Integrated versus non-integrated management and care for clients with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders: a qualitative systematic review of randomised controlled trials

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a qualitative review of randomised controlled trials in relation to the treatment of adults with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorder (MH/SUD). In particular, integrated approaches are compared with non-integrated approaches to treatment. Ten articles were identified for inclusion in the review. The findings are equivocal with regard to the superior efficacy of integrated approaches to treatment, although the many limitations of the studies need to be considered in our understanding of this finding. Clearly, this is an extremely challenging client group to engage and maintain in intervention research, and the complexity and variability of the problems render control particularly difficult. The lack of available evidence to support the superiority of integration is discussed in relation to these challenges. Much remains to be investigated with regard to integrated management and care for people with co-occurring and MH/SUD, particularly for specific combinations of dual diagnosis and giving consideration to the level of inter-relatedness between the disorders. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Demonstration of a simple entangling optical gate and its use in bell-state analysis

We demonstrate a new architecture for an optical entangling gate that is significantly simpler than previous realizations, using partially polarizing beam splitters so that only a single optical mode-matching condition is required. We demonstrate operation of a controlled-z gate in both continuous-wave and pulsed regimes of operation, fully characterizing it in each case using quantum process tomography. We also demonstrate a fully resolving, nondeterministic optical Bell-state analyzer based on this controlled-z gate. This new architecture is ideally suited to guided optics implementations of optical gates.

Nanoassembly of biocompatible microcapsules for urease encapsulation and their use as biomimetic reactors

Biocompatible polypeptide capsules with high enzyme loading and activity prepared by templating mesoporous silica spheres were used as biomimetic reactors for performing CaCO3 synthesis exclusively inside the capsule interior via urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis.

Kidney side population reveals multilineage potential and renal functional capacity but also cellular heterogeneity

Side population (SP) cells in the adult kidney are proposed to represent a progenitor population. However, the size, origin, phenotype, and potential of the kidney SP has been controversial. In this study, the SP fraction of embryonic and adult kidneys represented 0.1 to 0.2% of the total viable cell population. The immunophenotype and the expression profile of kidney SP cells was distinct from that of bone marrow SP cells, suggesting that they are a resident nonhematopoietic cell population. Affymetrix expression profiling implicated a role for Notch signaling in kidney SP cells and was used to identify markers of kidney SP. Localization by in situ hybridization confirmed a primarily proximal tubule location, supporting the existence of a tubular niche, but also revealed considerable heterogeneity, including the presence of renal macrophages. Adult kidney SP cells demonstrated multilineage differentiation in vitro, whereas microinjection into mouse metanephroi showed that SP cells had a 3.5- to 13-fold greater potential to contribute to developing kidney than non-SP main population cells. However, although reintroduction of SP cells into an Adriamycin-nephropathy model reduced albuminuria:creatinine ratios, this was without significant tubular integration, suggesting a humoral role for SP cells in renal repair. The heterogeneity of the renal SP highlights the need for further fractionation to distinguish the cellular subpopulations that are responsible for the observed multilineage capacity and transdifferentiative and humoral activities.

Cutting management of multipurpose tree legumes: effects on green herbage production, leaf retention and water-use-efficiency during the dry season in Timor, Indonesia

Edible herbage production and water-use-efficiency of three tree legumes (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba, L. pallida x L. leucocephala (KX2) and Gliricidia sepium), cut at different times of the year (February, April, June and uncut) were compared in a semi-arid area of Timor Island, Indonesia. Cutting in the early and mid dry-season (April and June) resulted in higher total leaf production (P< 0.05) and water-use-efficiency (P< 0.05), than cutting late in the wet-season (February) or being left uncut. For the leucaena treatments removing leaf in the early to mid dry-season reduced transpiration, saving soil water for subsequent regrowth as evidenced by the higher relative water contents of leaves from these treatments. This cutting strategy can be applied to local farming conditions to increase the supply of feed for livestock during the dry season.