Design, implementation and evaluation of a virtual laboratory for Computer Engineering Education

Broad consensus has been reached within the Education and Cognitive Psychology research communities on the need to center the learning process on experimentation and concrete application of knowledge, rather than on a bare transfer of notions. Several advantages arise from this educational approach, ranging from the reinforce of students learning, to the increased opportunity for a student to gain greater insight into the studied topics, up to the possibility for learners to acquire practical skills and long-lasting proficiency. This is especially true in Engineering education, where integrating conceptual knowledge and practical skills assumes a strategic importance. In this scenario, learners are called to play a primary role. They are actively involved in the construction of their own knowledge, instead of passively receiving it. As a result, traditional, teacher-centered learning environments should be replaced by novel learner-centered solutions. Information and Communication Technologies enable the development of innovative solutions that provide suitable answers to the need for the availability of experimentation supports in educational context. Virtual Laboratories, Adaptive Web-Based Educational Systems and Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning environments can significantly foster different learner-centered instructional strategies, offering the opportunity to enhance personalization, individualization and cooperation. More specifically, they allow students to explore different kinds of materials, to access and compare several information sources, to face real or realistic problems and to work on authentic and multi-facet case studies. In addition, they encourage cooperation among peers and provide support through coached and scaffolded activities aimed at fostering reflection and meta-cognitive reasoning. This dissertation will guide readers within this research field, presenting both the theoretical and applicative results of a research aimed at designing an open, flexible, learner-centered virtual lab for supporting students in learning Information Security.

Sustainable inorganic Binders and Their Applications in Building Engineering: A Green Alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement

In the last decades, the building materials and construction industry has been contributing to a great extent to generate a high impact on our environment. As it has been considered one of the key areas in which to operate to significantly reduce our footprint on environment, there has been widespread belief that particular attention now has to be paid and specific measures have to be taken to limit the use of non-renewable resources.The aim of this thesis is therefore to study and evaluate sustainable alternatives to commonly used building materials, mainly based on ordinary Portland Cement, and find a supportable path to reduce CO2 emissions and promote the re-use of waste materials. More specifically, this research explores different solutions for replacing cementitious binders in distinct application fields, particularly where special and more restricting requirements are needed, such as restoration and conservation of architectural heritage. Emphasis was thus placed on aspects and implications more closely related to the concept of non-invasivity and environmental sustainability. A first part of the research was addressed to the study and development of sustainable inorganic matrices, based on lime putty, for the pre-impregnation and on-site binding of continuous carbon fiber fabrics for structural rehabilitation and heritage restoration. Moreover, with the aim to further limit the exploitation of non-renewable resources, the synthesis of chemically activated silico-aluminate materials, as metakaolin, ladle slag or fly ash, was thus successfully achieved. New sustainable binders were hence proposed as novel building materials, suitable to be used as primary component for construction and repair mortars, as bulk materials in high-temperature applications or as matrices for high-toughness fiber reinforced composites.

Crystal Engineering of bright luminescent copper iodide clusters with phosphorus and nitrogen-based ligands

Copper(I) halide clusters are recently considered as good candidate for optoelectronic devices such as OLEDs . Although the copper halide clusters, in particular copper iodide, are very well known since the beginning of the 20th century, only in the late ‘70s the interest on these compounds grew dramatically due their particular photophysical behaviour. These complexes are characterized by a dual triplet emission bands, named Cluster Centred (3CC) and Halogen-to-Ligand charge transfer (3XLCT), the intensities of which are strictly related with the temperature. The CC transition, due to the presence of a metallophylic interactions, is prevalent at ambient temperature while the XLCT transition, located preferentially on the ligand part, became more prominent at low temperature. Since these pioneering works, it was easy to understand the photophysical properties of this compounds became more interesting in solid-state respect to solution with an improvement in emission efficiency. In this work we aim to characterize in SS organocopper(I)iodide compounds to valuate the correlation between the molecular crystal structure and the photophysical properties. It is also considered to hike new strategies to synthesize CuI complexes from the wet reactions to the more green solvent free methods. The advantages in using these strategies are evident but, obtain a single crystal suitable for SCXRD analysis from these batches is quite impossible. The structure solution still remains the key point in this research so we tackle this problem solving the structure by X-ray powder diffraction data. When the sample was fully characterized we moved to design and development of the associated OLED-device. Since copper iodide complexes are often insoluble in organic solvents, the high vacuum deposition technique is preferred. A new non-conventional deposition process have also been proposed to avoid the low complex stability in this practice with an in-situ complex formation in a layer-by layer deposition route.

Dielectrophoresis (dep) and electrowetting (ewod) as an anti-fouling process for antibacterial surfaces

Nowadays the medical field is struggling to decrease bacteria biofilm formation which leads to infection. Biomedical devices sterilization has not changed over a long period of time. This results in high costs for hospitals healthcare managements. The objective of this project is to investigate electric field effects and surface energy manipulation as solutions for preventing bacteria biofilm for future devices. Based on electrokinectic environments 2 different methods were tested: feasibility of electric gradient through mediums (DEP) reinforced by numerical simulations; and EWOD by the fabrication of golden interdigitated electrodes on silicon glass substrates, standard ~480 nm Teflon (PTFE) layer and polymeric gasket to contain the bacteria medium. In the first experiment quantitative analysis was carried out to achieve forces required to reject bacteria without considering dielectric environment limitations as bacteria and medium frequency dependence. In the second experiment applied voltages was characterized by droplets contact angle measurements and put to the live bacteria tests. The project resulted on promising results for DEP application due to its wide range of frequency that can be used to make a “general” bacteria rejecting; but in terms of practicality, EWOD probably have higher potential for success but more experiments are needed to verify if can prevent biofilm adhesion besides the Teflon non-adhesive properties (including limitations as Teflon breakthrough, layer sensitivity) at incubation times larger than 24 hours.

Role of outgrowth endothelial cells for applications in tissue engineering

Co-culture systems, consisting of outgrowth endothelial cells (OEC) and primary osteoblasts (pOB), represent a prom¬ising instrument to mimick the natural conditions in bone repair processes and provide a new concept to develop constructs for bone replacement. Furthermore, co-culture of OEC and pOB could provide new insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control essential processes during bone repair. The present study described several advantages of the co-culture of pOB and OEC for bone tissue engineering applications, including beneficial effects on the angiogenic activation of OEC, as well as on the assembly of basement membrane matrix molecules and factors involved in vessel maturation and stabilization. The ongoing angiogenic process in the co-culture system proceeded during the course of co-cultivation and correlated with the upregulation of essential angiogenic factors, such as VEGF, angiopoietins, basement membrane molecules and mural cell-specific markers. Furthermore the co-culture system appeared to maintain osteogenic differentiation capacity.rnrnAdditional treatment of co-cultures with growth factors or morphogens might accelerate and improve bone formation and furthermore could be useful for potential clinical applications. In this context, the present study highlights the central role of the morphogen, sonic hedgehog, which has been shown to affect angiogenic activation as well as osteogenic differentiation in the co-culture model of OEC and pOB. Treatment of co-cultures with sonic hedgehog resulted in an increased formation of microvessel-like structures as early as after 24 hours. This proangiogenic effect was induced by the upregulation of the proangiogenic factors, VEGF, angiopoietin1 and angiopoietin 2. In contrast to treatment with a commonly used proangiogenic agent, VEGF, Shh stimulation induced an increased expression of factors associated with vessel maturation and stabilization, mediated through the upregulation of growth factors that are strongly involved in pericyte differentiation and recruitment, including PDGF-BB and TGFbeta. In addition, Shh treatment of co-cultures also resulted in an upregulation of osteogenic differentiation markers like alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteonectin and osteopontin, as well as an increased matrix calcification. This was a result of upregulation of the osteogenic differentiation regulating factors, BMP2 and RUNX2 which could be assessed in response to Shh treatment. rn

Analysis of the introduction of a business process mapping system in Rosetti Marino spa

After a first theoric introduction about Business Process Re-engineering (BPR), are considered in particular the possible options found in literature regarding the following three macro-elements: the methodologies, the modelling notations and the tools employed for process mapping. The theoric section is the base for the analysis of the same elements into the specific case of Rosetti Marino S.p.A., an EPC contractor, operating in the Oil&Gas industry. Rosetti Marino implemented a tool developped internally in order to satisfy its needs in the most suitable way possible and buit a Map of all business processes,navigable on the Company Intranet. Moreover it adopted a methodology based upon participation, interfunctional communication and sharing. The GIGA introduction is analysed from a structural, human resources, political and symbolic point of view.

Laser shock peening treatment to control and moderate fatigue crack growth in aircraft structure based on residual stress engineering approach

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a surface enhancement treatment which induces a significant layer of beneficial compressive residual stresses of up to several mm underneath the surface of metal components in order to improve the detrimental effects of the crack growth behavior rate in it. The aim of this thesis is to predict the crack growth behavior in metallic specimens with one or more stripes which define the compressive residual stress area induced by the Laser Shock Peening treatment. The process was applied as crack retardation stripes perpendicular to the crack propagation direction with the object of slowing down the crack when approaching the peened stripes. The finite element method has been applied to simulate the redistribution of stresses in a cracked model when it is subjected to a tension load and to a compressive residual stress field, and to evaluate the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) in this condition. Finally, the Afgrow software is used to predict the crack growth behavior of the component following the Laser Shock Peening treatment and to detect the improvement in the fatigue life comparing it to the baseline specimen. An educational internship at the “Research & Technologies Germany – Hamburg” department of AIRBUS helped to achieve knowledge and experience to write this thesis. The main tasks of the thesis are the following: •To up to date Literature Survey related to “Laser Shock Peening in Metallic Structures” •To validate the FE model developed against experimental measurements at coupon level •To develop design of crack growth slowdown in Centered Cracked Tension specimens based on residual stress engineering approach using laser peened strip transversal to the crack path •To evaluate the Stress Intensity Factor values for Centered Cracked Tension specimens after the Laser Shock Peening treatment via Finite Element Analysis •To predict the crack growth behavior in Centered Cracked Tension specimens using as input the SIF values evaluated with the FE simulations •To validate the results by means of experimental tests

Tailoring properties and functionalities of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles involved in surfaces engineering processes

The functionalization of substrates through the application of nanostructured coatings allows to create new materials, with enhanced properties. In this work, the development of self-cleaning and antibacterial textiles, through the application of TiO2 and Ag based nanostructured coatings was carried out. The production of TiO2 and Ag functionalized materials was achieved both by the classical dip-padding-curing method and by the innovative electrospinning process to obtain nanofibers doped with nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag. In order to optimize the production of functionalized textiles, the study focused on the comprehension of mechanisms involved in the photocatalytic and antibacterial processes and on the real applicability of the products. In particular, a deep investigation on the relationship between nanosol physicochemical characteristics, nanocoating properties and their performances was accomplished. Self-cleaning textiles with optimized properties were obtained by properly purifying and applying commercial TiO2 nanosol while the studies on the photocatalytic mechanism operating in self-cleaning application demonstrated the strong influence of hydrophilic properties and of interaction surface/radicals on final performance. Moreover, a study about the safety in handling of nano-TiO2 was carried out and risk remediation strategies, based on “safety by design” approach, were developed. In particular, the coating of TiO2 nanoparticles by a SiO2 shell was demonstrated to be the best risk remediation strategy in term of biological response and preserving of photoreactivity. The obtained results were confirmed determining the reactive oxygen species production by a multiple approach. Antibacterial textiles for biotechnological applications were also studied and Ag-coated cotton materials, with significant anti-bacterial properties, were produced. Finally, composite nanofibers were obtained merging biopolymer processing and sol-gel techniques. Indeed, electrospun nanofibers embedded with TiO2 and Ag NPs, starting from aqueous keratin based formulation were produced and the photocatalytic and antibacterial properties were assessed. The results confirmed the capability of electrospun keratin nanofibers matrix to preserve nanoparticle properties.

Safety by design: production of engineering surface modified nanomaterials

This PhD thesis focused on nanomaterial (NM) engineering for occupational health and safety, in the frame of the EU project “Safe Nano Worker Exposure Scenarios (SANOWORK)”. Following a safety by design approach, surface engineering (surface coating, purification process, colloidal force control, wet milling, film coating deposition and granulation) were proposed as risk remediation strategies (RRS) to decrease toxicity and emission potential of NMs within real processing lines. In the first case investigated, the PlasmaChem ZrO2 manufacturing, the colloidal force control applied to the washing of synthesis rector, allowed to reduce ZrO2 contamination in wastewater, performing an efficient recycling procedure of ZrO2 recovered. Furthermore, ZrO2 NM was investigated in the ceramic process owned by CNR-ISTEC and GEA-Niro; the spray drying and freeze drying techniques were employed decreasing NM emissivity, but maintaining a reactive surface in dried NM. Considering the handling operation of nanofibers (NFs) obtained through Elmarco electrospinning procedure, the film coating deposition was applied on polyamide non-woven to avoid free fiber release. For TiO2 NF the wet milling was applied to reduce and homogenize the aspect ratio, leading to a significant mitigation of fiber toxicity. In the Colorobbia spray coating line, Ag and TiO2 nanosols, employed to transfer respectively antibacterial or depolluting properties to different substrates, were investigated. Ag was subjected to surface coating and purification, decreasing NM toxicity. TiO2 was modified by surface coating, spray drying and blending with colloidal SiO2, improving its technological performance. In the extrusion of polymeric matrix charged with carbon nanotube (CNTs) owned by Leitat, the CNTs used as filler were granulated by spray drying and freeze spray drying techniques, allowing to reduce their exposure potential. Engineered NMs tested by biologists were further investigated in relevant biological conditions, to improve the knowledge of structure/toxicity mechanisms and obtain new insights for the design of safest NMs.

Thermoelectric properties in phase-separated half-Heusler materials

The conversion of dissipated heat into electricity is the basic principle of thermoelectricity. In this context, half-Heusler (HH) compounds are promising thermoelectric (TE) materials for waste heat recovery. They meet all the requirements for commercial TE applications, ranging from good efficiencies via environmentally friendliness to being low cost materials. This work focused on the TE properties of Ti0.3Zr0.35Hf0.35NiSn-based HH materials. This compound undergoes an intrinsic phase separation into a Ti-poor and Ti-rich HH phase during a rapid solidification process. The resulting dendritic microstructure causes a drastic reduction of the thermal conductivity, leading to higher TE efficiencies in these materials. The TE properties and temperature dependence of the phase-separated Ti0.3Zr0.35Hf0.35NiSn compound were investigated. The TE properties can be adjusted depending on the annealing treatment. The extension of annealing time for 21 days at 1000 °C revealed a reduction of the thermal conductivity and thus an enhancement of the TE performance in this sample. An increase of annealing temperature caused a change of the phase fraction ratio in favor of the Ti-rich phase, leading to an improvement of the electronic properties. rnInspired by the TE properties of the Ti0.3Zr0.35Hf0.35NiSn HH compound, the performance of different n- and p-type materials, realized via site substitution with donor and acceptor elements was examined. The fabrication of a TE n- and p-type material pair based on one starting compound can guarantee similar TE and mechanical properties and is enormous beneficial for device engineering. As donor dopants V, Nb and Sb were tested. Depending on the lattice position small doping levels were sufficient to attain distinct improvement in their TE efficiency. Acceptor-induced doping with Sc, Y and Co caused a change in the transport behavior from n- to p- type conduction, revealing the highest Seebeck coefficients obtained in the MNiSn system. rnThen, the long-term stability of an exemplary n- and p-type HH compound was proven. Surprisingly, the dendritic microstructure can be maintained even after 500 cycles (1700 h) from 373 to 873 K. The TE performance of both n- and p-type materials showed no significant change under the long-term treatment, indicating the extraordinary temperature stability of these compounds. Furthermore both HH materials revealed similar temperature-dependence of their mechanical properties. This work demonstrates the excellent suitability of phase-separated HH materials for future TE applications in the moderate temperature range.rn

Tissue engineering strategies for biomaterial-based anticancer drug delivery and enhancement of angiogenesis in tumor-resected bone

Patienten, die an Osteosarkom leiden werden derzeit mit intravenös applizierten krebstherapeutischen Mitteln nach Tumorresektion behandelt, was oftmals mit schweren Nebenwirkungen und einem verzögerten Knochenheilungsprozess einhergeht. Darüber hinaus treten vermehrt Rezidive aufgrund von verbleibenden neoplastischen Zellen an der Tumorresektionsstelle auf. Erfolgreiche Knochenregeneration und die Kontrolle von den im Gewebe verbleibenden Krebszellen stellt eine Herausforderung für das Tissue Engineering nach Knochenverlust durch Tumorentfernung dar. In dieser Hinsicht scheint der Einsatz von Hydroxyapatit als Knochenersatzmaterial in Kombination mit Cyclodextrin als Medikamententräger, vielversprechend. Chemotherapeutika können an Biomaterial gebunden und direkt am Tumorbett über einen längeren Zeitraum freigesetzt werden, um verbliebene neoplastische Zellen zu eliminieren. Lokal applizierte Chemotherapie hat diverse Vorteile, einschließlich der direkten zytotoxischen Auswirkung auf lokale Zellen, sowie die Reduzierung schwerer Nebenwirkungen. Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um die Funktionsfähigkeit eines solchen Arzneimittelabgabesystems zu bewerten und um Strategien im Bereich des Tissue Engineerings zu entwickeln, die den Knochenheilungsprozess und im speziellen die Vaskularisierung fördern sollen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nicht nur Krebszellen von der chemotherapeutischen Behandlung betroffen sind. Primäre Endothelzellen wie zum Beispiel HUVEC zeigten eine hohe Sensibilität Cisplatin und Doxorubicin gegenüber. Beide Medikamente lösten in HUVEC ein tumor-unterdrückendes Signal durch die Hochregulation von p53 und p21 aus. Zudem scheint Hypoxie einen krebstherapeutischen Einfluss zu haben, da die Behandlung sensitiver HUVEC mit Hypoxie die Zellen vor Zytotoxizität schützte. Der chemo-protektive Effekt schien deutlich weniger auf Krebszelllinien zu wirken. Diese Resultate könnten eine mögliche chemotherapeutische Strategie darstellen, um den Effekt eines zielgerichteten Medikamenteneinsatzes auf Krebszellen zu verbessern unter gleichzeitiger Schonung gesunder Zellen. Eine erfolgreiche Integration eines Systems, das Arzneimittel abgibt, kombiniert mit einem Biomaterial zur Stabilisierung und Regeneration, könnte gesunden Endothelzellen die Möglichkeit bieten zu proliferieren und Blutgefäße zu bilden, während verbleibende Krebszellen eliminiert werden. Da der Prozess der Knochengeweberemodellierung mit einer starken Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität des Patienten einhergeht, ist die Beschleunigung des postoperativen Heilungsprozesses eines der Ziele des Tissue Engineerings. Die Bildung von Blutgefäßen ist unabdingbar für eine erfolgreiche Integration eines Knochentransplantats in das Gewebe. Daher ist ein umfangreich ausgebildetes Blutgefäßsystem für einen verbesserten Heilungsprozess während der klinischen Anwendung wünschenswert. Frühere Experimente zeigen, dass sich die Anwendung von Ko-Kulturen aus humanen primären Osteoblasten (pOB) und humanen outgrowth endothelial cells (OEC) im Hinblick auf die Bildung stabiler gefäßähnlicher Strukturen in vitro, die auch effizient in das mikrovaskuläre System in vivo integriert werden konnten, als erfolgreich erweisen. Dieser Ansatz könnte genutzt werden, um prä-vaskularisierte Konstrukte herzustellen, die den Knochenheilungsprozess nach der Implantation fördern. Zusätzlich repräsentiert das Ko-Kultursystem ein exzellentes in vitro Model, um Faktoren, welche stark in den Prozess der Knochenheilung und Angiogenese eingebunden sind, zu identifizieren und zu analysieren. Es ist bekannt, dass Makrophagen eine maßgebliche Rolle in der inflammatorisch-induzierten Angiogenese spielen. In diesem Zusammenhang hebt diese Studie den positiven Einfluss THP-1 abgeleiteter Makrophagen in Ko-Kultur mit pOB und OEC hervor. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Anwendung von Makrophagen als inflammatorischer Stimulus im bereits etablierten Ko-Kultursystem zu einer pro-angiogenen Aktivierung der OEC führte, was in einer signifikant erhöhten Bildung blutgefäßähnlicher Strukturen in vitro resultierte. Außerdem zeigte die Analyse von Faktoren, die in der durch Entzündung hervorgerufenen Angiogenese eine wichtige Rolle spielen, eine deutliche Hochregulation von VEGF, inflammatorischer Zytokine und Adhäsionsmoleküle, die letztlich zu einer verstärkten Vaskularisierung beitragen. Diese Resultate werden dem Einfluss von Makrophagen zugeschrieben und könnten zukünftig im Tissue Engineering eingesetzt werden, um den Heilungsprozess zu beschleunigen und damit die klinische Situation von Patienten zu verbessern. Darüber hinaus könnte die Kombination der auf Ko-Kulturen basierenden Ansätze für das Knochen Tissue Engineering mit einem biomaterial-basierenden Arzneimittelabgabesystem zum klinischen Einsatz kommen, der die Eliminierung verbliebener Krebszellen mit der Förderung der Knochenregeneration verbindet.

Design methods and geometric modelling of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Every year, thousand of surgical treatments are performed in order to fix up or completely substitute, where possible, organs or tissues affected by degenerative diseases. Patients with these kind of illnesses stay long times waiting for a donor that could replace, in a short time, the damaged organ or the tissue. The lack of biological alternates, related to conventional surgical treatments as autografts, allografts, e xenografts, led the researchers belonging to different areas to collaborate to find out innovative solutions. This research brought to a new discipline able to merge molecular biology, biomaterial, engineering, biomechanics and, recently, design and architecture knowledges. This discipline is named Tissue Engineering (TE) and it represents a step forward towards the substitutive or regenerative medicine. One of the major challenge of the TE is to design and develop, using a biomimetic approach, an artificial 3D anatomy scaffold, suitable for cells adhesion that are able to proliferate and differentiate themselves as consequence of the biological and biophysical stimulus offered by the specific tissue to be replaced. Nowadays, powerful instruments allow to perform analysis day by day more accurateand defined on patients that need more precise diagnosis and treatments.Starting from patient specific information provided by TC (Computed Tomography) microCT and MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging), an image-based approach can be performed in order to reconstruct the site to be replaced. With the aid of the recent Additive Manufacturing techniques that allow to print tridimensional objects with sub millimetric precision, it is now possible to practice an almost complete control of the parametrical characteristics of the scaffold: this is the way to achieve a correct cellular regeneration. In this work, we focalize the attention on a branch of TE known as Bone TE, whose the bone is main subject. Bone TE combines osteoconductive and morphological aspects of the scaffold, whose main properties are pore diameter, structure porosity and interconnectivity. The realization of the ideal values of these parameters represents the main goal of this work: here we'll a create simple and interactive biomimetic design process based on 3D CAD modeling and generative algorithmsthat provide a way to control the main properties and to create a structure morphologically similar to the cancellous bone. Two different typologies of scaffold will be compared: the first is based on Triply Periodic MinimalSurface (T.P.M.S.) whose basic crystalline geometries are nowadays used for Bone TE scaffolding; the second is based on using Voronoi's diagrams and they are more often used in the design of decorations and jewellery for their capacity to decompose and tasselate a volumetric space using an heterogeneous spatial distribution (often frequent in nature). In this work, we will show how to manipulate the main properties (pore diameter, structure porosity and interconnectivity) of the design TE oriented scaffolding using the implementation of generative algorithms: "bringing back the nature to the nature".

Sviluppo di un sistema informatico per la riconciliazione incassi attraverso metodologie di Business Process Management

L'argomento trattato in questo elaborato riguarda le teorie, metodologie e motivazioni che hanno portato allo sviluppo di un'applicazione web per la riconciliazione incassi, funzione peculiare della contabilità di un'azienda. Alla base delle scelte progettuali adottate, vi è una serie di studi sui processi e su come questi possano influenzare l'analisi e lo sviluppo dell'applicazione stessa. Per poter effettuare una transizione di questo tipo, sono state adottate metodologie come il Business Process Management e inevitabilmente il Business Process Re-engineering, che consentono di modificare, migliorare, adattare e ottimizzare i processi.

Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) certification requirements analysis of an Airbus Helicopters H135

The safe operation of nighttime flight missions would be enhanced using Night Vision Imaging Systems (NVIS) equipment. This has been clear to the military since 1970s and to the civil helicopters since 1990s. In these last months, even Italian Emergency Medical Service (EMS) operators require Night Vision Goggles (NVG) devices that therefore amplify the ambient light. In order to fly with this technology, helicopters have to be NVIS-approved. The author have supported a company, to quantify the potentiality of undertaking the certification activity, through a feasibility study. Even before, NVG description and working principles have been done, then specifications analysis about the processes to make a helicopter NVIS-approved has been addressed. The noteworthy difference between military specifications and the civilian ones highlights non-irrevelant lacks in the latter. The activity of NVIS certification could be a good investment because the following targets have been achieved: Reductions of the certification cost, of the operating time and of the number of non-compliance.

Real-Time Multimodal Retinal Image Registration for a Computer Assisted Laser Photocoagulation System

An algorithm for the real-time registration of a retinal video sequence captured with a scanning digital ophthalmoscope (SDO) to a retinal composite image is presented. This method is designed for a computer-assisted retinal laser photocoagulation system to compensate for retinal motion and hence enhance the accuracy, speed, and patient safety of retinal laser treatments. The procedure combines intensity and feature-based registration techniques. For the registration of an individual frame, the translational frame-to-frame motion between preceding and current frame is detected by normalized cross correlation. Next, vessel points on the current video frame are identified and an initial transformation estimate is constructed from the calculated translation vector and the quadratic registration matrix of the previous frame. The vessel points are then iteratively matched to the segmented vessel centerline of the composite image to refine the initial transformation and register the video frame to the composite image. Criteria for image quality and algorithm convergence are introduced, which assess the exclusion of single frames from the registration process and enable a loss of tracking signal if necessary. The algorithm was successfully applied to ten different video sequences recorded from patients. It revealed an average accuracy of 2.47 ± 2.0 pixels (∼23.2 ± 18.8 μm) for 2764 evaluated video frames and demonstrated that it meets the clinical requirements.