Endocrine disrupters and human health: Could oestrogenic chemicals in body care cosmetics adversely affect breast cancer incidence in women? A review of evidence and call for further research

In the decade that has elapsed since the suggestion that exposure of the foetal/developing male to environmental oestrogens could be the cause of subsequent reproductive and developmental effects in men, there has been little definitive research to provide conclusions to the hypothesis. Issues of exposure and low potency of environmental oestrogens may have reduced concerns. However, the hypothesis that chemicals applied in body care cosmetics (including moisturizers, creams, sprays or lotions applied to axilla or chest or breast areas) may be affecting breast cancer incidence in women presents a different case scenario, not least in the consideration of the exposure issues. The specific cosmetic type is not relevant but the chemical ingredients in the formulations and the application to the skin is important. The most common group of body care cosmetic formulation excipients, namely p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters or parabens, have been shown recently to be oestrogenic in vitro and in vivo and now have been detected in human breast tumour tissue, indicating absorption (route and causal associations have yet to be confirmed). The hypothesis for a link between oestrogenic ingredients in underarm and body care cosmetics and breast cancer is forwarded and reviewed here in terms of. data on exposure to body care cosmetics and parabens, including dermal absorption; paraben oestrogenicity; the role of oestrogen in breast cancer; detection of parabens in breast tumours; recent epidemiology studies of underarm cosmetics use and breast cancer; the toxicology database; the current regulatory status of parabens and regulatory toxicology data uncertainties. Notwithstanding the major public health issue of the causes of the rising incidence of breast cancer in women, this call for further research may provide the first evidence that environmental factors may be adversely affecting human health by endocrine disruption, because exposure to oestrogenic chemicals through application of body care products (unlike diffuse environmental chemical exposures) should be amenable to evaluation, quantification and control. The exposure issues are clear and the exposed population is large, and these factors should provide the necessary impetus to investigate this potential issue of public health. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Uneven distribution of nutrients in the root zone affects the incidence of blossom end rot and concentration of calcium and potassium in fruits of tomato

Tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. DRK) were grown hydroponically to determine the effect of an uneven distribution of nutrients in the root zone on blossomend rot (BER) and Ca and K concentrations in the fruits. The plants were grown in rockwool with their root system divided into two portions. Each portion was irrigated with nutrient solutions with either the same or the different electrical conductivity (EC) in the range 0 to 6 dS m(-1). Solutions with high EC supplied to both sides of the root system significantly increased the incidence of BER. However, when only water or a solution of low EC was supplied to one portion, BER was reduced by 80%. Fruit yields were significantly higher ( P < 0.01) for plants that received solutions of the uneven EC treatments (6/0 or 4.5/0 EC treatment). Plants supplied with solutions of uneven EC generally had higher leaf and fruit concentrations of Ca but lower concentrations of K than those supplied with solutions of high EC. There was no difference in Ca concentration at the distal end of young fruits of the uneven EC treatment but it was reduced in the high EC treatments. The concentration of K in the mature fruits of the uneven EC treatments was lower than that of the high EC treatments and higher or similar that of the 3/3 or 2.5/2.5 EC treatments ( controls). A clear relationship was found between the incidence of BER and the exudation rate. High rate of xylem exudation was observed in the uneven EC treatments. Reduction of BER in the uneven EC treatments is most likely to be the effect of high exudation rate on Ca status in the young fruits. It was concluded that high EC of solution had positive effects on Ca concentration and incidence of BER provided that nutrient solution with low EC or water is supplied to the one portion of the root system.

Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence

The development of cancer in humans and animals is a multistep process. The complex series of cellular and molecular changes participating in cancer development are mediated by a diversity of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. One type of endogenous damage is that arising from intermediates of oxygen (dioxygen) reduction - oxygen-free radicals (OFR), which attacks not only the bases but also the deoxyribosyl backbone of DNA. Thanks to improvements in analytical techniques, a major achievement in the understanding of carcinogenesis in the past two decades has been the identification and quantification of various adducts of OFR with DNA. OFR are also known to attack other cellular components such as lipids, leaving behind reactive species that in turn can couple to DNA bases. Endogenous DNA lesions are genotoxic and induce mutations. The most extensively studied lesion is the formation of 8-OH-dG. This lesion is important because it is relatively easily formed and is mutagenic and therefore is a potential biomarker of carcinogenesis. Mutations that may arise from formation of 8-OH-dG involve GC. TA transversions. In view of these findings, OFR are considered as an important class of carcinogens. The effect of OFR is balanced by the antioxidant action of non-enzymatic antioxidants as well as antioxidant enzymes. Non-enzymatic antioxidants involve vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids (CAR), selenium and others. However, under certain conditions, some antioxidants can also exhibit a pro-oxidant mechanism of action. For example, beta-carotene at high concentration and with increased partial pressure of dioxygen is known to behave as a pro-oxidant. Some concerns have also been raised over the potentially deleterious transition metal ion-mediated (iron, copper) pro-oxidant effect of vitamin C. Clinical studies mapping the effect of preventive antioxidants have shown surprisingly little or no effect on cancer incidence. The epidemiological trials together with in vitro experiments suggest that the optimal approach is to reduce endogenous and exogenous sources of oxidative stress, rather than increase intake of anti-oxidants. In this review, we highlight some major achievements in the study of DNA damage caused by OFR and the role in carcinogenesis played by oxidatively damaged DNA. The protective effect of antioxidants against free radicals is also discussed.

The incidence of oral Gram-negative bacteria in patients with Parkinson's disease

Background: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that affects an increasing number of older people every year. Dysphagia is not only a common feature, but one that results in poor nutrition and an increased risk of bronchopneumonia. Previous work has suggested that the oral flora is altered in patients with oral pathology. Methods: Fifty patients were assessed to quantify the incidence of oral Gram-negative bacteria. Results: Sixteen of the patients with Parkinson's disease were found to have six different Gram-negative bacilli in their oral cavities. The 20 different Gram-negative bacteria present were Escherichia coli (n=7), Klebsiella spp. (n=3), Kluyvera spp. (n=3), Serratia spp. (n=3), Proteus spp. (n=2) and Enterobacter spp. (n=2). We found that the oral cavity of 16 (32%) of the patients with Parkinson's disease was abnormally colonised with Gram-negative bacteria and that Gram-negative bacteria were more likely to occur in those patients in whom oromuscular dysfunction was present (88% vs. 21%; p<0.05). Conclusion: Further work is required to determine the association between oral flora and the pathogenic organisms found in aspiration pneumonia as well as work on innovative treatments to reduce oral Gram-negative bacteria in those patients at particular risk of aspiration pneumonia.

Solving surface structures from normal incidence X-ray standing wave data

A program is provided to determine structural parameters of atoms in or adsorbed on surfaces by refinement of atomistic models towards experimentally determined data generated by the normal incidence X-ray standing wave (NIXSW) technique. The method employs a combination of Differential Evolution Genetic Algorithms and Steepest Descent Line Minimisations to provide a fast, reliable and user friendly tool for experimentalists to interpret complex multidimensional NIXSW data sets.

The consumption of milk and dairy foods and the incidence of vascular disease and diabetes: An overview of the evidence

The health effects of milk and dairy food consumption would best be determined in randomised controlled trials. No adequately powered trial has been reported and none is likely because of the numbers required. The best evidence comes, therefore, from prospective cohort studies with disease events and death as outcomes. Medline was searched for prospective studies of dairy food consumption and incident vascular disease and Type 2 diabetes, based on representative population samples. Reports in which evaluation was in incident disease or death were selected. Meta-analyses of the adjusted estimates of relative risk for disease outcomes in these reports were conducted. Relevant case–control retrospective studies were also identified and the results are summarised in this article. Meta-analyses suggest a reduction in risk in the subjects with the highest dairy consumption relative to those with the lowest intake: 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) for all-cause deaths, 0.92 (0.80, 0.99) for ischaemic heart disease, 0.79 (0.68, 0.91) for stroke and 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) for incident diabetes. The number of cohort studies which give evidence on individual dairy food items is very small, but, again, there is no convincing evidence of harm from consumption of the separate food items. In conclusion, there appears to be an enormous mis-match between the evidence from long-term prospective studies and perceptions of harm from the consumption of dairy food items.

The influence of dietary fatty acid composition on N-ethyl-Nnitrosourea-induced mammary tumour incidence in the rat and on the composition of inositol- and ethanolamine-phospholipids of normal and tumour mammary tissue

This study has investigated the influence of dietary fatty acid composition on mammary tumour incidence in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-treated rats and has compared the susceptibility to dietary fatty acid modification of the membrane phospholipids phosphatidyliuositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from normal and tumour tissue of rat mammary gland. The incidence of mammary tumours was significantly lower in fish oil- (29%), compared with olive oil- (75%; P < 0.04) but not maize oil- (63%; P < 0.1) fed animals. No differences in PI fatty acid composition were found in normal or tumour tissue between rats fed on maize oil, olive oil or fish oil in diets from weaning. When normal and tumour tissue PI fatty acids were compared, significantly higher amounts of stearic acid (18:O) were found in tumour than normal tissue in rats given olive oil (P < 0.05). A similar trend was found in animals fed on maize oil, although differences between normal and tumour tissue did not reach a level of statistical significance (P < 0.1). In mammary PE, maize oil-fed control animals had significantly higher levels of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) than either olive oil- or fish oil-fed animals (P < 0.05, both cases) and levels of arachidonic acid were also higher in maize oil- compared with fish oil-fed animals (P < 0.05). In tumourbearing animals no differences in PE fatty acid composition were found between the three dietary groups. When normal and tumour tissue PE fatty acids were compared, significantly lower amounts of liuoleic acid (18:2n-6; P < 0.01) and significantly greater amounts of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; P < 0.05) were found in tumour than normal tissue of rats fed on maize oil. The present study shows that the fatty acid composition of PI from both normal and tumour tissue of the mammary gland is resistant to dietary fatty acid modification. The PE fraction is more susceptible to dietary modification and in this fraction there is evidence of increased conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in tumour compared with normal tissue. Lower tumour incidence rates in rats given fish oils may in part be due to alteration in prostanoid metabolism secondary to displacement of arachidonic acid by eicosapentaenoic acid, but PE rather than PI would appear to be the most likely locus for diet-induced alteration in prostanoid synthesis in this tissue. Effects of dietary fatty acids other than on the balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, and on prostanoid metabolism, should also be considered. The significance of increased stearic acid content of PI in tumours of olive oil-fed animals and the possible influence of dietary fatty acids on the capacity for stearic acid accumulation requires further study.

Otimização da RT-PCR Multiplex para detecção de vírus dengue em amostras de Aedes aegypti infectados artificialmente

A dengue é a mais importante doença viral transmitida por mosquitos, no que diz respeito à morbidade e mortalidade, que afeta os seres humanos. Este vírus é transmitido pelos vetores Aedes albopictus e Aedes aegypti, este último é o principal vetor nas Américas. O controle da doença se baseia na vigilância laboratorial e vigilância entomológica. A vigilância laboratorial visa aprimorar a capacidade do diagnóstico, detectando precocemente a circulação viral e monitorando os sorotipos circulantes. Dentro deste tipo de vigilância, a RT-PCR é um método bastante usado no diagnóstico da doença em humanos e mosquitos, porém, a má conservação do material pode comprometer a integridade do RNA e trazer resultados falso-negativos. O desenvolvimento de melhores métodos de vigilância do vírus dengue (DENV) em mosquitos é de grande valor para os programas de controle. Desta maneira, o presente projeto visou otimizar a técnica de RT-PCR Multiplex para detecção de DENV em amostras de Ae. aegypti infectadas artificialmente pelo vírus. Primers que amplificam uma região de 80 pb do gene rpL8 de mosquito foram desenhados no site Primer3 e avaliados na ferramenta online Multiple Primer Analyzer, junto com primers que amplificam os sorotipos DENV. Não houve competição de primers e foi observado bandas distintas no gel de agarose. Foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes formas de preservação do material genético das amostras (RNAlater®, freezer -80°C e nitrogênio líquido) por 7 dias, onde não houve diferenças significativas em relação à integridade do RNA. O efeito de diferentes formas de extração de RNA (Kit da QIAGEN® , TRIzol® e Chomczymski-Sacchi) também foi avaliado e o método ChomczymskiSacchi obteve o melhor desempenho. A otimização desta técnica permitirá uma maior confiabilidade nos resultados, já que além da detecção dos sorotipos, haverá uma confirmação da qualidade do RNA, aprimorando a capacidade do diagnóstico e auxiliando a prevenção e controle da transmissão da dengue.

Dengue: desenvolvimento de ferramentas moleculares e caracterização de cepas virais quanto a inibição da sinalização do Interferon do tipo I (IFN-I)

A infecção pelo vírus da dengue é um problema de saúde pública global que põe em risco cerca de 2,5 bilhões de pessoas no mundo, com uma incidência de 50-100 milhões de casos resultando em cerca de 24.000 mortes por ano. Os mecanismos envolvidos na resposta imune inata atuam imediatamente após o contato do hospedeiro com os antígenos virais, levando à secreção de interferon do tipo I (IFN-I), a principal citocina envolvida na resposta antiviral. Entender como o sistema IFN-I é inibido em células infectadas pelo vírus dengue pode fornecer valiosas informações sobre a patogênese da doença. Propomos neste estudo analisar a inibição da via de sinalização do IFN-I por diferentes cepas isoladas no estado de Pernambuco, assim como o desenvolvimento de um vírus recombinante da dengue expressando a proteína Gaussia luciferase, para estudos futuros de replicação e imunopatogênese. A fim de estudar a via de sinalização do IFN-I, foram selecionadas cepas dos quatro sorotipos de dengue para crescimento, concentração e titulação viral. Foi utilizada a linhagem celular BHK-21-ISRE-Luc-Hygro que expressa o gene firefly luciferase fusionado a um promotor induzido pelo IFN-I (ISRE - Interferon Stimulated Response Element). Observamos que todos os sorotipos em estudo foram capazes de inibir, em diferentes proporções, a resposta ou sinalização do IFN-I. Com o intuito de auxiliar as pesquisas em dengue, desenvolvemos um vírus repórter de dengue expressando o gene repórter da Gaussia luciferase. Células transfectadas com o transcrito in vitro de um dos clones resultou em imunofluorescência positiva, porém não houve recuperação de partículas infectivas. Outros clones deverão ser testados para recuperação de vírus recombinante repórter. Juntos, os dados da caracterização das cepas em estudo e a recuperação de partículas infectivas da construção realizada neste trabalho deverão contribuir para as pesquisas em imunopatogênese, replicação viral e desenvolvimento de antivirais contra o dengue

Caracterização da resposta imunológica de Aedes aegypti e Culex quinquefasciatus à infecção pelo sorotipo 1 do Dengue vírus

Os insetos podem atuar como pragas agrícolas e vetores de patógenos causadores de doenças ao homem e outros animais. Investigações a respeito do sistema imunológico de Ae. aegypti e Cx. quinquefasciatus poderão contribuir para o desenvolvimento de métodos de controle das doenças veiculadas por estes insetos, principalmente a dengue, enfermidade causadora de sério problema de saúde pública no mundo. Apesar de Ae. aegypti ser a única espécie vetora confirmada na transmissão do vírus Dengue no Brasil, considera-se também importante um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos imunológicos de Cx. quinquefasciatus tido como refratário ao vírus. Neste estudo foram utilizadas linhagens de Ae. aegypti e Cx. quinquefasciatus mantidas no Insetário do Departamento de Entomologia do CPqAM/FIOCRUZ. Três grupos experimentais de fêmeas com 10 dias de idade foram formados para cada espécie. Grupo I, composto por fêmeas alimentadas com solução sacarose (10 por cento); grupo II, fêmeas alimentadas com sangue limpo e grupo III, fêmeas alimentadas com sangue infectado com o sorotipo DENV-1. De cada grupo foram obtidos hemolinfa, glândula salivar, intestino médio e corpo gorduroso para avaliação da expressão dos antimicrobianos defensina e transferrina. Essa avaliação foi realizada através de PCR em Tempo Real utilizando o kit QuantiFast SYBR Green - One-Step qRT-PCR. A avaliação da hemodinâmica foi realizada utilizando 10 microlitros de hemolinfa de cada grupo, através da contagem das células em câmara de Neubauer. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o Cx. quinquefasciatus tem um maior aumento da expressão de defensina e um maior número total de hemócitos quando infectados com DENV-1 em relação ao Ae. aegypti e a transferrina teve sua expressão alterada somente no Ae. aegypti. Em ambas as espécies estudadas, apenas a alimentação sanguínea não interfere na produção de hemócitos ou quanto na indução de defensina e transferrina. Esses dados sugerem que fêmeas de Cx. quinquefasciatus parecem apresentar uma resposta imune celular e humoral mais intensa do que Ae. aegypti quando infectados com DENV-1

Caracterização clínico-epidemiológica do dengue grave em crianças e adolescentesRio de Janeiro, 2007-2008

Em 2007-2008, o Rio de Janeiro viveu uma epidemia de dengue com 80.404 notificações, com 109 óbitos, 42% em < 15 anos. Objetivos: 1. Descrever a distribuição espacial e o perfil clínico-epidemiológico da epidemia de dengue por faixa etária no município do Rio de Janeiro. 2. Avaliar os fatores clínicos e laboratoriais preditivos de dengue grave em uma coorte de crianças internadas. Métodos: Esta tese foi formatada com dois artigos: 1) Distribuição espacial e caracterização clínico-epidemiológico do dengue no município do Rio de Janeiro; 2) Sinais clínicos e laboratoriais associados ao dengue grave em crianças hospitalizadas. Artigo 1: estudo ecológico com base no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do município do Rio de Janeiro (2007-2008). Foram incluídos todos os casos de dengue confirmados pelo critério clínico-laboratorial dos residentes do município do Rio de Janeiro. Foram descritas as variáveis sócio demográficas e clínicas (classificação do caso, hospitalização e evolução) segundo a idade. Foi utilizado o critério de classificação de caso do Ministério da Saúde de 2005 (febre do dengue, dengue com complicações e febre hemorrágica do dengue - FHD). Autocorrelação espacial das taxas de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade foi verificada pelos índices de Moran e de Geary Artigo 2: coorte retrospectiva das hospitalizações por dengue (até 18 anos) em uma unidade de referência (2007-2008). Dengue grave foi definido pelo uso de terapia de suporte avançado de vida ou óbito. Diferenças de medianas e de proporções foram avaliadas, respectivamente, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e pelo exato de Fisher (p<0,05). Foram calculados os parâmetros de acurácia dos sinais e sintomas. Resultados: Artigo 1: De 159887 notificações, 151527 eram residentes do município do Rio de Janeiro, 38.808 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Destes, 8897 (22,9%) tiveram complicações e 1051 (2,7%) FHD; 16.436 (42,4%) eram < 18 anos e 15.288 (39,4%) foram confirmados laboratorialmente. A letalidade foi maior em lactentes (1,4%) e nos casos de FHD (7,7%). Extravasamento plasmático foi mais comum de 2 a 11 anos. Houve autocorrelação espacial global quanto à mortalidade e letalidade e autocorrelação local para os três índices (p<0,05). Artigo 2: De 145 pacientes, 53,1% eram do sexo feminino, com mediana de idade de 8,7 anos (IIQ=7,2-11,5); 15,9% evoluíram para gravidade A duração da febre em dias foi menor no grupo grave (G: Mediana Md=3,0, IIQ= 2,0\20134,5; NG: Md=4,0, IIQ=3,0\20135,0; p=0.062). Letargia, irritabilidade, sangramento, dispneia, ausculta pulmonar alterada, derrame pleural, distensão abdominal e edema foram associados à evolução para gravidade (p<0,05). Níveis de hematócrito (p=008) e de albumina sérica (p<0,001) foram menores nos graves. Letargia apresentou Valor Preditivo Negativo (VPN) > 90%, com Valor Preditivo Positivo (VPP) de 80%. As demais variáveis com p-valor <0,05 apresentaram VPN próximo ou > 90%, com baixo VPP. Conclusão: Apesar da incidência de FHD ter sido maior entre escolares, os lactentes tiveram maior letalidade. Extravasamento plasmático foi mais frequente em escolares e pré-escolares. Sangramento, sonolência e irritabilidade na admissão hospitalar associaram-se à gravidade e o derrame cavitário obteve maior acurácia do que a hemoconcentração como sinal de extravasamento plasmático