Níveis de antitoxina tetânica em migrantes internos em São Paulo, Brasil

De 3464 migrantes em trânsito por São Paulo, de dezembro de 1970 a dezembro de 1971, foram obtidas informações sobre dados demográficos e econômico-sociais, tendo sido titulados os níveis de antitoxina tetânica dos soros pela Reação de Hemaglutinação Indireta. Em 25 soros selecionados, com diferentes níveis de antitoxina tetânica pela reação de hemaglutinação indireta, foram dosados os títulos de antitoxina tetânica pela reação de neutralização "in vivo". A correlação entre os títulos dos soros por ambos os métodos, feita pela análise de regressão, mostrou que a reação de hemaglutinação indireta apresenta baixo poder preditivo (47%), mas corresponde a uma técnica adequada nos estudos de inquéritos populacionais, considerando-se sua alta sensibilidade, fácil execução e baixo custo. A ausência de antitoxina circulante em 55,5% do grupo em estudo, associada à pequena proporção de títulos considerados protetores em 1% da população total e em 0,3% da população de mulheres de 15 a 44 anos — "grupo de risco especial" — explicam os altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade devidos ao tétano em nosso meio, revelando a precariedade da organização dos serviços de Saúde Pública.

Aspectos ecológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana: 8. avaliação da atividade enzoótica de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, em ambiente florestal e peridomiciliar, região do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

A evidência da transmissão extraflorestal da leishmaniose cutâneo-mucosa na região do Vale do Ribeira ensejou o presente estudo epidemiológico prospectivo, visando avaliar a atividade enzoótica de L. (V.) braziliensis. A pesquisa paratisológica da infecção natural em pequenos mamíferos e população canina foi complementada com o teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) para cães e captura de flebotomíneos em ambiente florestal e peridomiciliar. A positividade para o teste sorológico e exame parasitológico somente foi observada para cães residentes e com taxas de 5,6 e 2,4%, respectivamente. Entre animais silvestres e sinantrópicos capturados, destacam-se os pertencentes a Oryzomys (Oligoryzomys) e Rattus rattus, ambos assinalados em proporções equivalentes (29,3%), em ambiente peridomiciliar. Foram capturados apenas 166 exemplares femininos de Lutzomyia intermedia, fato atribuído à borrifação das habitações humanas e anexos com DDT. No contexto epidemiológico mais amplo, discute-se a fragilidade do ciclo extraflorestal da L. (V.) braziliensis; o papel do cão e de pequenos mamíferos, como fonte de infecção domiciliar, além de analisar o potencial deles na dispersão do parasita na área estudada.

Infecções por helmintos e protozoários intestinais em gestantes de primeira consulta atendidas em centros de saúde da rede estadual no subdistrito do Butantã, município de São Paulo

No período compreendido entre abril e outubro de 1988, foram estudadas 481 gestantes de primeira consulta, as quais estavam inscritas no Programa de Atendimento à Gestante em oito Centros de Saúde da Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo. Do total estudado, 86 gestantes não trouxeram amostras de fezes para análise, mesmo após várias solicitações. A idade média da população estudada foi de 24,5 anos (idade mínima de 14 e máxima de 46 anos); a renda média das famílias das gestantes foi de 0,97 SMPC (salário mínimo per capita) e o número médio de pessoas que compunham suas famílias foi de quatro (um a quinze pessoas). A prevalência de verminose foi de 45,1% (n=395). Os parasitas mais freqüentes foram: Ascaris lumbricoides (19,0%); ancilostomídeos (16,7%) e Trichuris trichiura (15,9%). Das 248 gestantes infectadas de enteroparasitas, 70 (28,2%) eram portadoras somente dos seguintes protozoários: Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli e Iodamoeba butschllii. A prevalência de parasitas intestinais foi significativamente maior (p<0,05) nas gestantes pertencentes às famílias com renda de até 0,5 SMPC e compostas por 5 pessoas ou mais.

Legionelose associada a pneumopatias em São Paulo: estudo da comprovação etiológica por isolamento e sorologia

A presença de Legionella sp como patógeno atuante em nosso país não fora bem documentada, embora a literatura refira a importância deste agente em grande número de países. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a detecção do microrganismo ou evidenciar sua resposta imunológica em pacientes portadores de pneumopatias infecciosas na cidade de São Paulo. Para tanto foi introduzida metodologia laboratorial específica para o cultivo e identificação do agente e aplicada reação sorológica para verificação de níveis de anticorpos correspondentes. Foram estudados pacientes de 2 centros universitários em São Paulo, correspondentes a 100 do Hospital Universitário U.S.P. com pneumopatias infecciosas em geral e 100 do Hospital das Clínicas F.M.U.S.P. com pneumopatias infecciosas previamente selecionados para afastar outras etíologias bacterianas e dentre estes 30 pertencentes a Unidade de Transplante Renal. O material biológico destinado ao cultivo de Legionella sp foi constituído por: escarro, secreção traqueal, líquido pleural, lavado brônquico ou biópsia de tecido pulmonar. As tentativas de isolamento do agente foram realizadas em meio de BCYE com e sem antibióticos, a identificação das colônias, foram realizadas através de provas de crescimento em placas de BCYE sem cisteína, provas bioquímicas, imunofluorescência direta e soroaglutinação em lâmina. A pesquisa do agente em material biológico foi realizado pelo método de imunofluorescência direta. A pesquisa de anticorpos específicos para Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1 foi efetuada pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Procedeu-se ainda a estudo sorológico) nos comunicantes de pacientes com legionelose para evidenciar possível transmissão do agente. Em 2 casos obteve-se isolamento em cultura e em 4 casos, somente reação de imunofluorescência direta positiva para L. pneumophila sorogrupo 1, à partir do material biológico, representando um total de 6% entre pacientes da comunidade e hospitalares, comprovando desta forma a existência do agente entre nós. A reação sorológica de imunofluorescência indireta permitiu estabelecer infecção atual ou pregressa por Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1, em 16 dos 100 pacientes estudados no Hospital das Clínicas e em apenas 1 dos 100 pertencentes ao Hospital Universitário. Pacientes considerados como grupo de risco do Hospital das Clínicas correspondentes a transplantados renais mostraram evidências sorológicas de legionelose atual ou pregressa em 10 dos 30 estudados, isto é 33%, ficando com 8,5% para pacientes da comunidade, 6 dos 70 estudados, sendo 3 destes debilitados por doença sistêmica severa (4,28%). Nos profissionais de saúde comunicantes dos pacientes com legionelose internados no Hospital das Clínicas, apenas 1 em 28 revelou sorologia compatível com infecção pregressa, confirmando dados da literatura de não ser usual a transmissão de pessoa a pessoa

The first two cases of Cyclospora in dogs, São Paulo, Brazil

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidium which has been identified in diarrheal feces or immunocompetent individuals or in AIDS patients. The main aspects related to its epidemiology and pathogeny have not been solved so far, as well as the possibility of human infection by this protozoan being a zoonosis. We describe in this work the first case identifying the Cyclospora in dogs. Our findings, notwithstanding their preliminary characteristics, could suggest that besides untreated water, other transmission means, along with contact with dogs, there could be important factors in the human diarrhea associated with Cyclospora

Toxocara spp. eggs in public squares of Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil

The visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a syndrome observed in human infection with helminth larval eggs such as the Toxocara spp. that usually infects dogs and cats. Among the risk factors involved in the occurrence of VLM, particularly important is the size of these animal populations. Sorocaba is a city with a dog population twice as large as that recommended by the World Health Organization. This fact has led to a survey of the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs in public square soils of this city. Thirty squares were selected, fifteen located in the outskirts of the city and fifteen downtown. Soil samples were collected from five distinct sites in the same area. The material was homogenized and drained and 100 g was mixed with a saturated solution of magnesium sulfate and 5% potassium iodine. The floating material was analyzed under the light microscope. Toxocara spp. eggs were found in 16 squares, nine of which were located in the outskirts of the city and seven downtown. It was concluded that Sorocaba squares present a high rate of contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs. The squares in the outskirts of the city presented a higher occurrence of these eggs in comparison with those downtown, although the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Outbreak of influenza type A (H1N1) in Iporanga, São Paulo State, Brazil

From June to July 1999 an outbreak of acute respiratory illness occurred in the town of Iporanga. Out of a total of 4,837 inhabitants, 324 cases were notified to the Regional Surveillance Service. Influenza virus was isolated from 57.1% of the collected samples and 100% seroconversion to influenza A (H1N1) was obtained in 20 paired sera tested. The isolates were related to the A/Bayern/07/95 strain (H1N1). The percentages of cases notified during the outbreak were 28.4%, 29.0%, 20.7%, 6.2% and 15.7% in the age groups of 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and older than 20 years, respectively. The highest proportion of positives was observed among children younger than 14 years and no cases were notified in people older than 65 years, none of whom had been recently vaccinated against influenza. These findings suggest a significant vaccine protection against A/Bayern/7/95, the H1 component included in the 1997-98 influenza vaccine for elderly people. This viral strain is antigenically and genetically related to A/Beijing/262/95, the H1 component of the 1999 vaccine. Vaccines containing A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1) stimulated post-immunization hemagglutination inhibition antibodies equivalent in frequency and titre to both A/Beijing/262/95-like and A/Bayern/7/95-like viruses. Thus, this investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of vaccination against influenza virus in the elderly.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of HTLV-II infection in São Paulo, Brazil: presence of Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM) simile diagnosis in HIV-1-co-infected subjects

In this study, the epidemiological and clinical features observed in solely HTLV-II-infected individuals were compared to those in patients co-infected with HIV-1. A total of 380 subjects attended at the HTLV Out-Patient Clinic in the Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated every 3-6 months for the last seven years by infectious disease specialists and neurologists. Using a testing algorithm that employs the enzyme immuno assay, Western Blot and polymerase chain reaction, it was found that 201 (53%) were HTLV-I positive and 50 (13%) were infected with HTLV-II. Thirty-seven (74%) of the HTLV-II reactors were co-infected with HIV-1. Of the 13 (26%) solely HTLV-II-infected subjects, urinary tract infection was diagnosed in three (23%), one case of skin vasculitis (8%) and two cases of lumbar pain and erectile dysfunction (15%), but none myelopathy case was observed. Among 37 co-infected with HIV-1, four cases (10%) presented with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) simile. Two patients showed paraparesis as the initial symptom, two cases first presented with vesical and erectile disturbances, peripheral neuropathies were observed in other five patients (13%), and seven (19%) patients showed some neurological signal or symptoms, most of them with lumbar pain (five cases). The results obtained suggest that neurological manifestations may be more frequent in HTLV-II/HIV-1-infected subjects than those infected with HTLV-II only.

Aids-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a retrospective study in a referral center in São Paulo, Brazil

Few data are available about progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from Brazil. The objectives of this study were to describe the main features of patients with PML and estimate its frequency among AIDS patients with central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic diseases admitted to the Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil, from April 2003 to April 2004. A retrospective and descriptive study was performed. Twelve (6%) cases of PML were identified among 219 patients with neurological diseases. The median age of patients with PML was 36 years and nine (75%) were men. Nine (75%) patients were not on antiretroviral therapy at admission. The most common clinical manifestations were: focal weakness (75%), speech disturbances (58%), visual disturbances (42%), cognitive dysfunction (42%), and impaired coordination (42%). The median CD4+ T-cell count was 45 cells/µL. Eight (67%) of 12 patients were laboratory-confirmed with PML and four (33%) were possible cases. Eleven (92%) presented classic PML and only one case had immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)-related PML. In four (33%) patients, PML was the first AIDS-defining illness. During hospitalization, three patients (25%) died as a result of nosocomial pneumonia and nine (75%) were discharged to home. Cases of PML were only exceeded by cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, and CNS tuberculosis, the three more frequent neurologic opportunistic infections in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that PML is not an uncommon HIV-related neurologic disorder in a referral center in Brazil.

First occurrence of an autochthonous canine case of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in the municipality of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil

An autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis is reported in a dog (Canis familiaris) as an apparently natural infection in a non-endemic area. DNA obtained from spleen and liver samples produced the expected fragment in a Leishmania-specific rDNA-based nested-PCR assay. The PCR product, a 490 bp fragment, was sequenced and the nucleotide sequence was identical to that of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. These results are surprising since no autochthonous human or canine cases of visceral leishmaniasis have ever been reported in this municipality. This case suggests that natural transmission of this disease is occurring in this area.

High prevalence of the simultaneous excretion of polyomaviruses JC and BK in the urine of HIV-infected patients without neurological symptoms in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of the urinary excretion of BKV and JCV in HIV-infected patients without neurological symptoms. METHODS: Urine samples from HIV-infected patients without neurological symptoms were tested for JC virus and BK virus by PCR. Samples were screened for the presence of polyomavirus with sets of primers complementary to the early region of JCV and BKV genome (AgT). The presence of JC virus or BK virus were confirmed by two other PCR assays using sets of primers complementary to the VP1 gene of each virus. Analysis of the data was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test for numerical data and Pearson or Yates for categorical variables. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients were included in the study. The overall prevalence of polyomavirus DNA urinary shedding was 67/75 (89.3%). Only BKV DNA was detected in 14/75 (18.7%) urine samples, and only JCV DNA was detected in 11/75 (14.7%) samples. Both BKV and JCV DNA were present in 42/75 (56.0%) samples. CONCLUSION: In this study we found high rates of excretion of JCV, BKV, and simultaneous excretion in HIV+ patients. Also these results differ from the others available on the literature.

FUNGEMIA CAUSED BY Candida SPECIES IN A CHILDREN'S PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN THE CITY OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL: STUDY IN THE PERIOD 2007-2010

Candidemia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the health care environment. The epidemiology of Candida infection is changing, mainly in relation to the number of episodes caused by species C. non-albicans. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of yeasts of the genus Candida, in a four-year period, isolated from blood of pediatric patients hospitalized in a public hospital of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. In this period, yeasts from blood of 104 patients were isolated and, the identified species of Candida by phenotypic and genotypic methods were: C. albicans (39/104), C. tropicalis (25/104), C. parapsilosis (23/104), Pichia anomala (6/104), C. guilliermondii (5/104), C. krusei (3/104), C. glabrata (2/104) and C. pararugosa (1/104). During the period of the study, a higher frequency of isolates of C. non-albicans (63.55%) (p = 0.0286) was verified. In this study we verified the increase of the non-albicans species throughout the years (mainly in 2009 and 2010). Thus, considering the peculiarities presented by Candida species, a correct identification of species is recommended to lead to a faster diagnosis and an efficient treatment.

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIBIOTICS IN URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN A SECONDARY CARE SETTING FROM 2005-2006 AND 2010-2011, IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL: DATA FROM 11,943 URINE CULTURES

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) has a high incidence and recurrence, therefore, treatment is empirical in the majority of cases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the urine cultures performed at a secondary hospital, during two periods, 2005-2006 and 2010-2011, and to estimate the microbial resistance. Patients and methods: We analyzed 11,943 aerobic urine cultures according to basic demographic data and susceptibility to antibiotics in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for Vitek 1 and 2. Results: Most of our cohort consisted of young adult females that were seen at the Emergency Department. E. coli was the most frequent (70.2%) among the 75 species isolated. Resistance of all isolates was ≥ 20% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, cefazolin and nalidixic acid. Although E. coli was more susceptible (resistance ≥ 20% for TMP/SMX and nalidixic acid) among all of the isolates, when classified by the number and percentage of antibiotic resistance. Global resistance to fluoroquinolones was approximately 12%. Risk factors for E. coli were female gender and an age less than 65 years. Men and patients older than 65 years of age, presented more resistant isolates. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) were identified in 173 out of 5,722 Gram-negative isolates (3.0%) between 2010 and 2011. Conclusion: E. coli was the most frequent microbe isolated in the urine cultures analyzed in this study. There was a significant evolution of bacterial resistance between the two periods studied. In particular, the rise of bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones was concerning.