High resolution stratigraphy and miocene facies correlation in Lisbon and Setúbal Peninsula (Lower Tagus basin, Portugal)

Correlation between facies associations (marine, estuarine and distal fluviatile environments) and disconformities, observed between Foz da Fonte (SW of Setúbal Peninsula) and Santa Iria da Azóia (NE of Lisbon) are presented. The precise definition of the marine-continental facies relationships improved very much the chronology of the depositional sequence boundaries. Tectonic and eustatic controls are discussed on the basis of subsidence rates variation.

High-resolution correlation of coastal cliff sections in the Lagos- Portimao Formation (Lower - Middle Miocene, central Algarve, Portugal)

This paper describes a high-resolution stratigraphic correlation scheme for the early to middle Miocene Lagos-Portimão Formation of central Algarve, southern Portugal. The Lagos Portimão-Formation of central Algarve is a 60 m thick package of horizontally bedded siliciclastics and carbonates. The bryozoan and mollusc dominated biofacies is typical of a shallow marine, warm-temperate climatic environment. We define four stratigraphic marker beds based on biofacies, lithology, and gamma-ray signatures. Marker bed 1 is a reddish shell bed composed predominantly of bivalve shells in various stages of fragmentation. Marker bed 2 is a fossiliferous sandstone / sandy rudstone characterized by bryozoan masses. Marker bed 3 is also a fossiliferous sandstone with abundant larger foraminifers and foliate bryozoans. Marker bed 4 is composed of three distinct layers; two fossiliferous sandstones with an intercalated shell bed. The upper sandstone unit displays thickets of the bryozoan Celleporaria palmate associated with the coral Culizia parasitica. This stratigraphic framework allows to correlate isolated outcrops within the stratigraphic context of the Lagos-Portimão Formation and to establish high resolution chronostratigraphic Sr-isotopic dating.

Multiple linear and principal component regressions for modelling ecotoxicity bioassay response

The ecotoxicological response of the living organisms in an aquatic system depends on the physical, chemical and bacteriological variables, as well as the interactions between them. An important challenge to scientists is to understand the interaction and behaviour of factors involved in a multidimensional process such as the ecotoxicological response.With this aim, multiple linear regression (MLR) and principal component regression were applied to the ecotoxicity bioassay response of Chlorella vulgaris and Vibrio fischeri in water collected at seven sites of Leça river during five monitoring campaigns (February, May, June, August and September of 2006). The river water characterization included the analysis of 22 physicochemical and 3 microbiological parameters. The model that best fitted the data was MLR, which shows: (i) a negative correlation with dissolved organic carbon, zinc and manganese, and a positive one with turbidity and arsenic, regarding C. vulgaris toxic response; (ii) a negative correlation with conductivity and turbidity and a positive one with phosphorus, hardness, iron, mercury, arsenic and faecal coliforms, concerning V. fischeri toxic response. This integrated assessment may allow the evaluation of the effect of future pollution abatement measures over the water quality of Leça River.

Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air of an Urban Area: Dose Implications for Elderly

Due to their detrimental effects on human health, the scientific interest in ultrafine particles (UFP) has been increasing, but available information is far from comprehensive. Compared to the remaining population, the elderly are potentially highly susceptible to the effects of outdoor air pollution. Thus, this study aimed to (1) determine the levels of outdoor pollutants in an urban area with emphasis on UFP concentrations and (2) estimate the respective dose rates of exposure for elderly populations. UFP were continuously measured over 3 weeks at 3 sites in north Portugal: 2 urban (U1 and U2) and 1 rural used as reference (R1). Meteorological parameters and outdoor pollutants including particulate matter (PM10), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were also measured. The dose rates of inhalation exposure to UFP were estimated for three different elderly age categories: 64–70, 71–80, and >81 years. Over the sampling period levels of PM10, O3 and NO2 were in compliance with European legislation. Mean UFP were 1.7 × 104 and 1.2 × 104 particles/cm3 at U1 and U2, respectively, whereas at rural site levels were 20–70% lower (mean of 1 ×104 particles/cm3). Vehicular traffic and local emissions were the predominant identified sources of UFP at urban sites. In addition, results of correlation analysis showed that UFP were meteorologically dependent. Exposure dose rates were 1.2- to 1.4-fold higher at urban than reference sites with the highest levels noted for adults at 71–80 yr, attributed mainly to higher inhalation rates.

Organic versus conventional tomatoes: Influence on physicochemical parameters, bioactive compounds and sensorial attributes

The effect of organic and conventional agricultural systems on the physicochemical parameters, bioactive compounds content, and sensorial attributes of tomatoes (‘‘Redondo’’ cultivar) was studied. The influence on phytochemicals distribution among peel, pulp and seeds was also accessed. Organic tomatoes were richer in lycopene (+20%), vitamin C (+30%), total phenolics (+24%) and flavonoids (+21%) and had higher (+6%) in vitro antioxidant activity. In the conventional fruits, lycopene was mainly concentrated in the pulp, whereas in the organic ones, the peel and seeds contained high levels of bioactive compounds. Only the phenolic compounds had a similar distribution among the different fractions of both types of tomatoes. Furthermore, a sensorial analysis indicated that organic farming improved the gustative properties of this tomato cultivar.

Kinematic parameters of throwing performance in patients with schizophrenia using a markerless motion capture system

Motor dysfunction is consistently reported but understudied in schizophrenia. It has been hypothesized that this abnormality may reflect a neuro-developmental disorder underlying this illness. The main goal of this study was to analyze movement patterns used by participants with schizophrenia and healthy controls during overarm throwing performance, using a markerless motion capture system. Thirteen schizophrenia patients and 16 healthy control patients performed the overarm throwing task in a markerless motion capture system. Participants were also examined for the presence of motor neurological soft signs (mNSS) using the Brief Motor Scale. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated a less developed movement pattern with low individualization of components compared to healthy controls. The schizophrenia group also displayed a higher incidence of mNSS. The presence of a less mature movement pattern can be an indicator of neuro-immaturity and a marker for atypical neurological development in schizophrenia. Our findings support the understanding of motor dysfunction as an intrinsic part of the disorder of schizophrenia.

Avaliação do débito máximo da tosse (peak cough flow) na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica

Resumo Objectivos: Avaliação da Tosse em doentes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica (DPOC). Identificar e determinar a relação dos factores preditivos que contribuem para a deterioração da capacidade de tosse nestes indivíduos. Tipo de estudo: Estudo observacional descritivo de natureza transversal. Definição dos casos: Os critérios de diagnóstico da DPOC são o quadro clínico e o Gold standard para diagnóstico da DPOC – a espirometria. População-alvo: Todos os utentes com patologia primária de DPOC diagnosticada que se desloquem ao serviço de função respiratória do Hospital de Viseu, para realizar provas. Método de Amostragem: Foi utilizada uma amostra aleatória constituída por todos os indivíduos, que cumpriram os critérios de inclusão, conscientes e colaborantes, que aceitaram participar neste estudo. Dimensão da amostra: Uma amostra de 55 indivíduos que se deslocaram ao serviço de função respiratória, entre Janeiro e Junho de 2009, para realizar provas de função respiratória. Condução do estudo: Os utentes que aceitaram participar neste estudo foram sujeitos a um questionário de dados clínicos e realizaram 5 testes: índice de massa corporal (IMC), estudo funcional respiratório e gasometria arterial, avaliação da força dos músculos respiratórios (PImax e PEmax) e avaliação do débito máximo da tosse (Peak Cough Flow). Análise estatística: Foram obtidos dados caracterizadores da amostra em estudo, sendo posteriormente correlacionado o valor de débito máximo da tosse (Peak Cough Flow) com os resultados obtidos para as avaliações do IMC, estudo funcional respiratório, PImax e PEmax, gasometria, avaliação da capacidade de Tosse e número de internamentos no último ano por agudização da DPOC. Tendo sido encontrados os valores de correlação entre o Peak Cough Flow e os restantes parâmetros. Resultados: Após análise dos resultados, foram obtidos os valores de Peak Cough Flow para a população com DPOC e verificou-se valores diminuídos em comparação com os valores normais da população, tendo-se verificado maiores valores de PCF em indivíduos do sexo masculino, em comparação aos valores do sexo feminino. Foi analisada a relação entre o PCF e a idade, peso, altura e IMC, não tendo sido encontrada relação, dado que a tosse não apresenta uma variação segundo os valores antropométricos, tal como a relação com os valores espirométricos. Quanto aos parâmetros funcionais respiratórios foram analisadas as relações com o PCF. Verificou-se relações significativas entre o PCF e o FEV1, a FVC, o PEF, apresentando uma relação positiva, onde maiores valores destes parâmetros estão correlacionados com maiores picos de tosse. Quanto a RAW e RV, o PCF apresenta uma relação negativa, onde uma maior resistência da via aérea ou doentes mais hiperinsuflados leva a menores valores de PCF. Por outro lado não foi encontrada relação entre o PCF e a FRC e o TLC. Quanto à força dos músculos respiratórios, verificou-se relação significativa com o PImax e a PEmax em que a fraqueza ao nível dos músculos respiratórios contribuem para um menor valor de PCF. Relativamente aos valores da gasometria arterial, verificou-se relação entre o PCF e a PaO2 de forma positiva, em que doentes hipoxémicos apresentam menores valores de tosse, e a PaCO2, de forma negativa, em que os doentes hipercápnicos apresentam menores valores de PCF tendo sido verificada relação entre o PCF e o pH e sO2. Quanto à relação entre o número de internamentos por agudização da DPOC no último ano e o PCF verificou-se uma relação significativa, onde um menor valor de PCF contribui para uma maior taxa de internamento por agudização da DPOC. Conclusão: Este conjunto de conclusões corrobora a hipótese inicialmente formulada, de que o Peak Cough Flow se encontra diminuído nos indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica onde a variação do PCF se encontra directamente relacionada com os parâmetros funcionais respiratórios, com a força dos músculos respiratórios e com os valores de gasometria arterial. ABSTRACT: Aims: Cough evaluation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. Identify and determine the relation of the predictive factors that contribute to the cough capacity degradation in this type of patients. Type of study: Descriptive observational study of transversal nature. Case definition: The COPD diagnosis criteria are the clinical presentation and the gold standard to the COPD diagnosis- the Spirometry. Target Population: Every patients, with primary pathology of COPD diagnosed, who went to the respiratory function service of Viseu hospital to perform tests. Sampling Method: It was used a random sample constituted by all the, conscious and cooperating individuals, who complied with the inclusion criteria and who accepted to make part of this study. Sample size: A sample of 55 individuals that went to the respiratory function service between January and June 2009 to perform respiratory function tests. Study: The patients who accepted to make part of this study were submitted to a clinical data questionary and performed 5 tests: body mass index (BMI), respiratory functional study, arterial blood gas level, evaluation of respiratory muscles strength (maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP)), and Peak Cough Flow evaluation. Statistic Analysis: Were obtained characterizing data of the sample in study, and later correlated the value of the Peak Cough Flow with the results from the evaluation of the body mass index (BMI), the respiratory functional study the MIP and MEP, the arterial blood gas level and also with the ability to cough evaluation and the number of hospitalizations in the last year for COPD exacerbations. The values of correlation between the Peak Cough Flow and the other parameters were found. Results: After analyzing the results, were obtained the values of Peak Cough Flow for the population with COPD. There were decreased values compared with the population normal values, having been found higher values of PCF in males compared to female values. It was analyzed the relation between the PCF and the age, weight, height and BMI but no relation was found on account of the fact that the cough does not show a variation according to anthropometric parameters, such as the relation with spirometric values. As for the respiratory functional parameters were analyzed relations with the PCF. There were significant relations between the PCF and FEV1, the FVC, the PEF, presenting a positive relation, where higher values of these parameters are correlated with higher incidence of cough. Concerning the RAW and RV, the PCF has a negative relation, in which a higher airway resistance or in more hyperinflated patients, leads to lower values of PCF. On the other hand no correlation was found between the PCF and the FRC and TLC. Regarding the respiratory muscle strength, there was a significant relation with the MIP and MEP, in which the weakness at the level of respiratory muscles contribute to a lower value of PCF. For values of arterial blood gas level, there was no relation between the PCF and PaO2, in a positive way, in which patients with hypoxemia present lower values of cough, and PaCO2, in a negative way in which hypercapnic patients had lower values of PCF, having being founded a relation between the PCF and the pH and sO2. As for the relation between the number of hospitalizations for COPD exacerbation in the last year and the PCF was found a significant relation, in which a smaller value of PCF contributes to a higher rate of hospitalization for COPD exacerbation. Conclusion: This set of findings supports the hypothesis first formulated that Peak Cough Flow is decreased in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, in which the variation of the PCF is directly related to the respiratory function parameters, the strength of respiratory muscles and the values of arterial blood gases.

Analysis of the Respiratory Dynamics During Normal Breathing by Means of Pseudophase Plots and Pressure–Volume Loops

This paper reports on the analysis of tidal breathing patterns measured during noninvasive forced oscillation lung function tests in six individual groups. The three adult groups were healthy, with prediagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and with prediagnosed kyphoscoliosis, respectively. The three children groups were healthy, with prediagnosed asthma, and with prediagnosed cystic fibrosis, respectively. The analysis is applied to the pressure-volume curves and the pseudophase-plane loop by means of the box-counting method, which gives a measure of the area within each loop. The objective was to verify if there exists a link between the area of the loops, power-law patterns, and alterations in the respiratory structure with disease. We obtained statistically significant variations between the data sets corresponding to the six groups of patients, showing also the existence of power-law patterns. Our findings support the idea that the respiratory system changes with disease in terms of airway geometry and tissue parameters, leading, in turn, to variations in the fractal dimension of the respiratory tree and its dynamics.

Clinical and laboratorial features of visceral toxocariasis in infancy

Forty children with a diagnosis of Visceral Toxocariasis were evaluated prospectively from February 1982 to June 1989. Diagnosis was established by clinical, laboratorial and serological (ELISA - ES Toxocara canis antigen) evaluations. A great clinical polymorphism was found in our patients, ranging from unspecific or absent manifestations to an exhuberant symptomatology. The laboratorial findings were: leukocytosis,eosinophilia and elevation of serum gammaglobulin and isohemagglutinin levels. No significant relationship between clinical findings and laboratorial parameters was found. Serology (ELISA) was a method of great diagnostic support but did not show a correlation with clinical and laboratorial findings in this study. There was a significant relationship between pulmonary manifestations and the presence of signs and/or symptoms, when the patients were sent to us. Our findings, especially the high incidence of pulmonary manifestations, suggest that Visceral Toxocariasis has to be included in the differential diagnostic of children with pulmonary manifestations, characteristic epidemiological data and associated eosinophilia.

Solubilities of C‑Tetraalkylcalix[4]resorcinarenes in SCCO2: experimental measurements, characterization, and correlation

The solubilities of two C-tetraalkylcalix[4]resorcinarenes, namely C-tetramethylcalix[4]resorcinarene and C-tetrapentylcalix[4]resorcinarene, in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) were measured in a flow-type apparatus at a temperature range from (313.2 to 333.2) K and at pressures from (12.0 to 35.0) MPa. The C-tetraalkylcalix[4]resorcinarenes were synthesized applying our optimized procedure and fully characterized by means of gel permeation chromatography, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The solubilities of the C-tetraalkylcalix[4]resorcinarenes in SCCO2 were determined by analysis of the extracts obtained by HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection methodology adapted by our team. Four semiempirical density-based models, and the SoaveRedlichKwong cubic equation of state (SRK CEoS) with classical mixing rules, were applied to correlate the solubility of the calix[4]resorcinarenes in the SC CO2. The physical properties required for the modeling were estimated and reported.

Off-the-person electrocardiography: performance assessment and clinical correlation

Previous work by our group introduced a novel concept and sensor design for “off-the-person” ECG, for which evidence on how it compares against standard clinical-grade equipment has been largely missing. Our objectives with this work are to characterise the off-the-person approach in light of the current ECG systems landscape, and assess how the signals acquired using this simplified setup compare with clinical-grade recordings. Empirical tests have been performed with real-world data collected from a population of 38 control subjects, to analyze the correlation between both approaches. Results show off-the-person data to be correlated with clinical-grade data, demonstrating the viability of this approach to potentially extend preventive medicine practices by enabling the integration of ECG monitoring into multiple dimensions of people’s everyday lives. © 2015, IUPESM and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Hyperspectral signal subspace estimation

Given an hyperspectral image, the determination of the number of endmembers and the subspace where they live without any prior knowledge is crucial to the success of hyperspectral image analysis. This paper introduces a new minimum mean squared error based approach to infer the signal subspace in hyperspectral imagery. The method, termed hyperspectral signal identification by minimum error (HySime), is eigendecomposition based and it does not depend on any tuning parameters. It first estimates the signal and noise correlation matrices and then selects the subset of eigenvalues that best represents the signal subspace in the least squared error sense. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using simulated data based on U.S.G.S. laboratory spectra and real hyperspectral data collected by the AVIRIS sensor over Cuprite, Nevada.

Vascularização do útero: estudo morfológico e experimental

RESUMO Os trabalhos de investigação, conducentes à elaboração do presente estudo morfofuncional, subordinado ao tema da "VASCULARIZAÇÃO ARTERIAL DO ÚTERO",fundamenta-se em conceitos da anatomia descritiva clássica, complementados por técnicas de estudo mais modernas, permitindo-nos observações originais. O principal objectivo é de definir um padrão descritivo da vascularização uterina e de estabelecer uma correlação anatomo-fisiológica e anatomo-clínica na descrição da angiomorfologia uterina, actualizando as descrições clássicas da artéria com dados de observação originais, segundo as técnicas de estudo angiomorfológicas correntemente empregues no Departamento de Anatomia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Correlacionam-se as observações com os mais recentes dados publicados, no âmbito da imuno-histoquímica e da moderna bioquímica endocrinológica, uma vez que os conceitos modernos de fisiologia uterina e ginecológica praticamente dominam a vasta literatura científica mundial. Como objectivos particulares, ou linhas orientadoras da tese, escolhemos: - A definição de parâmetros descritivos do padrão genérico da vascularização uterina, actualizando a nomenclatura descritiva de acordo com a moderna Nomina Anatomica mundialmente debatida, desde o XIV Congresso Internacional da Federação Internacional das Associações de Anatomistas, sob a presidência do Prof. Doutor J.A. Esperança Pina (1994) e publicada em 1999-2001. - A comparação do caso humano com o do animal de experiência, por observação meticulosa do maior número de casos possíveis, realizando um estudo comparativo que nos permita extrapolar dados de experimentação animal para o caso humano; - O estabelecimento de uma correlação anatomo-fisiológica, por análise do comportamento da vascularização uterina, ao longo da vida, desde o nascimento até à menopausa, e perante as influências hormonais a que se encontra exposta. A tese constrói-se em torno de três núcleos fundamentais: 1. Um capítulo introdutório, de contextualização teórica, por enquadramento histórico dos estudos dos órgãos genitais femininos e da evolução das técnicas de diagnóstico e terapêutica do útero, focando as primeiras referências à técnica da histerotomia (Cesariana) (com a lenda persa do nascimento do herói Rostam, ou do nascimento do deus Asclepius), as primeiras representações da vascularização uterina (por LEONARDO e iii VESÁLIO), ou as primeiras descrições anatómicas do útero, da autoria de Portugueses (RODRIGO DE CASTRO, 1516 e AMATO LUSITANO, 1551). Prossegue a contextualização teórica com breve referência à recente evolução das técnicas de diagnóstico e terapêutica dos fibromiomas uterinos, mencionando de modo particular a evolução das técnicas de embolização arterial uterina, por nos parecer corresponder a um campo de aplicação imediata dos estudos da vascularização do útero. Termina este capítulo com breve referência aos trabalhos do Prof. Doutor J. MARTINS PISCO que tem actualmente, no nosso País uma das mais extensas listas de trabalhos efectuados com sucesso a nível mundial, no campo da embolização arterial de fibromiomas uterinos. 2. O segundo núcleo fundamental, intitulado "Angiomorfologia uterina" corresponde a extensa revisão bibliográfica dos estudos descritivos da vascularização uterina, desde logo ilustrando a resenha teórica com algumas imagens fotográficas de úteros humanos, seleccionadas da nossa colecção. A descrição da vascularização uterina, fundamentada em 1500 citações bibliográficas, organiza-se, de acordo com o paralelismo entre a estratificação histológica e angiológica do órgão, e a hierarquia funcional, regulada pelas cíclicas variações hormonais. Descreve-se a camada serosa e correspondente vascularização; a camada muscular e vascularização do miométrio; e, por fim, a camada mucosa e os vasos endometriais. Verifica-se, perante os dados colhidos da literatura mundial, o interesse do aprofundamento dos estudos morfológicos da microvascularização endometrial e da adaptação das descrições aos resultados dos modernos estudos funcionais obtidos por técnicas da imuno-histoquímica. 3. Fundamentados nos dados colhidos das revisões bibliográficas, elaborámos um projecto de investigação original, visando o estabelecimento da relação morfo-funcional resultante do aprofundamento dos estudos descritivos da angiomorfologia e da microvascularização do útero. O capítulo de trabalho experimental organiza-se em três principais passos: – No capítulo de Materiais e métodos, procede-se à escolha, por um lado do animal de experiência mais adequado para os estudos da vascularização uterina (por estudo comparativo ao longo da escala animal) e, por outro lado, à escolha de três das técnicas disponíveis no Laboratório de Anatomia Experimental e aplicáveis à investigação angiomorfológica do útero; iv - No capítulo de Resultados, procedemos à exposição das nossas observações de 25 úteros humanos e de 154 úteros de animais de experiência, segundo as três técnicas seleccionadas (dissecção, Injecção-corrosão-fluorescência, Injecção-diafanização e injecção-corrosão paraobservação de moldes vasculares em microscopia electrónica de varrimento), organizando aselecção da vasta iconografia coleccionada em três novos subcapítulos: o útero humano, oútero do animal de experiência e um estudo comparativo, essencial para validar osresultados do trabalho experimental. - O capítulo de trabalho experimental, inteiramente efectuado por estudos na artéria uterina do rato Wistar, abrange primeiramente a tentativa de definição macroscópica de territórios de vascularização, seguido das observações microscópicas conducentes à definição dos parâmetros angiomorfológicos característicos de cada uma das etapas da grande variabilidade a que se sujeita a vascularização uterina, ao longo da vida, incluindo a infância, a gravidez, a paridade e o envelhecimento, e consoante as fases do ciclo hormonal ovárico. Aperfeiçoámos essa tarefa com a elaboração de três experiências distintas, para análise dos efeitos microvasculares uterinos da administração exógena de preparados comerciais hormonais, por observação em microscopia electrónica de varrimento. De acordo com as leituras da literatura clássica sobre a metodologia do trabalho científico, completamos os trabalhos por um capítulo de síntese e critica dos resultados, sequencialmente organizado consoante cada um dos passos experimentais atrás referidos. SUMMARY The aim of the present thesis is the description of the uterine arterial network, complementing the classical concepts of descriptive Anatomy with modern techniques of anatomical research, thus achieving original final results and observations. One of the main objectives of the research is to establish physiological and clinical correlations in the description of the uterine angiomorphology, with the techniques currently available for angiomorphological research in the Department of Anatomy of Faculty of Medical Sciences of the New University of Lisbon. As guidelines to our research, we established the following specific objectives: - defining the descriptive parameters of the standard pattern of the uterine vasculature, according to the modern Nomina Anatomica, as underlined in the latest Federative Congresses of the International Federation of the Associations of Anatomists, one of which took place in Lisbon, in 1994, under the presidency of Professor J.A. Esperança Pina, the supervisor of the present works; - comparing the human uterus with the uterus of the experimental animal, to extrapolate the experimental observations in animals to the particular case of the human uterus; - establishing a correlation between the physiology and the anatomical observations of the uterine vasculature throughout life, from childhood to menopause and in relation to the hormonal influences to which the uterus is exposed. The thesis is built around three main chapters: 1) The introduction chapter defines the historical framework of the studies of the female genital anatomy and the historical evolution of the clinical management of common uterine diseases, focusing on the first historical references to the Caesarean section (such as the Persian legend of the birth of the hero ROSTAM, or that of the birth of ASCLEPIUS, the Greek god of Medicine); the first depictions of the uterine vasculature (by LEONARDO and VESALIUS) or the first anatomical descriptions of the uterus, by Portuguese authors (RODRIGO DE CASTRO, 1517, or AMATUS LUSITANUS, 1551). The theoretical context proceeds, with reference to the recent evolution of the clinical and surgical management of uterine fibroids, and a particular mention to the modern techniques of Uterine Fibroid Embolisation, which corresponds to one of the fields of interest of the anatomic studies of uterine arterial vascularization. 2) The second chapter, devoted to the anatomical description of the Uterine Angiomorphology, is based on an extensive review of the available Medical literature,illustrated by a selection of our own research observations of the human uterine vasculature. The description is organized in view of the parallelism between histological and angiological stratification and the functional hierarchy, under the control of the cyclic hormonal variations. Each layer of the uterine wall is depicted with photographs of the human uterus and descriptions of its specific vascular network: the serosa, the muscular Myometrium, and the mucosa, or endometrium. This classical description, based on extensive quotations of the international scientific literature, enhances our interest for the research of a more detailed knowledge of the endometrial microvascular network, accordingly to the modern physiologic results obtained through immunohistochemical studies. 3) The results of our experimental research, aiming to establish the intimate relationship between the anatomical and functional studies of uterine vasculature, are organized in three main steps: - The chapter of Materials and Methods debates the choice of the experimental animal, based on a short review of the comparative anatomy of the uterus, and uterine physiology, throughout the animal scale. The selection of three fundamental techniques of anatomic research is made from the current variety available in the Laboratory of Experimental Anatomy of the Lisbon School of Medical Sciences. - The Results of our personal research and observations of 25 human and 154 animal uteri,after dissection, and the techniques of arterial injection for the preparation of fluorescent corrosion casts, of vascular injection and clearing, and of arterial injection and preparation of corrosion casts for Scanning Electron Microscopy are rganized in terms of human or animal macroscopic anatomy and microvascular network, followed by a summary of the comparative anatomy of human and rat uteri, which is essential to validate the resultant experimental observations of the rat endometrial microvasculature. - The experimental research is entirely devoted to the uterine artery of the Wistar rat. The first step consists of the attempt to define macroscopic territories of vascularization, followed by microscopic observations for the definition of the angiomorphological pattern that is characteristic of each stage of the extreme variations to which the uterus is subject throughout life, from childhood to sexual maturity, throughout the hormonal cycle, in pregnancy, according to parity, and through ageing. We complete these observations with the experimental exposure of the Wistar rat uterus to pharmacologic preparations of hormones, currently available in clinical practice, and observations of the vascular uterine changes in Scanning Electron Microscopy. The outcome results of our anatomical observations are followed by a critical synthesis of the results.

Characterisation of noisy speech channels in 2G and 3G mobile networks

As the wireless cellular market reaches competitive levels never seen before, network operators need to focus on maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) a main priority if they wish to attract new subscribers while keeping existing customers satisfied. Speech Quality as perceived by the end user is one major example of a characteristic in constant need of maintenance and improvement. It is in this topic that this Master Thesis project fits in. Making use of an intrusive method of speech quality evaluation, as a means to further study and characterize the performance of speech codecs in second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) technologies. Trying to find further correlation between codecs with similar bit rates, along with the exploration of certain transmission parameters which may aid in the assessment of speech quality. Due to some limitations concerning the audio analyzer equipment that was to be employed, a different system for recording the test samples was sought out. Although the new designed system is not standard, after extensive testing and optimization of the system's parameters, final results were found reliable and satisfactory. Tests include a set of high and low bit rate codecs for both 2G and 3G, where values were compared and analysed, leading to the outcome that 3G speech codecs perform better, under the approximately same conditions, when compared with 2G. Reinforcing the idea that 3G is, with no doubt, the best choice if the costumer looks for the best possible listening speech quality. Regarding the transmission parameters chosen for the experiment, the Receiver Quality (RxQual) and Received Energy per Chip to the Power Density Ratio (Ec/N0), these were subject to speech quality correlation tests. Final results of RxQual were compared to those of prior studies from different researchers and, are considered to be of important relevance. Leading to the confirmation of RxQual as a reliable indicator of speech quality. As for Ec/N0, it is not possible to state it as a speech quality indicator however, it shows clear thresholds for which the MOS values decrease significantly. The studied transmission parameters show that they can be used not only for network management purposes but, at the same time, give an expected idea to the communications engineer (or technician) of the end-to-end speech quality consequences. With the conclusion of the work new ideas for future studies come to mind. Considering that the fourth-generation (4G) cellular technologies are now beginning to take an important place in the global market, as the first all-IP network structure, it seems of great relevance that 4G speech quality should be subject of evaluation. Comparing it to 3G, not only in narrowband but also adding wideband scenarios with the most recent standard objective method of speech quality assessment, POLQA. Also, new data found on Ec/N0 tests, justifies further research studies with the intention of validating the assumptions made in this work.