Osteoprotegerin and bone mineral density in hemodiafiltration patients.

A newly identified cytokine, osteoprotegerin (OPG) appears to be involved in the regulation of bone remodeling. In vitro studies suggest that OPG, a soluble member of the TNF receptor family of proteins, inhibits osteoclastogenesis by interrupting the intercellular signaling between osteoblastic stromal cells and osteoclast progenitors. As patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) often have renal osteodystrophy (ROD), we investigated the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in ROD, and investigated whether there was any relationship between serum OPG, intact parathyroid (PTH) (iPTH), vitamin D, and trabecular bone. Serum OPG combined with iPTH might be a useful tool in the noninvasive diagnosis of ROD, at least in cases in which the range of PTH values compromises reliable diagnosis. Thirty-six patients on maintenance hemodiafiltration (HDF) and a control group of 36 age and sex matched healthy subjects with no known metabolic bone disease were studied. The following assays were made on serum: iPTH, osteocalcin (BGP), bone alkaline phosphatase, 25(OH)-cholecalciferol, calcium, phosphate, OPG, IGF-1, estradiol, and free testosterone. Serum Ca++, P, B-ALP, BGP, IGF-1, iPTH, and OPG levels were significantly higher in HDF patients than in controls, while DXA measurements and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters were significantly lower. On grouping patients according to their mean OPG levels, we observed significantly lower serum IGF-1, vitamin D3 concentrations, and lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density in the high OPG groups. No correlation was found between OPG and bone turnover markers, whereas a negative correlation was found between serum OPG and IGF-1 levels (r=-0.64, p=0.032). Serum iPTH concentrations were positively correlated with bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) (r=0.69, p=0.038) and BGP (r=0.92, p<0.001). The findings made suggest that an increase in OPG levels may be a compensatory response to elevated bone loss. The low bone mineral density (BMD) levels found in the high OPG group might have been due to the significant decrease in serum IGF-1 and vitamin D3 observed. In conclusion, the findings made in the present study demonstrate that increased OPG in hemodiafiltration patients is only partly due to decreased renal clearance. As it may partly reflect a compensatory response to increased bone loss, this parameter might be helpful in the identification of patients with a marked reduction in trabecular BMD.

Valoración del perfil lipídico y de la densidad mineral ósea en pacientes trasplantados renales

INTRODUCTION: Alterations in lipid metabolism and bone mineral metabolism disturbances are common disorders among renal transplant patients, contributing to the apparition of oxidative metabolic and cardiovascular diseases that threaten the integrity of the graft. AIMS: Describe and observe the evolution of alterations in bone mineral density (BMD) and lipid abnormalities in a population of kidney transplant patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The samples consisted of 119 kidney transplant patients of both sexes, measurements were performed pretransplant and posttransplant for five years of biochemical parameters, anthropometric measurements and measurement of bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, femur and radioulnar. RESULTS: During the five years after transplantation a significant increase in biochemical parameters, BMI, dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension occurs. At six months there is a high percentage of patients with pathologic BMD increase by 4.1% per year of transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: After kidney transplantation, a large increase of hyperlipidemia associated with a characteristic pattern of altered lipid with elevated total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and the resulting increase in triglycerides, occurs despite statin therapy, leading to an increase in risk factors for diabetes, hypertension, diseases and cardiovascualres further loss of bone mass which carries a high risk of serious fractures occurs, threatening kidney graft and quality of life of patients.

Litterfall and mineral return in two cork-oak forests in northeast spain

Seasonal trends in littertall and potential mineral return were studied in two cork-oak forest sites in the northeastern Iberian peninsula. The estimated average litter production was 3.9.M- gy.e1ahar for one site and 4.6 .M- gy.e1ahar for the other; these figures are similar to those reported for holm-oak (Quercus ilex) forests in the same area. Seasonal litterfall patterns were typical of Mediterranean forest ecosystems. Leaves accounted for 46 to 78% of the total dry matter. Their annual weighted-average mineral composition was low in macronutrients (N 8-9; K 4-5; Mg 0.8-1.3; Ca 9-10 and P 0.4-1 m-)g.1g and relatively high in micronutrients such as Mn (2-2.2 m-)g.1g or Fe (0.3-0.4 m)-g..1g Minimum N and P concentrations were found during the growth period. Estimates of potential mineral return for an annual cycle were N 38-52, P 2.1-5.2, K 20-28, Ca 44-53 and Mg 5.4-5.0 k-,g.1ha depending on the site biomass and fertility

Proximal tibia volumetric bone mineral density is correlated to the magnitude of local acceleration in male long distance runners.

Introduction: The beneficial effect of physical exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) is at least partly explained by the forces exerted directly on the bones. Male runners present generally higher BMD than sedentary individuals. We postulated that the proximal tibia BMD is related to the running distance as well as to the magnitude of the shocks (while running) in male runners. Methods: A prospective study (three yearly measurements) included 81 healthy male subjects: 16 sedentary lean subjects and three groups of runners (5-30 km/week, n=19; 30-50 km/week, n=29; 50-100 km/week, n=17). Several measurements were performed at the proximal tibia level: volumetric BMD (vBMD), cortical index (CI) i.e. an index of cortical bone thickness and peak accelerations (an index of shocks during heel strike) while running (measured by a 3-D accelerometer). A general linear model assessed the prediction of vBMD or CI by a) simple effects (running distance, peak accelerations, time) and b) interactions (for instance if vBMD prediction by peak acceleration depends on running distance). Results: CI and vBMD a) increase with running distance to reach a plateau over 30 km/wk, b) are positively associated with peak accelerations over 30 km/week. Discussion: Running may be associated with high peak accelerations in order to have beneficial effects on BMD. More important strains are needed to be associated with the same increase in BMD during running sessions of short duration than those of long duration. Conclusion: CI and vBMD are associated with the magnitude of the shocks during heel strike in runners. Key words: Bone mineral density, strains, physical exercise, running distance.

Fracture Discrimination by Combined Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Microarchitectural Texture Analysis.

The use of bone mineral density (BMD) for fracture discrimination may be improved by considering bone microarchitecture. Texture parameters such as trabecular bone score (TBS) or mean Hurst parameter (H) could help to find women who are at high risk of fracture in the non-osteoporotic group. The purpose of this study was to combine BMD and microarchitectural texture parameters (spine TBS and calcaneus H) for the detection of osteoporotic fractures. Two hundred and fifty five women had a lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH), and femoral neck (FN) DXA. Additionally, texture analyses were performed with TBS on spine DXA and with H on calcaneus radiographs. Seventy-nine women had prevalent fragility fractures. The association with fracture was evaluated by multivariate logistic regressions. The diagnostic value of each parameter alone and together was evaluated by odds ratios (OR). The area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were assessed in models including BMD, H, and TBS. Women were also classified above and under the lowest tertile of H or TBS according to their BMD status. Women with prevalent fracture were older and had lower TBS, H, LS-BMD, and TH-BMD than women without fracture. Age-adjusted ORs were 1.66, 1.70, and 1.93 for LS, FN, and TH-BMD, respectively. Both TBS and H remained significantly associated with fracture after adjustment for age and TH-BMD: OR 2.07 [1.43; 3.05] and 1.47 [1.04; 2.11], respectively. The addition of texture parameters in the multivariate models didn't show a significant improvement of the ROC-AUC. However, women with normal or osteopenic BMD in the lowest range of TBS or H had significantly more fractures than women above the TBS or the H threshold. We have shown the potential interest of texture parameters such as TBS and H in addition to BMD to discriminate patients with or without osteoporotic fractures. However, their clinical added values should be evaluated relative to other risk factors.

Assessment of volumetric bone mineral density of the femoral neck in postmenopausal women with and without vertebral fractures using quantitative multi-slice CT.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the validity and reliability of volumetric quantitative computed tomography (vQCT) with multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for hip bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, and to compare the differences between the two techniques in discriminating postmenopausal women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures from those without. METHODS: Ninety subjects were enrolled and divided into three groups based on the BMD values of the lumbar spine and/or the femoral neck by DXA. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of postmenopausal women with BMD changes <-2SD, with and without radiographically confirmed vertebral fracture (n=11 and 33, respectively). Group 3 comprised normal controls with BMD changes > or =-1SD (n=46). Post-MSCT (GE, LightSpeed16) scan reconstructed images of the abdominal-pelvic region, 1.25 mm thick per slice, were processed by OsteoCAD software to calculate the following parameters: volumetric BMD values of trabecular bone (TRAB), cortical bone (CORT), and integral bone (INTGL) of the left femoral neck, femoral neck axis length (NAL), and minimum cross-section area (mCSA). DXA BMD measurements of the lumbar spine (AP-SPINE) and the left femoral neck (NECK) also were performed for each subject. RESULTS: The values of all seven parameters were significantly lower in subjects of Groups 1 and 2 than in normal postmenopausal women (P<0.05, respectively). Comparing Groups 1 and 2, 3D-TRAB and 3D-INTGL were significantly lower in postmenopausal women with vertebral fracture(s) [(109.8+/-9.61) and (243.3+/-33.0) mg/cm3, respectively] than in those without [(148.9+/-7.47) and (285.4+/-17.8) mg/cm(3), respectively] (P<0.05, respectively), but no significant differences were evident in AP-SPINE or NECK BMD. CONCLUSION: the femoral neck-derived volumetric BMD parameters using vQCT appeared better than the DXA-derived ones in discriminating osteoporotic postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures from those without. vQCT might be useful to evaluate the effect of osteoporotic vertebral fracture status on changes in bone mass in the femoral neck.

Characterization of modern and fossil mineral dust transported to high altitude in the Western Alps: Saharan sources and transport patterns

Mineral dust aerosols recently collected at the high-altitude Jungfraujoch research station (46 degrees 33'51 `' N, 7 degrees 59'06 `' E; 3580 m a.s.l.) were compared to mineral dust deposited at the Colle Gnifetti glacier (45 degrees 52'50 `' N, 7 degrees 52'33 `' E; 4455 m a.s.l.) over the last millennium. Radiogenic isotope signatures and backward trajectories analyses indicate that major dust sources are situated in the north-central to north-western part of the Saharan desert. Less radiogenic Sr isotopic compositions of PM10 aerosols and of mineral particles deposited during periods of low dust transfer likely result from the enhancement of the background chemically-weathered Saharan source. Saharan dust mobilization and transport were relatively reduced during the second part of the Little Ice Age (ca. 1690-1870) except within the greatest Saharan dust event deposited around 1770. After ca. 1870, sustained dust deposition suggests that increased mineral dust transport over the Alps during the last century could be due to stronger spring/summer North Atlantic southwesterlies and drier winters in North Africa. On the other hand, increasing carbonaceous particle emissions from fossil fuel combustion combined to a higher lead enrichment factor point to concomitant anthropogenic sources of particulate pollutants reaching high-altitude European glaciers during the last century.

Quadro de profissionais de enfermagem em unidades médico-cirúrgicas de hospitais de ensino: composição e custos

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o quadro quanti-qualitativo médio de profissionais de enfermagem em serviço nas unidades médico-cirúrgicas de três hospitais gerais, públicos e de ensino, do município de São Paulo frente ao quadro médio projetado, segundo parâmetros da Resolução Cofen nº 293/04 e mensurar o custo médio dos quadros em serviço e projetado. Método Estudo quantitativo, exploratório descritivo, com coleta prospectiva de dados. Resultados Na maioria das unidades estudadas o quadro de profissionais de enfermagem está quantitativamente adequado. Em duas Instituições a proporção de enfermeiras é inferior ao preconizado pelo Cofen. O ajuste quali-quantitativo do quadro representaria acréscimo mensal de R$ 141.325,92 para o Hospital A; R$ 138.988,80 para o Hospital B e redução de R$ 99.028,00 para o Hospital C. Conclusão A principal contribuição deste estudo reside na proposição de um método para avaliação quali-quantitativa do quadro de profissionais de enfermagem, bem como para determinação do custo médio de sua adequação.

Composição e preferência por microhábitat de imaturos de Odonata (Insecta) em um trecho de baixada do Rio Ubatiba, Maricá-RJ, Brasil

No período de maio de 1999 a maio de 2000 foram efetuadas coletas de imaturos de Odonata (Insecta), em sete diferentes substratos, ao longo de 50 metros de um trecho do Rio Ubatiba, Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Um total de 1.279 larvas de Odonata foi coligido e identificado em 27 espécies de cinco famílias. Acanthagrion lancea (Selys, 1876), Hetaerina auripennis (Burmeister, 1839), Micrathyria hesperis Ris, 1911 e Telebasis filiola (Perty, 1834) foram as espécies mais numerosas. O substrato com o maior número de indivíduos foi "vegetação em áreas de remanso". Grande parte das espécies estudadas demonstrou preferência por algum dos substratos. Dythemis multipunctata Kirby,1894, Erythrodiplax sp., M. hesperis, T. filiola, A. lancea, Erythemis sp., Coryphaeschna adnexa (Hagen, 1861) e H. auripennis demonstraram preferência por substratos orgânicos, enquanto que Brechmorhoga sp., B. praeCOX (Hagen, 1869) e Progomphus complicatus (Selys, 1854), por inorgânicos.

Composição da comunidade de Formicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) em copas de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Três indivíduos da palmeira Attalea phalerata Mart (Arecaceae) foram amostrados durante a fase aquática (cheia) no Pantanal de Mato Grosso (fevereiro/2001) utilizando-se a metodologia de nebulização de copas "canopy fogging". Este estudo objetivou avaliar a diversidade, hábitos alimentares e a distribuição espacial da comunidade de Formicidae em copas dessa palmeira que forma adensamentos monodominantes, típicos nessa região. Cada palmeira foi nebulizada uma única vez e realizadas três coletas subseqüentes. Um total de 966 formigas, pertencentes a 6 subfamílias, 13 tribos e 29 espécies foram amostradas em 49 m² de área amostral (19,7±52,7 indivíduos/m²) representando 3,9% do total de artrópodes obtidos. Myrmicinae foi a subfamília mais representativa, com 6 tribos e 14 espécies, destacando-se Solenopsidini com 5 espécies. Formicinae foi a segunda subfamília mais abundante com 3 tribos e 8 espécies. Pheidole sp. 2 foi dominante na amostragem geral (284 indivíduos; 29,4% da captura total) seguida por Camponotus (Myrmobrachys) crassus (182 individuos; 18,8%) e Crematogaster (Orthocrema) sp. 1 pr. quadriformis (119 individuos; 12,3%). Os índices de diversidade foram consideráveis (H'=2,185; D= 0,835) apesar de demonstrarem baixos valores de equitabilidade (0,649 e 0,248, respectivamente). Este resultado demonstra a heterogeneidade da comunidade de Formicidae associada à copa dessa palmeira. A análise da distribuição espacial desmonstrou que a maior abundância e riqueza de Formicidae ocorrem na região central da copa, próximo ao caule.

Value and depreciation of mineral resources over the very long run: An empirical contrast of different methods

The paper contrasts empirically the results of alternative methods for estimating thevalue and the depreciation of mineral resources. The historical data of Mexico andVenezuela, covering the period 1920s-1980s, is used to contrast the results of severalmethods. These are the present value, the net price method, the user cost method andthe imputed income method. The paper establishes that the net price and the user costare not competing methods as such, but alternative adjustments to different scenariosof closed and open economies. The results prove that the biases of the methods, ascommonly described in the theoretical literature, only hold under the most restrictedscenario of constant rents over time. It is argued that the difference between what isexpected to happen and what actually did happen is for the most part due to a missingvariable, namely technological change. This is an important caveat to therecommendations made based on these models.

Composição, abundância e notas sobre a ecologia de espécies de larvas de lepidópteros associadas a cinco espécies de plantas hospedeiras no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, RJ

Com o objetivo de descrever a composição, ocorrência temporal e aspectos ecológicos das espécies de larvas de Lepidoptera associadas a cinco espécies de plantas: Erythroxylum ovalifolium e E. subsessile (Erythroxylaceae), Manilkara subsericea (Sapotaceae), Protium icicariba e P. heptaphyllum (Burseraceae), 1.455 plantas foram vistoriadas durante o período de Julho de 2003 a Agosto de 2005 no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba (PNRJ). Foram encontradas 32 espécies de Lepidoptera associadas a essas cinco espécies de plantas hospedeiras, sendo que as quatro espécies mais abundantes pertenciam à família Elachistidae. Manilkara subsericea apresentou o maior número de espécies de Lepidoptera associadas, 14 espécies, seguida por E. ovalifolium, com 10 espécies, P. icicariba, com sete, E. subsessile com seis e P. heptaphyllum com duas espécies de Lepidoptera associadas. Apenas uma das 32 espécies de Lepidoptera criadas apresentava hábito gregário e 56% utilizavam algum tipo de abrigo para alimentação e/ou defesa. Seis espécies de Lepidoptera identificadas (27%) eram polífagas, três (14%) oligófagas e 13 (59%) tiveram apenas uma única espécie de planta hospedeira registrada. As espécies mais abundantes de mariposas apresentaram dois períodos reprodutivos no ano, predominantemente, no inverno e outono. Fatores abióticos, como a forte insolação na primavera e verão na formação aberta de restinga, podem ser importantes determinando esse padrão temporal de reprodução dos insetos, mas não podemos descartar também fatores bióticos como a pressão de inimigos naturais.

Composição de espécies de Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) no sul do Brasil: relação entre tipos de vegetação e entre a configuração espacial do hábitat

Este trabalho descreve o padrão de diversidade beta das mariposas Arctiidae no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e avalia se esse padrão é relacionado com o tipo de vegetação ou com a distância geográfica entre as áreas. A partir da observação de 9420 espécimes depositados em 13 coleções científicas e de duas listas publicadas na literatura, obteve-se registro de 329 espécies de arctiídeos em 55 localidades do RS. Essa riqueza corresponde a 5,6% da fauna Neotropical e 16,5% da fauna estimada para o Brasil. Cinqüenta e duas espécies (15,8%) foram registradas pela primeira vez no Estado. Não houve relação entre a diversidade beta (distância de Sorensen) e a distância geográfica entre as localidades, sugerindo que a configuração espacial do ambiente não influencia de forma significativa a locomoção das mariposas Arctiidae entre as paisagens. As análises multivariadas indicaram que a fauna de Arctiidae apresenta uma composição diferente em cada tipo de vegetação. A composição da fauna de áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (Mata de Araucária) difere da fauna dos demais tipos de vegetação. Além disso, verificou-se uma maior riqueza de espécies em ambientes florestais do que em campestres.

Composição, abundância e riqueza de Calliphoridae (Diptera) das matas e clareiras com diferentes coberturas vegetais da Base de Extração Petrolífera, bacia do Rio Urucu, Coari, Amazonas

Este trabalho foi realizado na base de extração petrolífera, bacia do Rio Urucu, Coari, Amazonas, nos meses de abril, junho e outubro de 2007. Um total de 16 áreas foram amostradas, 12 delas de clareiras e quatro de florestas, sendo categorizadas em quatro ambientes (clareiras pouco recuperadas, clareiras semi-recuperadas, clareiras bem recuperadas e floresta preservada). Um total de 7.215 califorídeos foram capturados pertencentes a 16 espécies e uma única delas, a Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), representou 88,06% deste total. Os padrões de abundância da família não diferiram entre os ambientes, porém eles diferiram para as seguintes espécies: Eumesembrinella randa (Walker, 1849), Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani, 1850) e Paralucilia adespota Dear, 1985. A riqueza estimada variou significativamente entre os ambientes, formando dois grupos: I, clareiras pouco recuperadas (C1) e clareiras semi-recuperadas (C2); e II, clareiras bem recuperadas (C3) e floresta preservada (MT).