Effects of short-term acetaminophen and celecoxib treatment on orthodontic tooth movement and neuronal activation in rat

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been used for pain relief in orthodontics, but clinical studies reported that they may reduce tooth movement (TM). By other side, TM seems to activate brain structures related to nociception, but the effects of NSAIDs in this activation have not been studied yet. We analyzed the effect of short-term treatment with acetaminophen or celecoxib in the separation of rat upper incisors, as well as in neuronal activation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, following tooth movement. Thirty rats (400-420 g) were pretreated through oral gavage (1 ml/dose)with acetaminophen (200 mg/kg), celecoxib (50 mg/kg) or vehicle (carboxymethylcellulose 0.4%). After 30 min, they received an activated (30 g) orthodontic appliance for TM. In controls, this appliance was immediately removed after its introduction. Rats received ground food, and every 12 h, one of the drugs or vehicle. After 48 h, they were anesthetized, maxilla was radiographed, and were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were further processed for Fos immunohistochemistry. TM induced incisor distalization (p < 0.05) and neuronal activation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Treatment with both drugs did not affect tooth movement, but reduced c-fos expression in the caudalis subnucleus. No changes in c-fos expression were seen in the oralis and interpolaris subnuclei. We conclude that neither celecoxib nor acetaminophen seems to affect tooth movement, when used for 2 days, but both drugs are able to reduce the activation of brain structures related to nociception. Short-term treatment with celecoxib, thus, may be a therapeutic alternative to acetaminophen when the latter is contra indicated. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Blocking systemic nitric oxide production alters neuronal activation in brain structures involved in cardiovascular regulation during polymicrobial sepsis

In a previous study, we concluded that overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric Oxide synthase (iNOS) in the late phase of sepsis prevents hypothalamic activation, blunts vasopressin secretion and contributes to hypotension, irreversible shock and death. The aim of this follow-up study was to evaluate if the same neuronal activation pattern happens in brain structures related to cardiovascular functions. Male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of aminoguanidine, an iNOS inhibitor, or saline 30 min before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgeries. The animals were perfused 6 or 24 h after the surgeries and the brains were removed and processed for Fos immunocytochemistry We observed an increase (P < 0.001) in c-fos expression 6 h after CLP in the area postrema (AP), nucleus of he tractus solitarius (NTS), ventral lateral medulla (VLM), locus coeruleus (LC) and parabrachial nucleus (PB). At 24 h after CLP, however, c-fos expression was strongly decreased in all these nuclei (P < 0.05), except for the VLM. Aminoguanidine reduced c-fos expression in the AP and NTS at 6 h after CLR but showed an opposite effect at 24 h, with an increase in the AP, NTS, and also in the VLM. No such effect was observed in the LC and PB at 6 or 24 h. In all control animals, c-fos expression was minimal or absent. We conclude that in the early phase of sepsis iNOS-derived NO may be partially responsible for the activation of brain structures related to cardiovascular regulation. During the late phase, however, this activation is reduced or abolished. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rapid maxillary expansion causes neuronal activation in brain structures of rats

A correlation between pain sensation and neuronal c-fos expression has been analyzed following experimental rapid maxillar expansion (RME). Adult male Wistar rats were anaesthetized and divided into three groups: animals that received an orthodontic apparatus, which was immediately removed after the insertion (control), animals that received an inactivated orthodontic apparatus (without force), and animals that received an orthodontic apparatus previously activated (140 g force). After 6, 24, 48, or 72 h, the animals were re-anaesthetized, and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. The brains were removed, fixed, and sections containing brain structures related to nociception were processed for Fos protein immunohistochemistry (IHC). The insertion of the orthodontic apparatus with 140 g was able to cause RME that could be seen by radiography. The IHC results showed that the number of activated neurons in the different nuclei changed according to the duration of appliance insertion and followed a temporal pattern similar to that of sensations described in clinics. The animals that received the orthodontic apparatus without force did not show RME but a smaller c-fos expression in the same brain structures. In conclusion, we demonstrate that orthodontic force used for palate disjunction activates brain structures that are related to nociception, and that this activation is related to the pain sensation described during orthodontic treatment. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Morphological Alterations of Radicular Dentine Pretreated With Different Irrigating Solutions and Irradiated With 980-nm Diode Laser

Background: The topographical features of intraradicular dentine pretreated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) followed by diode laser irradiation have not yet been determined. Purpose: To evaluate the alterations of dentine irradiated with 980-nm diode laser at different parameters after the surface treatment with NaOCl and EDTA. Study design: Roots of 60 canines were biomechanically prepared and irrigated with NaOCl or EDTA. Groups were divided according to the laser parameters: 1.5 W/CW; 1.5 W/100 Hz; 3.0 W/CW; 3.0 W/100 Hz and no irradiation (control). The roots were splited longitudinally and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a quali-quatitative way. The scores were submitted to two-way Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn`s tests. Results: The statistical analysis demonstrated that the specimens treated only with NaOCl or EDTA (control groups) were statistically different (P < 0.05) from the laser-irradiated specimens, regardless of the parameter setting. The specimens treated with NaOCl showed a laser-modified surface with smear layer, fissures, and no visible tubules. Those treated with EDTA and irradiated by laser presented absence of smear layer, tubules partially exposed and melting areas. Conclusions: The tested parameters of 980-nm diode laser promoted similar alterations on dentine morphology, dependent to the type of surface pretreatment. Microsc. Res. Tech. 72:22-27, 2009. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Effects of Ethanol on the Surface and Bulk Properties of a Microwave-Processed PMMA Denture Base Resin

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ethanol on hardness, roughness, flexural strength, and color stability of a denture base material using a microwave-processed acrylic resin as a model system. Materials and Methods: Sixty circular (14 x 4 mm) and 60 rectangular microwave-polymerized acrylic resin specimens (65 x 10 x 3 mm(3)) were employed in this study. The sample was divided into six groups according to the ethanol concentrations used in the immersion solution, as follows: 0% (water), 4.5%, 10%, 19%, 42%, and 100%. The specimens remained immersed for 30 days at 37 degrees C. The hardness test was performed by a hardness tester equipped with a Vickers diamond penetrator, and a surface roughness tester was used to measure the surface roughness of the specimens. Flexural strength testing was carried out on a universal testing machine. Color alterations (Delta E) were measured by a portable spectrophotometer after 12 and 30 days. Variables were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey`s test (alpha = 0.05). Results: For the range of ethanol-water solutions for immersion (water only, 4.5%, 10%, 19.5%, 42%, and 100%), the following results were obtained for hardness (13.9 +/- 2.0, 12.1 +/- 0.7, 12.9 +/- 0.9, 11.2 +/- 1.5, 5.7 +/- 0.3, 2.7 +/- 0.5 VHN), roughness (0.13 +/- 0.01, 0.15 +/- 0.07, 0.13 +/- 0.05, 0.13 +/- 0.02, 0.23 +/- 0.05, 0.41 +/- 0.19 mu m), flexural strength (90 +/- 12, 103 +/- 18, 107 +/- 16, 90 +/- 25, 86 +/- 22, 8 +/- 2 MPa), and color (0.8 +/- 0.6, 0.8 +/- 0.3, 0.7 +/- 0.4, 0.9 +/- 0.3, 1.3 +/- 0.3, 3.9 +/- 1.5 Delta E) after 30 days. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that the ethanol concentrations of tested drinks affect the physical properties of the investigated acrylic resin. An obvious plasticizing effect was found, which could lead to a lower in vivo durability associated with alcohol consumption.

Physical Properties of an Acrylic Resin after Incorporation of an Antimicrobial Monomer

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of the incorporation of the antimicrobial monomer methacryloyloxyundecylpyridinium bromide (MUPB) on the hardness, roughness, flexural strength, and color stability of a denture base material. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six disk-shaped (14-mm diameter x 4-mm thick) and 30 rectangular (65 x 10 x 3.3 mm(3)) heat-polymerized acrylic resin specimens were divided into three groups according to the concentration of MUPB (w/w): (A) 0%, (B) 0.3%, (C) 0.6%. Hardness was assessed by a hardness tester equipped with a Vickers diamond penetrator. Flexural strength and surface roughness were tested on a universal testing machine and a surface roughness tester, respectively. Color alterations (Delta E) were measured by a portable spectrophotometer after 12 and 36 days of immersion in water, coffee, or wine. Variables were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey HSD test (alpha = 0.05). Results: The following mean results (+/-SD) were obtained for hardness (A: 15.6 +/- 0.6, B: 14.6 +/- 1.7, C: 14.8 +/- 0.8 VHN; ANOVA: p = 0.061), flexural strength (A: 111 +/- 17, B: 105 +/- 12, C: 88 +/- 12 MPa; ANOVA: p = 0.008), and roughness (A: 0.20 +/- 0.11, B: 0.20 +/- 0.11, C: 0.24 +/- 0.08 mu m; ANOVA: p = 0.829). Color changes of immersed specimens were significantly influenced by solutions and time (A: 9.1 +/- 3.1, B: 14.8 +/- 7.5, C: 13.3 +/- 6.1 Delta E; ANOVA: p < 0.05). Conclusions: The incorporation of MUPB affects the mechanical properties of a denture base acrylic resin; however, the only significant change was observed for flexural strength and may not be critical. Color changes were slightly higher when resin containing MUPB was immersed in wine for a prolonged time; however, the difference has debatable clinical relevance.

The Effect of Polymerization Cycles on Color Stability of Microwave-Processed Denture Base Resin

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of different microwave polymerization cycles on the color changes of a microwave-processed denture base resin after accelerated aging and immersion in beverages. Materials and Methods: Specimens of light pink acrylic resin were divided into three groups according to polymerization cycle: (A) 500 W for 3 minutes, (B) 90 W for 13 minutes + 500 W for 90 seconds, and (C) 320 W for 3 minutes + 0 W for 4 minutes + 720 W for 3 minutes. Control groups were a heat-processed acrylic resin (T) and a chemically activated denture repair resin (Q). Eight specimens per group were aged in an artificial aging chamber and evaluated at 20, 192, and 384 hours. Another series of 40 specimens per group were immersed in water, coffee, tea, cola, or red wine and evaluated at 1, 12, and 36 days. Color was measured by a spectrophotometer before and after aging or immersion. Color changes (Delta E) were analyzed by ANOVA/Bonferroni t-test (alpha = 0.05). Results: Mean Delta E (+/- SD) after 384 hours of accelerated aging were (A) 2.51 +/- 0.50; (B) 3.16 +/- 1.09; (C) 2.89 +/- 1.06; (T) 2.64 +/- 0.34; and (Q) 9.03 +/- 0.40. Group Q had a significantly higher Delta E than the other groups. Color changes of immersed specimens were significantly influenced by solutions and time, but the five groups showed similar values. Mean Delta E at 36 days were (water) 1.4 +/- 0.8; (coffee) 1.3 +/- 0.6; (tea) 1.7 +/- 0.5; (cola) 1.4 +/- 0.7; and (red wine) 10.2 +/- 2.7. Results were similar among the five test groups. Conclusions: Color changes of the microwave-polymerized denture base resin tested were not affected by different polymerization cycles after accelerated aging or immersion in beverages. These changes were similar to the conventional heat-polymerized acrylic resin test, but lower than the repair resin after accelerated aging.

Sistema Integrado de Planejamento, Or??amento e Finan??as do Minist??rio da Educa????o (Simec)

O desenvolvimento do Simec (Sistema Integrado de Planejamento, Or??amento e Finan??as do Minist??rio da Educa????o) permitiu melhoria significativa da efici??ncia, efic??cia e efetividade das iniciativas do MEC por meio de sua metodologia, marco institucional e plataforma tecnol??gica, com a integra????o dos processos de planejamento e gest??o das pol??ticas e programas educacionais do governo federal. Desenvolvido em software livre, mediante parceria com diversos ??rg??os de governo, utilizando modernas t??cnicas de mapeamento de processos e ampla participa????o das equipes de trabalho de diferentes secretarias e ??rg??os do MEC, o Simec implicou profundas mudan??as culturais e organizacionais das pr??ticas de governan??a do Minist??rio, bem como de sua forma de relacionamento com parceiros governamentais (estados, munic??pios e outros ??rg??os do governo federal) e da sociedade brasileira. Hoje, 12 ??rg??os, entre minist??rios e governos estaduais, celebraram ou negociam esta formaliza????o de termos de cess??o do sistema com o MEC

Ouvidoria p??blica: instrumento de participa????o social e ferramenta de gest??o

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar sob que condi????es uma Ouvidoria P??blica desempenha o duplo car??ter, ser ao mesmo tempo, um instrumento de participa????o social e uma ferramenta de gest??o. Para alcan??ar esse objetivo, procurou-se reconhecer na literatura a defini????o desse duplo car??ter, examinando empiricamente as dificuldades que se colocam para o exerc??cio do duplo papel pelas Ouvidorias P??blicas, identificando a partir de an??lise de experi??ncias, alternativas para uma poss??vel concilia????o do principal objetivo e do duplo car??ter desempenhados por elas. Como metodologia foi realizada revis??o bibliogr??fica sobre os temas Ouvidorias P??blicas, participa????o social e ferramenta de gest??o, e a realiza????o de an??lise explorat??ria de estudo de casos m??ltiplos, por meio de entrevistas, bem como an??lise qualitativa utilizando-se do m??todo comparativo de seus conte??dos. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em duas Ouvidorias da Administra????o P??blica Federal: as Ouvidorias P??blicas da Fazenda e da Previd??ncia Social. Na an??lise dos resultados verificou-se que houve um consenso nas respostas da maioria dos entrevistados, que concordarem que, apesar das dificuldades enfrentadas, suas Ouvidorias P??blicas cumprem com o duplo papel de instrumento de participa????o social e de ferramenta de gest??o, conciliando-o com o principal objetivo do instituto e levando em considera????o as defini????es adotadas nesse trabalho. Nesse sentido, as principais dificuldades apontadas pelos entrevistados est??o relacionadas ?? cultura de ouvidoria, falta de legisla????o espec??fica, planejamento das a????es e metodologia de trabalho. E as alternativas sugeridas por eles para que suas Ouvidorias possam cumprir da melhor forma esse duplo papel v??o ao encontro das dificuldades enfrentadas. Em outras palavras, conforme perspectivas dos entrevistados, todas alternativas para solucionar as dificuldades apresentadas, dariam ao trabalho dessas Ouvidorias P??blicas um car??ter mais normativo, coordenado, proativo, estrat??gico e efetivo, o que facilitaria ainda mais o cumprimento do duplo papel de instrumento de participa????o social e de ferramenta de gest??o

Sistema de c??lculo de acr??scimos legais: SICALC

Efetuar o c??lculo dos acr??scimos legais para uma determinada data, mediante o fornecimento dos dados do cr??dito tribut??rio e/ou apurar o valor devedor ou credor, saldo, resultante da associa????o de pagamentos e cr??ditos tribut??rios. A aplica????o visa facilitar e agilizar o atendimento ao p??blico em geral e subsidiar os c??lculos no acompanhamento de processos fiscais nas reparti????es da SRF. Minimizar o fluxo de pessoas a SRF, permitindo que qualquer usu??rio que tenha tributos j?? vencidos ou a vencer (quotas), possa utilizar o sistema, bastando para isso, efetuar uma baixa dos programas da Internet e realizar os seus pr??prios c??lculos, gerando automaticamente o Documento de Arrecada????o Federal - DARF para ser recolhido na rede arrecadora sem a necessidade de se dirigir ?? SRF

Semin??rio: o desafio da implementa????o das pol??ticas p??blicas

Debater sobre os desafios da incorpora????o dos temas transversais, relacionados a p??blicos espec??ficos, nos processos de implementa????o de pol??ticas p??blicas da Administra????o P??blica Federal

Cons??rcio alimentar

Este projeto refere-se ?? implementa????o e manuten????o do refeit??rio para os alunos da Unidade de Ensino Descentralizada vinculada ?? Escola T??cnica Federal do Amazonas. Diante da inexist??ncia de recursos financeiros no or??amento da Escola, criou-se o programa Cons??rcio Alimentar constitu??do de parcerias com empresas locais que contribu??ram com o equipamento necess??rio para a viabiliza????o do refeit??rio. O Cons??rcio conta tamb??m com a doa????o mensal de g??neros aliment??cios n??o perec??veis pela fam??lia dos alunos e com o pagamento de uma taxa simb??lica de R$ 1,00. Os alunos carentes est??o isentos de pagamento

Curso de monitoramento tem??tico do PPA 2012-2015 e acompanhamento or??ament??rio 2013

O curso teve como ementa: apresentar conceitos b??sicos de Monitoramento e Avalia????o; a evolu????o hist??rica da metodologia de monitoramento e avalia????o dos PPAs: 2000-2003; 2004-2007; e 2008-2011; o Monitoramento das Agendas Estrat??gicas de Governo; o monitoramento e avalia????o do PPA 2012-2015: metodologia, concep????o de monitoramento e avalia????o, e suporte informatizado (SIOP); o monitoramento das prioridades da Presid??ncia, dos programas tem??ticos, incluindo os indicadores, os objetivos e as metas do plano; a proposta de monitoramento participativo do PPA 2012-2015, por meio da rela????o do governo com o F??rum Interconselhos de pol??ticas p??blicas; e o acompanhamento das a????es e os fundamentos dos planos or??ament??rios (PO) do Or??amento de 2013

Central de atendimento empresarial: sistema f??cil

Ao longo dos anos, o DNRC e as Juntas Comerciais v??m procurando reduzir a burocracia, facilitar e agilizar o registro de empresas, tendo alcan??ado prazos inferiores ao limite legal de 3 dias para firmas individuais e sociedades limitadas e de 10 dias para sociedades an??nimas. Hoje a maioria das Juntas Comerciais dos estados arquiva os documentos das empresas em 24 horas. A efici??ncia alcan??ada pelas Juntas Comerciais, entretanto, n??o soluciona a necessidade do empres??rio colocar a sua empresa em funcionamento em curto prazo, porque a Junta Comercial apenas d?? ?? empresa personalidade jur??dica, mas para que ela possa funcionar ?? necess??rio que esteja inscrita no CGC(CNPJ), que lhe d?? condi????es de comprar mercadorias, inscrita no cadastro fiscal do estado ou do munic??pio, que lhe d?? direito a emitir notas fiscais, podendo comprar e vender, bem como esteja regular quanto a sua localiza????o e funcionamento. Pensando nessas quest??es, o DNRC procurou desenvolver uma alternativa que superasse as dificuldades existentes e desse efetiva solu????o para o empres??rio constituir sua empresa e come??ar a operar em curt??ssimo prazo e com custos m??nimos, bem como proporcionasse apoio para a viabiliza????o de seu neg??cio. Crio-se, assim, a central de atendimento empresarial Sistema F??cil, com a fun????o de efetuar o registro e a legaliza????o de empresas (comerciais e civis); e, dar apoio ?? cria????o, registro e legaliza????o, manuten????o e desenvolvimento de empresas

Disciplina 1.2: democracia e cidadania no Brasil

A disciplina teve como conte??dos: conceitos de cidadania, sociedade civil e democracia no pensamento pol??tico contempor??neo e mapeamento de suas diferentes interpreta????es. As principais experi??ncias de participa????o social em curso no Brasil: or??amentos participativos e conselhos de pol??ticas