assessment of fracture healing outcome.

Continuous monitoring of concrete mechanical properties since an early age to support construction phasing

The assessment of concrete mechanical properties during construction of concrete structures is of paramount importance for many intrinsic operations. However many of the available non-destructive methods for mechanical properties have limitations for use in construction sites. One of such methodologies is EMM-ARM, which is a variant of classic resonant frequency methods. This paper aims to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of EMMARM, as to provide real-time information about concrete mechanical properties such as E-modulus and compressive strength. To achieve the aforementioned objective, a set of adaptations to the method have been successfully implemented and tested: (i) the reduction of the beam span; (ii) the use of a different mould material and (iii) a new support system for the beams. Based on these adaptations, a reusable mould was designed to enable easier systematic use of EMMARM. A pilot test was successfully performed under in-situ conditions during a bridge construction.

Innovative method for the continuous monitoring of concrete viscoelastic properties since early ages: concept and pilot experiments

The experimental evaluation of viscoelastic properties of concrete is traditionally made upon creep tests that consist in the application of sustained loads either in compression or in tension. This kind of testing demands for specially devised rigs and requires careful monitoring of the evolution of strains, whereas assuring proper load constancy. The characterization of creep behaviour at early ages offers additional challenges due to the strong variations in viscoelastic behaviour of concrete during such stages, demanding for several testing ages to be assessed. The present research work aims to assist in reducing efforts for continuous assessment of viscoelastic properties of concrete at early ages, by application of a dynamic testing technique inspired in methodologies used in polymer science: Dynamic Mechanical Analyses. This paper briefly explains the principles of the proposed methodology and exhibits the first results obtained in a pilot application. The results are promising enough to encourage further developments.

Monitoring the early stiffness development in epoxy adhesives for structural strengthening

The present work aimed to assess the early-age evolution of E-modulus of epoxy adhesives used for Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) strengthening applications. The study involved adapting an existing technique devised for continuous monitoring of concrete stiffness since casting, called EMM-ARM (Elasticity Modulus Measurement through Ambient Response Method) for evaluation of epoxy stiffness. Furthermore, monotonic tensile tests according to ISO standards and cyclic tensile tests were carried out at several ages. A comparison between the obtained results was performed in order to better understand the performance of the several techniques in the assessment of stiffness of epoxy resins. When compared to the other methodologies, the method for calculation of E-modulus recommended by ISO standard led to lower values, since in the considered strain interval, the adhesive had a non-linear stress–strain relationship. The EMM-ARM technique revealed its capability in clearly identifying the hardening kinetics of epoxy adhesives, measuring the material stiffness growth during the entire curing period. At very early ages the values of Young׳s modulus obtained with quasi-static tests were lower than the values collected by EMM-ARM, due to the fact that epoxy resin exhibited a significant visco-elastic behaviour.