Infant nutrition 6-12 months

Babies’ growth, development and nutrition needs vary in each stage of infancy. At six months of age, most babies are ready to begin eating solid foods of soft consistency. This brochure discusses signs your baby is ready to start solids, food basics, eating safely and successful weaning. A suggested meal plan chart is included.

The impact of denture related disease on the oral microbiome of denture wearers

Advances in healthcare over the last 100 years has resulted in an ever increasing elderly population. This presents greater challenges for adequate systemic and oral healthcare delivery. With increasing age there is a natural decline in oral health, leading to the loss of teeth and ultimately for some having to wear denture prosthesis. It is currently estimated that approximately one fifth of the UK and US populations have some form of removable prosthesis. The microbiology of denture induced mucosal inflammation is a pivotal factor to consider in denture care management, similar to many other oral diseases of microbial influence, such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Dentures support the growth of microbial biofilms, structures commonly known as denture plaque. Microbiologically, denture stomatitis (DS) is a disease primarily considered to be of yeast aetiology, with the literature disproportionately focussed on Candida spp. However, the denture surface is capable of carrying up to 1011 microbes per milligram, the majority of which are bacteria. Thus it is apparent that denture plaque is more diverse than we assume. There is a fundamental gap in our understanding of the bacterial composition of denture plaque and the role that they may play in denture related disease such as DS. This is categorised as inflammation of the oral mucosa, a disease affecting around half of all denture wearers. It has been proposed that bacteria and fungi interact on the denture surface and that these polymicrobial interactions lead to synergism and increased DS pathogenesis. Therefore, understanding the denture microbiome composition is the key step to beginning to understand disease pathogenesis, and ultimately help improve treatments and identify novel targets for therapeutic and preventative strategies. A group of 131 patients were included within this study in which they provided samples from their dentures, palatal mucosa, saliva and dental plaque. Microbes residing on the denture surface were quantified using standard Miles and Misra culture technique which investigated the presence of Candida, aerobes and anaerobes. These clinical samples also underwent next generation sequencing using the Miseq Illumina platform to give a more global representation of the microbes present at each of these sites in the oral cavity of these denture wearers. This data was then used to compare the composition and diversity of denture, mucosal and dental plaque between one another, as well as between healthy and diseased individuals. Additional comparisons included denture type and the presence or absence of natural teeth. Furthermore, microbiome data was used to assess differences between patients with varying levels of oral hygiene. The host response to the denture microbiome was investigated by screening the patients saliva for the presence and quantification of a range of antimicrobial peptides that are associated with the oral cavity. Based on the microbiome data an in vitro biofilm model was developed that reflected the composition of denture plaque. These biofilms were then used to assess quantitative and compositional changes over time and in response to denture cleansing treatments. Finally, the systemic implications of denture plaque were assessed by screening denture plaque samples for the presence of nine well known respiratory pathogens using quantitative PCR. The results from this study have shown that the bacterial microbiome composition of denture wearers is not consistent throughout the mouth and varies depending on sample site. Moreover, the presence of natural dentition has a significant impact on the microbiome composition. As for healthy and diseased patients the data suggests that compositional changes responsible for disease progression are occurring at the mucosa, and that dentures may in fact be a reservoir for these microbes. In terms of denture hygiene practices, sleeping with a denture in situ was found to be a common occurrence. Furthermore, significant shifts in denture microbiome composition were found in these individuals when compared to the denture microbiome of those that removed their denture at night. As for the host response, some antimicrobial peptides were found to be significantly reduced in the absence of natural dentition, indicating that the oral immune response is gradually impaired with the loss of teeth. This study also identified potentially serious systemic implications in terms of respiratory infection, as 64.6% of patients carried respiratory pathogens on their denture. In conclusion, this is the first study to provide a detailed understanding of the oral microbiome of denture wearers, and has provided evidence that DS development is more complex than simply a candidal infection. Both fungal and bacterial kingdoms clearly play a role in defining the progression of DS. The biofilm model created in this study demonstrated its potential as a platform to test novel actives. Future use of this model will aid in greater understanding of host: biofilm interactions. Such findings are applicable to oral health and beyond, and may help to identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of DS and other biofilm associated diseases.

Incidencia del proyecto “ASEAN community” en el desarrollo humano de Tailandia (2004-2014)

Esta investigación se interesa en evaluar los logros y retos que ha presentado el proyecto ASEAN Community en cada una de sus tres áreas de acción (Comunidad económica, comunidad de política y seguridad, y comunidad socio-cultural) ante su aplicación en Tailandia. De esta manera, se busca analizar la incidencia que ha tenido el proyecto en el Desarrollo Humano de Tailandia durante el periodo 2004-2014. A través del análisis del estatus actual a la luz del concepto de libertades instrumentales se realiza la evaluación de los resultados de los proyectos y su conveniencia o no para el desarrollo humano de la sociedad tailandesa.

Evaluación del desempeño de pruebas diagnósticas de tuberculosis en pacientes VIH positivo en dos hospitales públicos de Bogotá

La tuberculosis TB es una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo en individuos con infección por VIH. En Colombia esta coinfección soporta una carga importante en la población general convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública. En estos pacientes las pruebas diagnósticas tienen sensibilidad inferior y la enfermedad evoluciona con mayor frecuencia hacia formas diseminadas y rápidamente progresivas y su diagnóstico oportuno representa un reto en Salud. El objetivo de este proyecto es evaluar el desempeño de las pruebas diagnósticas convencionales y moleculares, para la detección de TB latente y activa pacientes con VIH, en dos hospitales públicos de Bogotá. Para TB latente se evaluó la concordancia entre las pruebas QuantiFERON-TB (QTF) y Tuberculina (PPD), sugiriendo superioridad del QTF sobre la PPD. Se evaluaron tres pruebas diagnósticas por su sensibilidad y especificidad, baciloscopia (BK), GenoType®MTBDR plus (Genotype) y PCR IS6110 teniendo como estándar de oro el cultivo. Los resultados de sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) de cada prueba con una prevalencia del 19,4 % de TB pulmonar y extrapulmonar en los pacientes que participaron del estudio fue: BK S: 64% E: 99,1%; Genotype S: 77,8% E: 94,5%; PCRIS6110 S: 73% E: 95,5%, de la misma forma se determinaron los valores predictivos positivos y negativos (VPP y VPN) BK: 88,9% y 94,8%, Genotype S: 77,8% E: 94,5%; PCRIS6110 S: 90% y 95,7%. Se concluyó bajo análisis de curva ROC que las pruebas muestran un rendimiento diagnóstico similar por separado en el diagnóstico de TB en pacientes con VIH, aumentando su rendimiento diagnostico cuando se combinan

El efecto de la definición regulatoria de banda ancha sobre la difusión y la competencia del mercado de servicios de Internet fijo en Colombia

A partir de la dinámica evolutiva de la economía de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones y el establecimiento de estándares mínimos de velocidad en distintos contextos regulatorios a nivel mundial, en particular en Colombia, en el presente artículo se presentan diversas aproximaciones empíricas para evaluar los efectos reales que conlleva el establecimiento de definiciones de servicios de banda ancha en el mercado de Internet fijo. Con base en los datos disponibles para Colombia sobre los planes de servicios de Internet fijo ofrecidos durante el periodo 2006-2012, se estima para los segmentos residencial y corporativo el proceso de difusión logístico modificado y el modelo de interacción estratégica para identificar los impactos generados sobre la masificación del servicio a nivel municipal y sobre las decisiones estratégicas que adoptan los operadores, respectivamente. Respecto a los resultados, se encuentra, por una parte, que las dos medidas regulatorias establecidas en Colombia en 2008 y 2010 presentan efectos significativos y positivos sobre el desplazamiento y el crecimiento de los procesos de difusión a nivel municipal. Por otra parte, se observa sustituibilidad estratégica en las decisiones de oferta de velocidad de descarga por parte de los operadores corporativos mientras que, a partir del análisis de distanciamiento de la velocidad ofrecida respecto al estándar mínimo de banda ancha, se demuestra que los proveedores de servicios residenciales tienden a agrupar sus decisiones de velocidad alrededor de los niveles establecidos por regulación.

Descripción de funcionamiento del área de sostenibilidad en Colombia caso de estudio Bancolombia

La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial renueva la concepción de la empresa, otorgando a ésta una dimensión amplia e integradora, que va más allá de la cuestión económica en la que se incorpora perfectamente la triple faceta de la sostenibilidad: económica, social y medioambiental. El término Responsabilidad Social Corporativa ha sido definido “La RSE es la integración voluntaria, por parte de las empresas, de las preocupaciones sociales y ambientales en sus operaciones comerciales y en sus relaciones con sus interlocutores”.

Os trinta anos do projecto Mértola Vila Museu : Balanços e perspectivas

A partir de final da década de setenta do século XX Mértola viveu novos tempos, não tão áureos como os do seu passado de cidade portuária, elo de ligação com as riquezas do Mediterrâneo, mas, pelo menos, de Vila conhecedora das suas raízes, pronta para construir o seu novo futuro. Este novo alento foi sem dúvida dado pela consciencialização relativamente à importância do seu património arqueológico, histórico e natural. Esta tese pretende clarificar a relação existente entre o Projecto Mértola Vila Museu e o desenvolvimento local, caracterizando e analisando o projecto com o objectivo de conhecer as suas acções, implicações e consequências no desenvolvimento de Mértola. Passados trinta anos esta reflexão é essencial para perceber se este projecto foi, ainda é, e será, factor de desenvolvimento local, e quais as suas perspectivas de futuro. ABSTRACT: From the end of the 70s of the 20th century Mértola has experienced a new phase, not as magnificent as when it was a city port in the past, when it was a link in the relationship with the riches of the Mediterranean but at least as a town with knowledge of its roots, a town ready to construct its new future. This new breath of energy was, without doubt, given by the awareness of the importance of its archaeological, historical and natural heritage. This thesis aims to clarify the relationship that exists between the Project “Mértola Museum Town” and local development, characterizing and analyzing the project with the aim of getting to know its actions, implications and consequences in Mértola’s development. With the passing of thirty years, this reflection is essential in order to understand whether this project was, still is and will be a factor in local development and what are its perspectives for the future.

Summary and Conclusion

This monograph outlines the process and results of development of a common educational programme at masters level in health and social care management, which was supported by the Erasmus Life Long Education project CareMan (Cul- ture and Care Management). The CareMan project brought together university partners actively involved in educating social and health care professionals in leadership and management at master’s level in Europe. The five partners of the consortium were Lahti University of Applied Sciences – Lahti UAS (administra- tive and academic coordinator, Finland), Charles University – CU (the Czech Republic), Edinburgh Napier University – ENU (Scotland), Hammeline University of Applied Sciences – HAMK (Finland), and University of Évora – UoE (Portugal). The objectives of the project were to achieve lower -level educational goals that included the development through education cultural and value -driven leadership, quality of care and quality management to effectively manage an integrated health and social care service. Through mapping the situation in the field and comparing curricula of all participating universities the overall aim was to develop a joint masters programme in social and healthcare management. After the detailed understanding of national and institutional specifics of each of the individual academic entities it was recognised that, due to a number of regulation issues, the original aim was not achievable. Following subsequent analytical work, it was decided to develop a set of three master’s level modules. At the end of the project it was intended that all created modules would be available virtually to the participating programmes and would contribute some added value to existing curricula. In the future these ready -to -use modules are intended to be taught in cooperation with the participating universities or as a separate module in each university. The chosen theoretical framework of the project that underpinned the devel- opment, management and evaluation of the inter -cultural educational provision relied on the combination of two learning theories – ‘cooperative collaborative and social learning’ and ’transformational’ (Mezirow, 2009). This theoretical framework helped to align with European collaborative policy and its application on all levels of implementation of the project.

Utopía universitaria

Universities are facing numerous changes, dilemmas and challenges in this new millennium, and it must get ready to face them by keeping a utopian thought. In this context all the actors of the university must insist on the right to envision and dream the future. A utopian thought allows us to imagine a university that is different, one that can guide our activities as teachers, students, administrative personnel and authorities with a view to achieve the university dreamed by all of us. This has motivated us to state our university utopia as a contribution to the reflection on the topics that involve the university.

NUEVO ORDEN DE LA GEOGRAFÍA DE LA POBLACIÓN

Este artículo analiza el nuevo orden de la Geografía de la Población, a través de cuatro etapas que hemos definido con el propósito de facilitar su estudio, abordando los contenidos, los principales representantes, los diferentes enfoques teóricos metodológicos y los paradigmas que en la evolución histórica se fueron imponiendo, en cada una de esas cuatro etapas propuestas. Se concluye, que en la actualidad ningún paradigma se impuso a los otros y que cada uno de ellos subsiste con sus respectivos seguidores.También en el artículo se incluye un segundo apartado sobre las Aplicaciones y Aportes (teóricos, metodológicos, laborales) por parte de los geógrafos y otros profesionales a nivel nacional, en el estudio de la población.Un tercer apartado desarrolla los retos que en el campo académico, investigativo y laboral se presentan en el ámbito nacional. El artículo concluye haciendo un llamado de atención sobre el proceso de envejecimiento de la población de Costa Rica que para el 2030 llegará a ser el 14% de la población nacional y el país no está preparado para afrontar ese desafío. Además se enfatiza en la necesidad de investigar los problemas más importantes que tiene la población de nuestro país y no los problemas que a través de fondos externos, a los países ricos les interesa que se investigue.Palabras  claves:  Población, Geografía  de  la  Población,  aplicaciones  en  población,  paradigmas  en población.AbstractThe object of study of  this article  is  to analyze  the new order of population geography  through four steps that we defined for the purpose of this study, addressing the contents, the principal representatives, the different theoretical methodological approaches and paradigms that were imposed in the historical development  in each of  these four proposed steps. It concludes  that at  the present  time no paradigm imposed itself on the others and that each of them subsists with their respective followers. The  article  includes  a  second  aspect  regarding  the  applications  and  contributions  (theoretical, methodological, and working) on the part of geographers and others at the national level in the study of population.A third chapter elaborates on the challenges presented in the academic, investigative and working fields at the national level. The article concludes by calling attention to the aging of the population of Costa Rica, which by the year 2030 will be 14% of the national population, and the country is not ready to face that challenge. It emphasizes the need to investigate the most important problems that the population of our country has and not the problems that through external funds are of interest to the rich countries to be investigated.Key Words: Population, population geography, population characteristics, paradigms in population.