Assessment of carotenoids in pumpkins after different home cooking conditions

Carotenoids have antioxidant activity, but few are converted by the body into retinol, the active form of vitamin A. Among the 600 carotenoids with pro-vitamin A activity, the most common are α- and β-carotene. These carotenoids are susceptible to degradation (e.g., isomerization and oxidation) during cooking. The aim of this study was to assess the total carotenoid, α- and β-carotene, and 9 and 13-Z- β-carotene isomer contents in C. moschata after different cooking processes. The raw pumpkin samples contained 236.10, 172.20, 39.95, 3.64 and 0.8610 µg.g- 1 of total carotenoids, β-carotene, α-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, and 9-Z-β-carotene, respectively. The samples cooked in boiling water contained 258.50, 184.80, 43.97, 6.80, and 0.77 µg.g- 1 of total carotenoids, β-carotene, α-carotene, 13-Z-β-carotene, and 9-Z-β-carotene, respectively. The steamed samples contained 280.77, 202.00, 47.09, 8.23, and 1.247 µg.g- 1 of total carotenoids, β-carotene, α-carotene,13-Z-β-carotene, and 9-Z-β-carotene, respectively. The samples cooked with added sugar contained 259.90, 168.80, 45.68, 8.31, and 2.03 µg.g- 1 of total carotenoid, β-carotene, α-carotene, 13-Z- β-carotene, and 9-Z- β-carotene, respectively. These results are promising considering that E- β-carotene has 100% pro-vitamin A activity. The total carotenoid and carotenoid isomers increased after the cooking methods, most likely as a result of a higher availability induced by the cooking processes.

Vinegar rice (Oryza sativa L.) produced by a submerged fermentation process from alcoholic fermented rice

Considering the limited availability of technology for the production of rice vinegar and also due to the potential consumer product market, this study aimed to use alcoholic fermented rice (rice wine (Oryza sativa L.)) for vinegar production. An alcoholic solution with 6.28% (w/v) ethanol was oxidized by a submerged fermentation process to produce vinegar. The process of acetic acid fermentation occurred at 30 ± 0.3°C in a FRINGS® Acetator (Germany) for the production of vinegar and was followed through 10 cycles. The vinegar had a total acidity of 6.85% (w/v), 0.17% alcohol (w/v), 1.26% (w/v) minerals and 1.78% (w/v) dry extract. The composition of organic acids present in rice vinegar was: cis-aconitic acid (6 mg/L), maleic acid (3 mg/L), trans-aconitic acid (3 mg/L), shikimic + succinic acid (4 mg/L), lactic acid (300 mg/L), formic acid (180 mg/L), oxalic acid (3 mg/L), fumaric acid (3 mg/L) and itaconic acid (1 mg/L).

Français 818

Contient : 1° « Li Prologues de livre del miracles Nostre Dame sainte Marie », de « GAUTIER DE COINSI » ; 2° « La Conception Nostre Dame sainte Marie », suivie de « La Nativité Nostre Dame », de « mestre GACE » ; 3° « Del Crucefiement Nostre Seignor et comment il commenda Nostre Dame à S. Johan », par « HERMAN » ; 4° « Li Lamentacions Nostre Dame sainte Marie por son fil » ; 5° Recueil de Miracles de Notre-Dame ; « Si con li escriz nos tesmoigne... » ; « En autre temps que je estoie... » ; « El conté de Flandres avoit... » ; « Par l'escondu jugement Nostron Seignor nasquit una grant discordi entre lo rei Felipon de France et lo roi Henri d'Engleterre » ; « En nun de Deu l'esperitable... » ; « Un miracle vos voil conter... » ; « Cist clers dont je vos ai conté... » ; « Un miracle hai enpris à dire... » ; « Autre miracle vos voil dire... » ; « Un clers estoit religious... » ; « Je ne sai s'avez oï dire... » ; « En l'an de l'Incarnacion... » ; « Un miracle vos voil conter... » ; « A Cluigni ot ja un abé... » ; « Bien sei que sevent loing et pres... » ; « Il ot ja en Jerusalem... » ; « Li apostres nos conte et dit... » ; « Escotez qu'il avint en France... » ; « En celle vile meisme avoit... » ; « En celle eglise aventa... » ; « Cest miracles que je voil dire... » ; « En un livre trovon lisant... » ; « Un joines clers de Rome nez... » ; « Escrit trovons en dialoge... » ; « Un sainz moines jadis estoit... » ; « Icest miracle reconta... » ; « Nos savos bien certainement... » ; « A Conturbere aventa... » ; « En Costantinoble jadis... » ; « Un chivalers et ses serjanz... » ; « Uns hom religios estoit... » ; « El tens que estoit emperere... » ; « El tens que regna Theodoses,... » ; « Puis que parler hai comencié... » ; « A Chartres aventa jadis... » ; « Uns autre clers jadis estoit... » ; « Uns poures hom jadis estoit... » ; « Iço reconte sainz Gregoires,... » ; « En un monester d'Alemaigne... » ; « Nos ne devons mie queisir... » ; « Uns chapellains jadis estoit... » ; « Dui frere estoient à Rome... » ; « Uns vilains mal enseignez ert... » ; « Il avint ja en Lombardie... » ; « A Pavie uns clers estoit... » ; « En Piamont a un moster... » ; « Il avint jadis ça arere... » ; « El terreor de Pise avoit... » ; « Il ne me doit pas enuier... » ; « Un bel miracle vos voil dire... » ; « On dit qu'el mostier de Scetoine... » ; « Ce dient li reconteor... » ; « Enforcer se doit hom et fame... » ; « De l'Asumpcion Nostre Dame... » ; « El los de la virge Marie,... » ; « Uns archidiacres ert allege... » ; « En l'eglise de Neverz ot... » ; « Autre miracle vos dirai... » ; « Bien se doit checuns efforcer... » ; « Si com cil qu'ont piment beü... » ; « Cis Julians, cis renoiez... » ; « Encis que eusant cil de Perse... » ; « Escotez, seignor, et venez... » ; « Sainz Gregoires, cil qui fu pape... » ; « Un autre miracle vos voil dire... » ; « Il avenit jadis à Rome... » ; « De cellae virginae Mariae... » ; « Jadis à Borges aventa... » ; « Quant bona soit sainti Mari,... » ; « En Libie en une cité... » ; « Uns clers estoit nez d'Espernon,... » ; « Un autre miracle vos voil dire... » ; « Jadis ot en une abaïe... » ; « Dedenz Rome ot une eglise... » ; « Ço qui est joious à oïr... » ; « Li monestei de saint Vincent... » ; « El los de la virge Marie... » ; « En les parties de Borgoigne... » ; « De fol avoir ha grant talent... » ; « Li crestin ont si grant amor... » ; « De toz est li superlatis... » ; « Quant l'emperere Ottovianz,... » ; « Un roi orent li Sarrazin... » ; « Li livres nos conte et dit... » ; « De la douce virge Marie,... » ; « Un marchaanz jadis estoit... » ; « Jadis ot en une abbaïe... » ; « Qui trop asent à mal se gete... » ; « Jadis en une vile avoit... » ; « D'un conte qui est de haut pris... » ; « Nos trovons escrit en l'estoire... » ; « Jadis en la terre de Rome... » ; « Tuit li miracle Nostre Dame... » ; « Tenez silence, belles genz... » ; « Entendez tuit, faite silence... » ; « Un bel miracle que molt aime... » ; « Mes livres me dit et revele... » ; « Se pres de moi vos volez traire... » ; « Cil qui d'oïr estes engrant... » ; « En escrit truis que pres d'Orliens... » ; « Un miracle voil reciter... » ; « Por ce qu' oisouse est morz à l'ame... » ; « Il fu.I. clers,.I. damoiseauz... » ; « Il fu, ce truis, uns chivaller... » ; « A la gloire la gloriose... » ; 6° Passions des saints ; 7° « La Vie et la passion del beneuré saint Lorant, arcediacre » (fol. 276), — de « saint Eustache » (fol. 280), — de « saint Martin, arcevesque de Tors » (fol. 286), — de « saint Clement, apostoile de Rome » (fol. 292), — « Les passions des sainz.XLVIII. martirs qui furent martirié soz Antonine Vero » (fol. 296), — « La vie et la passion de saint Hyrenei, arcevesque de Lyon et martyr » (fol. 298), — « La vie del beneuré Just et la passion, qui fu evesques de Lyons » (fol. 302), — « La vie sainte Consorce, virge, et la conversion saint Euchyre, evesque de Lyon, et de Galle sa femme » (fol. 304) ; 8° Une « Oraisun » composée d'environ cinq cents vers

Recueil d'anciennes poésies françaises.

Contient : « Romans des Enfances Ogier, » par ADENET LE ROI ; « Pourquoi Diex fist le monde et toutes les creatures qui dedens sont. — Quant Diex fist le monde premiers... » ; « Des IIII. sereurs [miséricorde, vérité, justice et paix]. — Par I. sien saintisme poete... » Poème composé « pour la très gentil contesse de Pontieu » ; Moralités sur ces VI. vers : « C'est la jus c'on dit es prés, Jeu et bal i sont criés... — Cis prés, dont je vous vueil conter... » ; « Li Ave Maria Baudouin de Condé. — Ave, en cui sans nul nombre a... » ; « Salve regina de Nostre Dame, en françois... — Diex te saut, tres douce Marie... » ; « Uns dis d'avarice. — Je ne sai doumonde que dire... » ; « Li diz d'envie. — Cil n'ont soing que je monte en pris... ; » par le même ; « Prieres de Nostre Dame. — Douce dame, sainte Marie... » ; « Salu de Nostre Dame, en françois. — Pour ce que je ne vueil mentir... » ; « Li dis dou gardecors. — Pour ce que trop ai jut en mue... ; » par BAUDOUIN DE CONDÉ, ainsi que les trois suivants ; « Li Mantiaus d'onnour. — Qui de bons est si mete entente... » ; Li dis dou preudome. — En dist k'en taisir gist grant sens... » ; « Li dis de gentillece. — Pour tous les bons sont fait mi come... » ; « L'A B C plante folie. — Ce dist uns clerc plante folie... » ; « Li mariages des filles au diable. — Seignour, cis siecles ne vaut rien... » ; Li dis dou dragon. — Selonc le siecle qui est ore... ; » par BAUDOUIN DE CONDÉ ; « La Pater nostre en françois. — Au saint Espir commant m'entente... ; » par SILVESTRE. (Hist, litt., XXIII, 255) ; « Li dis de la vigne. — Droite racine de savoir... ; » par JEAN DE DOUAI ; « Les IX. joies Nostre Dame. — Royne de pitié, Marie... » ; « Une priere de Nostre Dame. — Ave, sainte Marie, de grant misericorde... » ; « La Bible Nostre Dame. — Encor ne soit loenge de pecheor pas bele... » ; « Une loenge de Nostre Dame. — Ave, dame des angres, de paradis royne... » ; « La priere Theophilus. — Dame resplendissans, royne glorieuse... » ; Roman de Berte aux grands pieds par ADENET LE ROI. Miniatures finement exécutées en tête de chacun de ces poèmes

The cluster initiative greenbook

Competitividad y valor compartido

Enantiodivergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of codeine

The present thesis describes our latest results in the chemistry of morphine alkaloids. An enantiodivergent synthesis of codeine utilizing a cis-cyclohexadiene diol derived from microbial whole cell oxidation of ~-bromoethylbenzene,as starting material is discussed. The total synthesis of (+)-codeine in 14 steps featuring a Mitsunobu inversion and two intramolecular Heck cyclizations is presented. Investigation of a regioselective nucleophilic opening of a homochiral vinyl oxirane, which led to a total synthesis of the natural isomer of codeine, is detailed. Furthermore, described herein are novel methodologies designed for the transformation of naturally occurring opiates into medicinally relevant derivatives. Two studies on the conversion of thebaine into the commercially available analgesic hydrocodone, two novel ·transition metal catalyzed N-demethylation procedures for opioids, and the development of a catalytic protocol for N-demethylation and Nacylation of morphine and tropane alkaloids are presented. In addition, reactions of a menthol-based version of the Burgess reagent with epoxides are discussed. The synthetic utility of this novel chiral derivative of the Burgess reagent was demonstrated by an enantiodivergent formal total synthesis of balanol. ii

Analyses, persistence an degradation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides permethrin and fenvalerate

Studies on persistence and degradation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, permethrin and fenvalerate, were carried out under natural environmental conditions of the Niagara Peninsula. Permethrin and fenvalerate were treated on apple foliage atrat~s of 0.21 kg(AI)!ha and 0.14 kg(AI)/ha, respectively. The initial cis- and trans-permethrin spray deposits were found to be 13.5 ppm and 19.2 ppm, respectively and 38.0 ppm was observed for the fenvalerate treated sample. Twenty-three days and 84 days after spray application, permethrin residues were 4.0 ppm and 2.7 ppm for the cis-isomer, whereas they were 7.9 ppm and 4.7 ppm for the trans-isomer, respectively. Residues of fenvalerate 23 days and 84 days after spray application were 13.4 ppm and 8.0 ppm, respectively. The values of observed half-life of cis-permethrin, trans-permethrin and fenvalerate were found to be 42 days, 46 days and 51 days, respectively. Studies were extended to quantitatively determine some of the major degradation compounds of permethrin and fenvalerate, which were expected to be produced as results of ester cleavage of the parent compounds. A permethrin treated sample, 84 days after initial spray application, showed 0.25 and 0.8 ppm of cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (C12CA (18), respectively. These two acids were not found as free acids, but found as conjugated compounds. The other expected degradation compounds, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (PBalc (~)),3-phenoxybenz.aldehyde (PBald (38)) and 2- (4-chlorophenyl) isovaleric acid (CPIA (31)) were not detected by the methods employed in this study. The results indicate that these degradation compounds were not present, or, if they were present, their concentrations were too low to detect by the methods used.

Aspects of the hemes and modulation of hydrogen donors in catalases from bovine liver, yeast, and escherichia coli

Catalase is the enzyme which decomposes hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Escherichia coli contains two catalases. Hydroperoxidase I (HPI) is a bifunctional catalase-peroxidase. Hydroperoxidase II (HPII) is only catalytically active toward H202. Expression of the genes encoding these proteins is controlled by different regimes. HPJI is thought to be a hexamer, having one heme d cis group per enzymatic subunit. HPII wild type protein and heme containing mutant proteins were obtained from the laboratory of P. Loewen (Univ. of Manitoba). Mutants constructed by oligonucleotidedirected mutagenesis were targeted for replacement of either the His128 residue or the Asn201 residue in the vicinity of the HPII heme crevice. His128 is the residue thought to be analogous to the His74 distal axial ligand of the heme in the bovine liver enzyme, and Asn201 is believed to be a residue critical to the function of the enzyme because of its role in orienting and interacting with the substrate molecule. Investigation of the nature of the hemes via absorption spectroscopy of the unmodified catalase proteins and their derived pyridine hemochromes showed that while the bovine and Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalase enzymes are protoheme-containing, the HPII wild type protein contains heme d, and the mutant proteins contain either solely protoheme, or heme d-protoheme mixtures. Cyanide binding studies supported this, as ligand binding was monophasic for the bovine, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and wild type HPII enzymes, but biphasic for several of the HPII mutant proteins. Several mammalian catalases, and at least two prokaryotic catalases, are known to be NADPH binding. The function of this cofactor appears to be the prevention of inactivation of the enzyme, which occurs via formation of the inactive secondary catalase peroxide compound (compound II). No physiologically plausible scheme has yet been proposed for the NADPH mediation of catalase activity. This study has shown, via fluorescence and affinity chromatography techniques, that NADPH binds to the T (Typical) and A (Atypical) catalases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and that wild type HPII apparently does not bind NADPH. This study has also shown that NADPH is unlike any other hydrogen donor to catalase, and addresses its features as a unique donor by proposing a mechanism whereby NADPH is oxidized and catalase is protected from inactivation via the formation of protein radical species. Migration of this radical to a position close to the NADPH is also proposed as an adjunct hypothesis, based on similar electron migrations that are known to occur within metmyoglobin and cytochrome c peroxidase when reacted with H202. Validation of these hypotheses may be obtained in appropriate future experiments.

Attempted asymmetric synthesis of Lactobacillic acid / |nFawzy F. Z. Georges. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

This research work has been planned with the intention of proving the absolute configuration of lactobacillc acid. During the course of this work, attempts have been made to synthesize cis-2-carboxycyclopropane- l-.acetic acid as,v,a suitable resolvable material. As the results were not satisfactory, the synthesis of ci,s-2-carboxycyclopropane-l-propionic acid has been alternatively attempted by ring opening of bicyclo- [4.1.~-heptan-2-onewithout much success. Attempts to resolve or prepare bicyclo[ 4.1.~-hePtan-2-one optically active are also reported. On the other hand, a complete scheme is described for the possible synthesis of optically active lactobacillic acid. If only bicyclo- ~.1.~ -heptan-2-one can be resolved or prepared optically active, this described scheme can be applied smoothly to the synthesis of enant~omeric lactobacillic acid.

Investigation of the composition of linear alkylbenzenes with emphasis on the identification and quantitation of some trace compounds using GS/MS system in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes

Linear alkylbenzenes, LAB, formed by the Alel3 or HF catalyzed alkylation of benzene are common raw materials for surfactant manufacture. Normally they are sulphonated using S03 or oleum to give the corresponding linear alkylbenzene sulphonates In >95 % yield. As concern has grown about the environmental impact of surfactants,' questions have been raised about the trace levels of unreacted raw materials, linear alkylbenzenes and minor impurities present in them. With the advent of modem analytical instruments and techniques, namely GCIMS, the opportunity has arisen to identify the exact nature of these impurities and to determine the actual levels of them present in the commercial linear ,alkylbenzenes. The object of the proposed study was to separate, identify and quantify major and minor components (1-10%) in commercial linear alkylbenzenes. The focus of this study was on the structure elucidation and determination of impurities and on the qualitative determination of them in all analyzed linear alkylbenzene samples. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, (GCIMS) study was performed o~ five samples from the same manufacturer (different production dates) and then it was followed by the analyses of ten commercial linear alkylbenzenes from four different suppliers. All the major components, namely linear alkylbenzene isomers, followed the same elution pattern with the 2-phenyl isomer eluting last. The individual isomers were identified by interpretation of their electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra. The percent isomer distribution was found to be different from sample to sample. Average molecular weights were calculated using two methods, GC and GCIMS, and compared with the results reported on the Certificate of Analyses (C.O.A.) provided by the manufacturers of commercial linear alkylbenzenes. The GC results in most cases agreed with the reported values, whereas GC/MS results were significantly lower, between 0.41 and 3.29 amu. The minor components, impurities such as branched alkylbenzenes and dialkyltetralins eluted according to their molecular weights. Their fragmentation patterns were studied using electron impact ionization mode and their molecular weight ions confirmed by a 'soft ionization technique', chemical ionization. The level of impurities present i~ the analyzed commercial linear alkylbenzenes was expressed as the percent of the total sample weight, as well as, in mg/g. The percent of impurities was observed to vary between 4.5 % and 16.8 % with the highest being in sample "I". Quantitation (mg/g) of impurities such as branched alkylbenzenes and dialkyltetralins was done using cis/trans-l,4,6,7-tetramethyltetralin as an internal standard. Samples were analyzed using .GC/MS system operating under full scan and single ion monitoring data acquisition modes. The latter data acquisition mode, which offers higher sensitivity, was used to analyze all samples under investigation for presence of linear dialkyltetralins. Dialkyltetralins were reported quantitatively, whereas branched alkylbenzenes were reported semi-qualitatively. The GC/MS method that was developed during the course of this study allowed identification of some other trace impurities present in commercial LABs. Compounds such as non-linear dialkyltetralins, dialkylindanes, diphenylalkanes and alkylnaphthalenes were identified but their detailed structure elucidation and the quantitation was beyond the scope of this study. However, further investigation of these compounds will be the subject of a future study.

Palladium and platinum complexes of vitamin Bâ

Palladium and platinum complexes of pyridoxamine, pyridoxine and pyridoxal have been prepared. The structures of the complexes PtCI2PM.H20, trans-PdC12 (PN)2 and [PLH+ ]2[PtC16] 2- ,H20 have been determined by use of single crystal x-ray studies. The compounds PdC12PH, trans-PdC12 (PN) 2 , cis-PdCI2 (PN)2 and cis PdC12 (PL)2 were also studied by use of carbon-13 nmr spectroscopy. All the complexes have also been characterised by use of infrared spectral studies. In the complexes, PtCI2PM.H20 and PdC12PM, the ligand pyridoxamine is chela ted to the metal through the aminomethyl nitrogen and the phenolate oxygen atoms whereas in the complexes, trans-PdCI2 (PN)2' cis-PdCI2 (PN)2 and cis-PdC12 (PL)2 the vitamin B6 ligands are coordinated to the metal through the pyridine ring nitrogen. The compounds [PLH+ ]2[PtCI6] 2- .H20 and [PMH2] 2+ [PdCI4] 2- .H20have no direct metal-ligand bonding, In all the complexes, the metal maintains a square planar coordination except in [PLH +] 2[PtCI6] 2- ,H20 where the metal is octahedrally coordinated. PH pyridoxamine [PMH ] 2+ = diprotonated pyridoxamine 2 PN = pyridoxine PL pyridoxal PLH+ protonated pyridoxal

ESI-MS[n] of anticancer pt[iv] organoamido complexes and their interactions with DNA-model compounds /

The general solution behaviour and" the major fragmentation pathways of the anticanceractive PtIV coordination complexes, trans, trans, cis, cis-[PtCIOH{N(pFC6F4) CH2h(pY)2] (1), trans, cis, cis-[Pt(OH)2{N(p-FC6F4)CH2h(Py)2] (2), trans, cis, cis-[Pt(OH)2{N(p-HC6F4)CH2h(Py)2] (3), trans, trans, cis, cis-[PtCIOH{N(pHC6F4) CH2h(Py)2] (4), and trans, trans, cis, cis-[PtOH(OCH3){N(p-HC6F4)CH2h(PY)2] (5) (Py = pyridine) have been deduced by positive-ion tandem-in-time ESI-MS. Overall, the acquired full-scan, positive-ion ESI-MS spectra of 2, 3, and 5 were characterized by the presence of relatively low-intensity [M+Nar and [M+Kt mass spectral peaks, whereas those of 1 and 4 were dominated by extremely intense [M+Hr peaks. Complexes 2 and 3 were also noted to form [2M+Ht and [2M+Nat dilneric cations. The source of Na + and K+ ions is believed to be the sample, the solvent systems used or the transport line carrying the sample solutions into the ES ion source. Further, the fragmentation pathway of all complexes studied was found to be almost identical with concurrent loss of py and H20 molecules, loss of a {N(p-YC6F4)CH2} (Y = F, H) group and/or concomitant release of the latter group and a py ligand being the most conunon. The photochemical degradation behaviour of 1 and 2 was also investigated using either fluorescent or ultraviolet light and some products of that degradation were positively identified. Altogether, light irradiation of solutions of both complexes resulted in cation cationisation, reductive-elimination, ligand-release, ligand-exchange and ligand-addition reactions. Finally, positive- and negative-ion ESI-MSn spectra of 5' -GMP, guanosine, inosine and products of their reactions with 1, 2,3, and 4 were also recorded. On the whole, full-scan ESI-MS spectra of the pure nucleobases revealed the presence of cationic and anionic species that are highly reflective of both their solution ionic composition and their propensity t9 form polymeric clusters. Analyses of mass spectra acquired from their reaction solutions with the aforementioned platinum complexes indicated very slow kinetics. However, all complexes investigated formed, to various degrees, Pt-nucleobase adducts with guanosine and inosine, but not with 5'-GMP. The products included species having coordination numbers of III, IV, V, and VI, among which the first-time· observed, coordinatively saturated, jive-coordinate PtlI-nucleobase complexes were of most interest. The latter complexes are presumably stabilized by 7tback- donation involving the filled d orbitals of the PtII centre and the empty pz· orbital of MeCN. All products, whose peaks appeared inlull-scan ESI-MS spectra, are believed to represent solution species rather than artifacts of gas-phase processes. Finally, negativeion ESI-MSn spectra recorded in reaction solutions of 1 and 4 with guanosine and of the latter complex with inosine revealed the negative-ion-ESI-MS first-time observed, noncovalent, nucleoside-chloride adducts, with the source of chloride anion being complexes 1 and 4 theillselves. In contrast, no such adducts were observed to form with Na25'-GMP or its protonated fonn. Few suggestions are offered for the possible cause(s) behind the absence of such adduct ions.

Adenovirus-based exogenous gene expression in mammalian cells

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Brock University, 2010.

Enantiodivergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of Balanol and approaches to the synthesis of (+)-Codine

The present thesis reviews the development of a formal enantiodivergent synthesis of the (+)- and (-)-isomers of balanol. This approach commences from a cis-dihydrodiol derived from the enzymatic dihydroxylation of bromobenzene. The stereochemistry of the diol is used to direct the synthesis of two different aziridines, each used in the formal synthesis of one enantiomer of balanol. Also described are several enantioselective approaches to (+ )-codeine. Each strategy begins with the enzymatic dihydroxylation of p-bromoethylbenzene and involves a Mitsunobu inversion and intramolecular Heck reaction as key steps.

Examining the influence of the coach athlete relationship on motivation and performance in female rugby players

The purpose of the study was two-fold; first, the association between interpersonal coaching styles and self-determined motivation was examined, followed by the investigation of the motivation-performance relationship. Participants included 221 female Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) rugby players, aged sixteen to thirty-three (M= 20.1: SD = 2.26), who reported the number of years they played CIS rugby (M= 2.3: SD = 1.37) and organized rugby (M= 5.9: SD = 2.31). Multiple and bivariate regressions were employed with autonomy-support, structure, and involvement accounting for 17%, 41 % and 22% of the variance of competence, autonomy and relatedness. The three basic needs accounted for 40% of the variance of motivation, and motivation accounted for 2% of the variance of athletes' perceptions of performance. Findings indicated that autonomy-support emerged as a predictor of all three basic needs, involvement predicted relatedness and competence, autonomy predicted motivation, and motivation predicted athletes' perception of performance.