Selections from embryological monographs / comp. by Alexander Agassiz, Walter Faxon, and E.L. Mark ...

v.9:no.3 (1884)

The European Court of Justice and process-oriented review. Research Paper in Law, 01/2012

Structuralism is a theory of U.S. constitutional adjudication according to which courts should seek to improve the decision-making process of the political branches of government so as to render it more democratic.1 In words of John Hart Ely, courts should exercise their judicial-review powers as a ‘representation-reinforcing’ mechanism.2 Structuralism advocates that courts must eliminate the elements of the political decision-making process that are at odds with the structure set out by the authors of the U.S. Constitution. The advantage of this approach, U.S. scholars posit, lies in the fact that it does not require courts to second-guess the policy decisions adopted by the political branches of government. Instead, they limit themselves to enforcing the constitutional structure within which those decisions must be adopted. Of course, this theory of constitutional adjudication, like all theories, has its shortcomings. For example, detractors of structuralism argue that it is difficult, if not impossible, to draw the dividing line between ‘substantive’ and ‘structural’ matters.3 In particular, they claim that, when identifying the ‘structure’ set out by the authors of the U.S. Constitution, courts necessarily base their determinations not on purely structural principles, but on a set of substantive values, evaluating concepts such as democracy, liberty and equality. 4 Without claiming that structuralism should be embraced by the ECJ as the leading theory of judicial review, the purpose of my contribution is to explore how recent case-law reveals that the ECJ has also striven to develop guiding principles which aim to improve the way in which the political institutions of the EU adopt their decisions. In those cases, the ECJ decided not to second-guess the appropriateness of the policy choices made by the EU legislator. Instead, it preferred to examine whether, in reaching an outcome, the EU political institutions had followed the procedural steps mandated by the authors of the Treaties. Stated simply, I argue that judicial deference in relation to ‘substantive outcomes’ has been counterbalanced by a strict ‘process review’. To that effect, I would like to discuss three recent rulings of the ECJ, delivered after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, where an EU policy measure was challenged indirectly, i.e. via the preliminary reference procedure, namely Vodafone, Volker und Markus Schecke and Test-Achats.5 Whilst in the former case the ECJ ruled that the questions raised by the referring court disclosed no factor of such a kind as to affect the validity of the challenged act, in the latter cases the challenged provisions of an EU act were declared invalid.

A stronger, growth-oriented surveillance for EMU. EuropEos Commentary No. 1, 19 April 2010

This Commentary finds that the recent adjustment measures taken by the Greek government in combination with the financial support proffered by the Eurogroup may not be sufficient to deal with the risk of instability in EMU in the longer term. The author argues that other imbalances, most notably the current account imbalances within EMU, need to be addressed to avoid a deflation spiral that would aggravate sustainability problems in highly indebted countries. The Greek crisis highlights the need to take steps to strengthen the economic governance of the euro area. A key component of these steps would be a stronger, growth-oriented, surveillance.

The CAP post-2013: more equitable, green and market-oriented? Based on the seminar held by Egmont on the 25th of November. European Policy Brief No. 5, December 2011

Following a seminar on the CAP post- 2013 held by Egmont - with the cooperation of the Polish Presidency - on the 25th of November 2011, Egmont commissioned the present policy brief. Three major policy issues were addressed at this occasion, namely; how to make the CAP more equitable, green and market-oriented? The trade-off between these policy issues will require policy choices that are worthy of analysis.

Modello activity oriented per la gestione della radioprotezione di una azienda sanitaria

Alla base delle analisi di radioprotezione di una azienda sanitaria si potrebbero considerare quattro settori da cui partire: le attività svolte che presentano un rischio dal punto di vista radiologico, gli apparecchi radiogeni, i locali all'interno del quale si svolgono le attività e infine i lavoratori, che devono essere classificati o meno in base ai valori di dose efficace a cui vengono esposti. In questo elaborato si vuole presentare un nuovo modello informatico di gestione, definito activity-oriented perché volto a portare le attività al centro dell'indagine di radioprotezione così da poter strutturare di conseguenza anche i dati relativi ad apparecchiature, locali e lavoratori, in modo da avere un visione completa dell’azienda così da facilitarne il monitoraggio. Tale modello è stato creato negli ultimi anni nell’azienda USL di Forlì e contemporaneamente è stato sviluppato un software che permette di automatizzare parte dei lavori di competenza dell’Esperto Qualificato. Applicando tali strumenti sull’Azienda USL della Romagna Area Territoriale di Ravenna è stato possibile passare da una gestione cartacea, priva di modellizzazione informatica, ad una gestione basata sul concetto di attività a rischio radiologico. Verranno evidenziati i passaggi che sono stati necessari per un corretto adattamento dello schema e inoltre verranno presentati i risultati ottenuti. In conclusione si vuole evidenziare come il modello descritto permetta una consistente riduzione del tempo necessario per svolgere le attività di competenza dell'Esperto Qualificato, riducendo inoltre gli errori commessi. Si ha così un guadagno di tempo impiegabile per formare i lavoratori classificati sui rischi che ci sono lavorando con radiazioni ionizzanti e quali possono essere le opportune precauzioni da utilizzare.

Selections from the world's greatest short stories; illustrative of the history of short story writing;

Patient Griselda, from the "Decameron" of Boccaccio. Rewritten in English by the editor.--Aladdin, or The wonderful lamp, from "The Arabian nights".--Rip Van Winkle, by Washington Irving.--A passion in the desert, by Honoré de Balzac. Rewritten in English by the editor.--A child's dream of a star, by Charles Dickens.--A Christmas carol, by Charles Dickens.--A princess's tragedy, from "Barry Lyndon", by W.M. Thackeray.--The gold-bug, by Edgar Allan Poe.--The great stone face, by Nathaniel Hawthorne.--The necklace, and The string, by Guy de Maupassant. Rewritten in English by the editor.--The man who would be king, by Ruyard Kipling.--How Gavin Birse put it to Mag Lownie, from "A window in Thrums", by J.M. Barrie.--On the stairs, from "Tales of mean streets", by Arthur Morrison.

Spanish America in song and story, selections representing Hispano-American letters from the conquest to the present day,

Mode of access: Internet.

Easy selections adapted from Xenophon : with a vocabulary, notes, and map /

Text in Greek, with notes in English.

A memoir of the life and labors of Francis Wayland ... late president of Brown University, including selections from his personal reminiscences and correspondence /

Mode of access: Internet.

Musings of a Chinese mystic, selections from the philosophy of Chuang-Tzŭ;

"The extracts in this volume are drawn, with one or two very slight modifications, from the translation by Professor H. A. Giles."

The confessions of St. Augustine; books I-IX (selections)

"A selected bibliography": p. 55-61.

Selections from the correspondence of Cicero;

Latin text with English notes.

Historical essays, being selections from "Short studies on great subjects".

Mode of access: Internet.