Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in adults: a comparison between two test protocols

This study compares the performance of the Quickscreen and Default protocols of the ILO-96 Otodynamics Analyzer in recording transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) from adults using clinical decision analysis. Data were collected from 25 males (mean age = 29.0 years, SD = 6.8) and 35 females (mean age = 28.1 years, SD = 9.6). The results showed that the mean signal-to-noise ratios obtained from the Quickscreen were significantly greater than those from the Default protocol at 1,2, and 4 kHz. The comparison of the performance of the two protocols, based on the results using receiver operating characteristics curves, revealed a higher performance of the Quickscreen than the Default protocol at 1 and 4 kHz but not at 2 kHz. In view of the enhanced performance of the Quickscreen over the Default protocol in general, the routine use of the Default protocol for testing adults in audiology clinics should be reconsidered.

Toxicidade de óleo de mamona a Helicoverpa zea e a Trichogramma pretiosum

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do óleo de mamona sobre a broca-grande do tomateiro, Helicoverpa zea, e sobre o parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum. Foi determinada a mortalidade larval da broca, que foi submetida ao óleo de mamona por ingestão e contato às concentrações 0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0, 2,5 e 3,0% (v v-1). A ação do óleo de mamona sobre T. pretiosum foi determinada mediante testes de seletividade e suscetibilidade. As maiores mortalidades de larvas foram observadas no tratamento por contato com as menores concentrações (0,5 e 1,0%), enquanto com as concentrações intermediárias (1,5; 2,0 e 2,5%), não houve diferença entre as vias de aplicação. À maior concentração testada (3,0%), o tratamento por ingestão proporcionou mortalidade superior àquela obtida por contato. O número de ovos parasitados por T. pretiosum, no teste de seletividade, foi afetado negativamente pelo óleo de mamona, contudo, os demais parâmetros avaliados quanto à seletividade e à suscetibilidade não foram afetados. O óleo de mamona reduz a sobrevivência de larvas de H. zea tanto por ingestão quanto por contato. Além disso, não prejudica o desenvolvimento de T. pretiosum, desde que as pulverizações sejam realizadas após as liberações do parasitoide.

Caracterização molecular, formação de biofilme e susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de isolados de E. coli de aderência difusa Afa/Dr e não Afa/Dr

A Escherichia coli de aderência difusa (DAEC), um patotipo diarreiogênico de E. coli, corresponde a um grupo heterogêneo sem marcador de virulência comum a todos os isolados e de papel controverso na diarreia infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar genotipica e fenotipicamente amostras de DAEC, portadoras e não portadoras de adesinas Afa/Dr, isoladas de crianças com e sem diarreia. Em 70 amostras de DAEC, PCR foi realizado para pesquisa de genes descritos em DAEC, EAEC ou UPEC, que codificam: (i) oito adesinas fimbriais e afimbriais (fimH, papC, sfa, aggA, aafA, agg3A, aidA/aah, afaC); (ii) cinco toxinas (pet, astA, set1A, sat, hlyA); (iii) três proteínas captadoras/receptora de ferro (irp2, iucA, chuA/shuA); (iv) invasina (daaD) e; antígeno 43 (agn43). Ensaio de formação de biofilme foi realizado a partir da bactéria cultivada em caldo Luria-Bertani e inoculada em placas de poliestireno com DMEM suplementado com 0,4% glicose. A leitura da densidade ótica (DO490) foi realizada após coloração com safranina. Soroaglutinação para 23 antígenos O (Probac do Brasil) foi realizada em 50% das DAEC. Método de difusão de disco foi realizado para testar a suscetibilidade a 13 antimicrobianos. A presença de pelo menos um gene que codifica adesinas, toxinas, proteínas captadoras/receptora de ferro, invasina ou antígeno 43 foram encontrados em 58,6%, 51,4%, 80%, 48,6% e 57,1%, respectivamente, com os genes fimH, irp2, agn43, iucA, chuA/shuA, presentes em mais de 50% das amostras. Gene afaC+ (PCR) e/ou sonda afaBC+ (hibridização de colônias) classificou 50% das DAEC como Afa/Dr, sendo pet, sat, irp2, iucA, chuA/shuA e agn43 significantes nessas amostras (p<0,05). Do total das DAEC, 44,3% foram formadoras de biofilme, igualmente distribuídas entre as Afa/Dr e não Afa/Dr, e nenhum gene foi associado com esse fenótipo. Sorologia de 35 amostras evidenciou os seguintes sorogrupos: 1 O29, 2 O125, 2 O127 e 7 O86. Todas as O86 foram de DAEC Afa/Dr. Maiores frequências de resistência antimicrobiana foram encontradas para ampicilina (55,7%), sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim (35,7%) e tetraciclina (28,6%) e o perfil resistente/intermediário para amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, ampicilina, sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim foi significante nas DAEC Afa/Dr, assim como a multi-droga resistência (p<0,05). Em conclusão, observou-se: (i) alta frequência de fimH e pet e presença de agn43, até então não descrito em DAEC, em frequências similares àquelas encontradas em EAEC, UPEC e EAEC/UPEC, respectivamente; (ii) que as amostras de DAEC Afa/Dr e não Afa/Dr constituíram grupos com perfis genéticos diferenciados entre si; (iii) poucos sorogrupos foram encontrados entre as DAEC; (iv) frequências de resistência menores quando comparado com as poucas descrições em DAEC, sugerindo uma menor pressão seletiva da população do presente estudo e; (v) amostras de DAEC Afa/Dr podem representar um importante reservatório de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos, além de diversos fatores de virulência.

Caracterização de isolados de Corynespora cassiicola e avaliação da sensibilidade in vitro a fungicidas

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitopatologia, 2015.

Variability in leaf rust susceptibility among peach cultivars

The aim of this work was to estimate the susceptibility of thirty-six peach cultivars to leaf rust caused by Tranzschelia discolor f. sp. persica. The incidence and severity of the disease as well as defoliation in peach trees of an experimental orchard of Parana Federal University of Technology, Campus Dois Vizinhos were evaluated on the growing seasons 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. Immunity to this disease was not observed in the studied cultivars. There was difference in leaf rust intensity depending on the growing season conditions. Cultivars 'Pilcha', 'Sinuelo', 'Chirua', 'Sulina', 'Eldorado' and 'Pampeano' showed tolerance to leaf rust, whereas cultivars 'Vila Nova', 'Fla 1372', 'Coral 2', 'Chimarrita', 'Della Nona', 'BR-1 ' and 'Guaiaca' showed high susceptibility.

A comparison of the effects of propofol and thiopental on tear production in dogs

The tear film plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the ocular suface. During general anesthesia, tear production is considerably reduced, which requires care to prevent adverse effects that result in diseases of these structures. Studies comparing the effects of induction of anaesthesia with thiopental and propofol on tear production have not been carried out yet. Because these drugs are used in veterinary medicine, we decided to evaluate the tear production in 30 dogs undergoing experimental surgery as well as routine procedures at the veterinary hospital of Federal University of Viçosa. Patients were divided into two groups of equal number. All animals were sedated with clorpromazine and maintained with isoflurane in diluted oxygen. Group 1 was induced with thiopental whereas group 2 with propofol. Schirmer tear test 1 was performed before sedation (T0), 15 minutes after sedation (T1) and 10 minutes after induction of anesthesia (T2) with the drug chosen for one of the groups. There was a significant decrease in tear production for both drugs, but no significant statistical differences were found between them. Thus, considering the results and the way in which the study was conducted, we suggest protecting the cornea and conjunctiva of patients during anesthesia using any of the drugs here evaluated.

Comparison of pupil diameter and tear production in dogs treated with acepromazine, tramadol and their combination

Some ophthalmic surgeries require induction of mydriasis, however, drugs traditionally used for this purpose significantly reduces tear production. To evaluate the effect of acepromazine and tramadol, used alone or in combination, on pupil diameter, tear production, heart and respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure and rectal temperature, these drugs were administered to seven clinically normal dogs divided into three experimental groups (G1 - acepromazine; G2 - tramadol; G3 - tramadol + acepromazine) that differed only in the sedation protocol. Parameters were measured in four experimental moments. Miosis occurred in G1, in addition to reduced tear production and respiratory rate. No significant changes were found in the parameters assessed in G2, whereas in G3, there was decrease in tear production of the right eye, decrease in the respiratory rate and rectal temperature. Tramadol proved to be a drug suitable for pre-anesthetic procedures that require the maintenance of pupil diameter and keeps the tear production within normal parameters. However, the use of acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol requires protection of the patient's eye surface to prevent the occurrence of undesirable ophthalmic changes.

O uso do "Face-Hand Test" como instrumento para rastrear as síndromes psicorgânicas: estudo piloto

Foi aplicada uma versão reduzida do "Face-Hand Test", o FHT-R, em 91 pessoas com 65 anos ou mais em uma amostra ao acaso de idosos vivendo na comunidade (São Paulo, Brasil), com objetivo de testar a habilidade do instrumento em detectar as síndromes psicorgânicas. Os escores do FHT-R foram comparados com as avaliações de um psiquiatra utilizando uma entrevista semi-estruturada, a "Clinical Interview Schedule". Cinco pessoas foram consideradas como sendo portadoras de distúrbios psicorgânicos e 86 como não sendo portadoras de tais distúrbios. No ponto de corte 0/1 os coeficientes de validação obtidos foram: sensibilidade 60%, especificidade 94%, valor prognóstico positivo 38%, valor prognóstico negativo 98%, e taxa de classificação incorreta 8%. A utilização do Teste em pesquisas epidemiológicas é discutida no corpo do trabalho.

Peroral susceptibility of Aedes albifasciatus and Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Argentina to western equine encephalitis virus

The transmission cycle of western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus in South America is unknown. A WEE virus strain was isolated from Aedes albifasciatus in Argentina during the WEE epizootic of 1982-83. Also, Culex pipiens from Argentina was reported to be able to transmit WEE virus experimentally, but other results indicate that Cx. pipiens from the USA is refractory to this virus. We determined the susceptibility of Argentina strains of Ae. albifasciatus and Culex pipiens complex mosquites to infection by WEE virus by the oral route. Adult females were fed on chicks infected with a WEE virus strain isolated in Cordoba Province, Argentina, or were fed on a blood/virus suspension. Each mosquito ingested between 10(1.6) to 10(6.4) vero cell plaque-forming units of virus. Each of 28 Ae. albifasciatus was positive for virus from the fourth day postfeeding, and there was evidence for virus replication. In contrast, 0/44 Cx. p. quinquefasciatus and only 1/15 Cx. p. pipiens was positive. Aedes albifasciatus is susceptible to infection by WEE virus and should be considered a potential vector of this virus in Argentina. Both subspecies of Cx. pipiens are refractory to peroral infection by WEE virus and probably do not play a role in the WEE virus cycle in Argentina.

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis in integrated control

The susceptibility of field collected Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated in terms of median lethal time (LT50) and final mortality, when treated with temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis as well as mixtures of these two agents. Third instar larvae were shown to be more susceptible than early and late fourth instar ones to the entomopathogen. Survival of some individuals when exposed to temephos suggest possible resistance. Temporal synergism in early fourth instar larvae was detected when they were exposed to mixtures of Bti-temephos. The possibility of this integrated treatment is commented on.

Development of a penetration test for timber impregnation products for use in old buildings

This paper studies the application of commercial biocides to old maritime pine timber structures (Pinus pinaster Ait.) that have previously been impregnated with other products. A method was developed in the laboratory to be used in situ to determine the impregnation depth achieved by a new generation biocide product applied to timber from an old building. This timber had once been treated with an unknown product difficult to characterize without extensive analysis. The test was initially developed in laboratory conditions and later tested on elements of the roof structure of an 18th century building. In both cases the results were promising and mutually consistent with penetration depths for some treatments reaching 2.0 cm. The application in situ proved the tests viability and simplicity of execution giving a clear indication on the feasibility of possible re-treatments.

Susceptibility of asthmatic children to respiratory infection

OBJECTIVE: A case-control study of patients with pneumonia was conducted to investigate whether wheezing diseases could be a risk factor. METHODS: A random sample was taken from a general university hospital in S. Paulo City between March and August 1994 comprising 51 cases of pneumonia paired by age and sex to 51 non-respiratory controls and 51 healthy controls. Data collection was carried out by two senior paediatricians. Diagnoses of pneumonia and presence of wheezing disease were independently established by each paediatrician for both cases and controls. Pneumonia was radiologically confirmed and repeatability of information on wheezing diseases was measured. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. RESULTS: Wheezing diseases, interpreted as proxies of asthma, were found to be an important risk factor for pneumonia with an odds ratio of 7.07 (95%CI= 2.34-21.36), when the effects of bedroom crowding (odds ratio = 1.49 per person, 95%CI= 0.95-2.32) and of low family income (odds ratio = 5.59 against high family income, 95%CI= 1.38-22.63) were controlled. The risk of pneumonia attributable to wheezing diseases is tentatively calculated at 51.42%. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that at practice level asthmatics should deserve proper surveillance for infection and that at public health level pneumonia incidence could be reduced if current World Health Organisation's guidelines were reviewed as to include comprehensive care for this illness.

Palaeomagnetism, rock magnetism and AMS of the Cabo Magmatic Province, NE Brazil, and the opening of South Atlantic

P>Reconstruction of the South Atlantic opening has long been a matter of debate and several models have been proposed. One problem in tracing properly the Atlantic history arises from the existence of a long interval without geomagnetic reversals, the Cretaceous Normal Superchron, for which ages are difficult to assign. Palaeomagnetism may help in addressing this issue if high-quality palaeomagnetic poles are available for the two drifting continental blocks, and if precise absolute ages are available. In this work we have investigated the Cabo Magmatic Province, northeastern Brazil, recently dated at 102 +/- 1 Ma (zircon fission tracks, Ar39/Ar40). All volcanic and plutonic rocks showed stable thermal and AF demagnetization patterns, and exhibit primary magnetic signatures. AMS data also support a primary origin for the magnetic fabric and is interpreted to be contemporaneous of the rock formation. The obtained pole is located at 335.9 degrees E/87.9 degrees S (N = 24; A(95) = 2.5; K = 138) and satisfies modern quality criteria, resulting in a reference pole for South America at similar to 100 Ma. This new pole also gives an insight to test and discuss the kinematic models currently proposed for the South Atlantic opening during mid-Cretaceous.

Paleomagnetic study of the Great Foum Zguid dyke (southern Morocco): A positive contact test related to metasomatic processes

When a paleomagnetic pole is sought for in an igneous body, the host rocks should be subjected to a contact test to assure that the determined paleopole has the age of the intrusion. If the contact test is positive, it precludes the possibility that the measured magnetization is a later effect. Therefore, we investigated the variations of the remanent magnetization along cross-sections of rocks hosting the Foum Zguid dyke (southern Morocco) and the dyke itself. A positive contact test was obtained, but it is mainly related with Chemical/Crystalline Remanent Magnetization due to metasomatic processes in the host-rocks during magma intrusion and cooling, and not only with Thermo-Remanent Magnetization as ordinarily assumed in standard studies. Paleomagnetic data obtained within the dyke then reflect the Earth magnetic field during emplacement of this well-dated (196.9 +/- 1.8 Ma) intrusion.

Development of an in situ penetration test for the uptake of preservatives in applied wood

This paper concerns the study of biocides application in old timber structures of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ail.), previously impregnated with other products. A method was developed in laboratory to determine in situ the penetration depth of a product applied superficially. As initial treatment, three traditional products for sawn timber for buildings were used and, for new treatments, two newer, more environmentally benign products were used. Their ability to penetrate the pre-treated surfaces was evaluated after 1, 2 and 3 applications at 24 hours intervals and the results obtained are presented. Finally, the applicability of the developed test to the in-situ evaluation of timber structures is also discussed.