Salmon action plan. River Ribble - June 2000

In February 1996 A Strategy for the Management of Salmon in England and Wales was launched by the National Rivers Authority. The strategy concentrates on four main objectives for the management of salmon fisheries in England and Wales: (i) Optimise the number of salmon returning to home water fisheries, (ii) Maintain and improve the fitness and diversity of salmon stocks, (iii) Optimise the total economic value of surplus stocks, (iv) Ensure necessary costs are met by beneficiaries. These four objectives will be addressed through local Salmon Action Plans (SAPs) which will be produced for each of the principle salmon rivers in England and Wales by the year 2001. A consultation report was produced for the River Ribble and released publicly in October 1999. This document determined an egg deposition figure of 8.5 million eggs for the Ribble, that would allow maximum gain from the net and rod fisheries; raised a number of issues which are thought to currently limit salmon production; identified actions which may be undertaken by the Environment Agency and other bodies to improve stocks. This action plan re-addresses the issues raised in the consultation document, taking into account the comments received, and also identifies areas of possible improvement in data gathering that would allow more accurate estimation of the spawning target and compliance in future years. The progress of this plan will be monitored and reported annually.

Salmon action plan. River Ribble - August 2000

In February 1996 A Strategy for the Management of Salmon in England and Wales was launched by the National Rivers Authority. The strategy concentrates on four main objectives for the management of salmon fisheries in England and Wales: (i) Optimise the number of salmon returning to home water fisheries, (ii) Maintain and improve the fitness and diversity of salmon stocks, (iii) Optimise the total economic value of surplus stocks, (iv) Ensure necessary costs are met by beneficiaries. These four objectives will be addressed through local Salmon Action Plans (SAPs) which will be produced for each of the principle salmon rivers in England and Wales by the year 2001. This Salmon Action Plan for the River Ribble reviews the status of the stock and the fisheries, seeks to identify the main factors limiting performance, to draw up and cost a list of options to address these, and to consult with local interest groups.

Salmon action plan: River Kent, July 2001

The report presents the Environment Agency's 5 year Salmon Action Plan for the River Kent for the period from January 2001, providing the background to the plan, responses to the public consultation given, and proposed actions.

Análise da resposta dinâmica de passarelas de pedestres considerando-se uma modelagem probabilística do caminhar humano.

Passarelas de pedestres com arquitetura moderna, esbeltas e leves são uma constante nos dias atuais, apresentando grandes vãos e novos materiais. Este arrojo arquitetônico tem gerado inúmeros problemas de vibrações excessivas, especialmente sobre passarelas mistas (aço-concreto). As normas e recomendações de projeto consideram, ainda, que as forças induzidas pelo caminhar humano são determinísticas. Todavia, o caminhar humano e as respectivas forças dinâmicas geradas apresentam comportamento randômico. Deste modo, o presente trabalho de pesquisa objetiva contribuir com os projetistas estruturais, a partir do emprego de uma abordagem probabilística para avaliação do estado limite de utilização deste tipo de estrutura, associado a vibrações excessivas que podem vir a causar desconforto humano. Para tal, utiliza-se como modelo estrutural uma passarela de pedestres mista (aço-concreto) construída no campus do Instituto de Traumatologia e Ortopedia (INTO), na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Com base na utilização dos métodos probabilísticos, torna-se possível determinar a probabilidade dos valores das acelerações de pico da estrutura ultrapassarem ou não os critérios de conforto humano estabelecidos em normas e recomendações de projeto. Os resultados apontam para o fato de que os valores das acelerações de pico calculadas com base exclusivamente nos métodos determinísticos podem ser superestimados em algumas situações de projeto.

River Wyre salmon action plan December 2003

In 1996 a Strategy for the Management of Salmon in England and Wales was launched by the National Rivers Authority setting out objectives for the management of Salmon fisheries. These objectives are to be met through local Salmon Action Plans which are to be produced for each of the 68 principal salmon rivers in England and Wales by December 2003. A consultation document was produced for the river Wyre and released publicly during October 2003. This document: • Determined an egg deposition figure of 1.27 million eggs which would allow maximum gain from the fisheries • Raised a number of issues which are though to limit existing salmon production. • Identified actions which may be undertaken by the Environment Agency and other bodies to improved stocks. The document looks at the issues in the consultation document and also highlights some important changes to historic egg deposition rates following further analysis of the data. Some of the major issues addressed in the plan are: • Severe low flows on specific tributaries • Reduced juvenile production caused by insufficient habitat. • Changes in flow regime resulting in the wash out of gravels and redds. • The impact of man made structures preventing access to suitable spawning areas, and preventing the downstream distribution of spawning gravels.

River Kent salmon action plan - consultation draft

In February 1996, the National Salmon Management Strategy was launched by the Environment Agency's predecessor the National Rivers Authority (NRA, 1996). The strategy concentrates on four main objectives for the management of salmon fisheries in England and Wales. These are primarily aimed at securing the well being of the stock, but in doing so will improve catches and the associated economic returns to the fisheries. The four main objectives are : (i) Optimise the number of salmon returning to home water fisheries, (ii) Maintain and improve fitness and diversity of salmon stocks. (Hi) Optimise the total economic value of surplus stocks, (iv) Ensure necessary costs are met by beneficiaries

Mechanisms of Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles in Comparison to Bulk and Ionic Ag on Mussel Hemocytes and Gill Cells

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are increasingly used in many products and are expected to end up in the aquatic environment. Mussels have been proposed as marine model species to evaluate NP toxicity in vitro. The objective of this work was to assess the mechanisms of toxicity of Ag NPs on mussel hemocytes and gill cells, in comparison to ionic and bulk Ag. Firstly, cytotoxicity of commercial and maltose stabilized Ag NPs was screened in parallel with the ionic and bulk forms at a wide range of concentrations in isolated mussel cells using cell viability assays. Toxicity of maltose alone was also tested. LC50 values were calculated and the most toxic Ag NPs tested were selected for a second step where sublethal concentrations of each Ag form were tested using a wide array of mechanistic tests in both cell types. Maltose-stabilized Ag NPs showed size-dependent cytotoxicity, smaller (20 nm) NPs being more toxic than larger (40 and 100 nm) NPs. Maltose alone provoked minor effects on cell viability. Ionic Ag was the most cytotoxic Ag form tested whereas bulk Ag showed similar cytotoxicity to the commercial Ag NPs. Main mechanisms of action of Ag NPs involved oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the two cell types, activation of lysosomal AcP activity, disruption of actin cytoskeleton and stimulation of phagocytosis in hemocytes and increase of MXR transport activity and inhibition of Na-K-ATPase in gill cells. Similar effects were observed after exposure to ionic and bulk Ag in the two cell types, although generally effects were more marked for the ionic form. In conclusion, results suggest that most observed responses were due at least in part to dissolved Ag.

A gramática da quietude: um estudo sobre hábito e confiança na formação da identidade

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o papel do hábito e da confiança na formação da identidade. Ainda que inspirada em estudos que revelam a centralidade da confiança para a constituição das sociedades e examinam sua condição no contexto sócio-cultural contemporâneo, a discussão focaliza essencialmente o domínio do desenvolvimento infantil. Constatando o destaque conferido à confiança pela escola psicanalítica das relações de objeto, a análise do conceito incide prioritariamente na obra de D. W. Winnicott. Partindo do pressuposto que a confiança ocupa um lugar central na metapsicologia do autor, que contrasta com a limitada conceituação teórica que cerca seus diferentes significados e funções, propõe-se estudá-la em dois tempos: os da gênese e da reprodução da confiança. O estudo do conceito de hábito constitui uma etapa prévia e associada ao exame da confiança. Permitindo relevar os aportes corporais e a importância das interações regulares e previsíveis com o ambiente para a gênese da confiança, o hábito é investigado a partir de autores da filosofia e da sociologia. Ressaltam-se os pressupostos comuns e os elementos de convergência entre diferentes teorias do hábito cujas descrições enfatizam sua base corpórea e contornam discussões tradicionais que reduzem sua definição às idéias de repetição e automatismo. Associando-se ao estabelecimento de um contexto seguro pela antecipação das conseqüências da ação, o hábito contribui para a adaptação flexível ao meio e se apresenta como o fundamento inicial da construção da confiança. Em seguida, a investigação se orienta para os mecanismos de reprodução e do exercício da confiança. Submetida às novas configurações funcionais do ambiente que acompanham o desenvolvimento da criança . a redução da segurança, o aumento da autonomia e a liberdade para correr riscos ., a reprodução da confiança reflete a incidência das ações agressivo-criativas no espaço transicional. Além da referência a psicanalistas que partilham os pressupostos centrais da teoria de Winnicott, a análise da confiança é enriquecida a partir das contribuições da psicologia do desenvolvimento atual. O trabalho explora ainda três conquistas no desenvolvimento descritas por Winnicott como relacionadas à confiança: estar só, não-integrar-se e a capacidade de doar.

Estimating the food consumption of fishes: one step in linking a species with its ecosystem

Details are given of a new software package MAXIMS which may be used to estimate the daily food consumption of fish. The software estimates the feeding times, the rates of ingestion and evacuation and related parameters. Two applications of the program are described. The first pertains to anchovy (Engraulis ringens ) with one feeding period per day, and the second one to juvenile cod (Gadus morhua ), which feed during dawn and dusk.

The cost of action: CRM investment in the Philippines

Knowing the cost of investment in coastal resources management (CRM) is important especially in understanding the cost of undertaking one and ascertaining whether the outcomes are worth the money spent. In the Philippines, various CRM projects have already been initiated and no studies have tried to account for the total level of investment. This paper provides an estimate of money spent or invested on CRM in the Philippines and examines the investment per km2 of coral reefs.

Influence of nutrient source on specific dynamic action of Pearl Spot, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch)

The magnitude of apparent specific dynamic action (SDA), the maximum rate of oxygen consumption and the length of time that the rate of oxygen uptake remained elevated above the prefeeding level were measured in the Pearl Spot, Etroplus suratensis, fed isonitrous test diets (D 1 - D 4 ) with varying nutrient sources. Irrespective of the diets, the metabolic rate increased immediately after feeding and reached the maximum within 3 to 4 hours. The source of nutrients in the diet significantly altered the magnitude of SDA. It was maximum (91.76% and 129.56%) for those fed on diets D 2 and D 3 and minimum 46.47% and 50.30% for those fed on diets D 1 and D 4 , respectively.