Efeito de doses de potássio e da freqüência de irrigação na produção da alface-americana em ambiente protegido

A produção da alface tipo americana em ambiente protegido, aliada ao emprego de práticas de manejo de irrigação e adubação, pode contribuir para o aumento da produtividade e expansão da cultura na região de Lavras - MG. Em uma estufa modelo capela, foi realizado um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de freqüências de irrigação e de doses de potássio sobre a produtividade da alface-americana e a eficiência do uso da água. O experimento foi composto pelos seguintes tratamentos de turnos de rega: (P1) - irrigação diária; (P2) - irrigação de dois em dois dias; (P3) - irrigação de três em três dias, e (P4) - irrigação de quatro em quatro dias. Nas parcelas subdivididas, foram aplicadas quatro doses de cloreto de potássio, via fertirrigação: (D1) - 100 kg de KCl ha-1; (D2) - 150 kg de KCl ha-1; (D3) - 200 kg de KCl ha-1, e (D4) - 250 kg de KCl ha-1. As variáveis avaliadas foram a produtividade de alface e a eficiência do uso da água, ou seja, a produtividade por milímetro de água aplicado. Concluiu-se que a maior produtividade (44,06 t ha-1) foi obtida com 119,36 kg ha-1 de K2O; o manejo de irrigação para a cultura da alface-americana em ambiente protegido poderá ser realizado com intervalo entre irrigações de quatro dias, e com o aumento dos intervalos houve aumento da eficiência de uso da água de irrigação.

Caracterização e biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos de caprinos

Quantificar e caracterizar os dejetos gerados por cabras Saanen em quatro categorias de idade e alimentadas com três dietas e na seqüência, e promover a biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos constituíram os objetivos deste trabalho. Para a produção de dejetos, foram utilizadas 36 cabras Saanen, com idades entre 2 e 4 (C1), 4 e 8 (C2), 8 e 12 (C3) e acima de 12 meses (C4), alimentadas com as dietas 1 (D1: 80% volumoso (Vol) e 20% concentrado (Con)); 2 (D2: 60% Vol e 40% Con) e 3 (D3: 40% Vol e 20% Con). Foram quantificadas as produções diárias de fezes e urina e seus teores em N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn. Com a mistura das fezes e urina de todas as categorias, separadas segundo as dietas, foram abastecidos biodigestores batelada, com capacidade para 4 L de substrato em fermentação. A C1 apresentou menor (P<0,05) excreção de fezes (164,1 g de MS (massa seca)/animal por dia) e o menor consumo de alimento (362,2g MS (massa seca)/animal por dia). As maiores concentrações de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e K ocorreram nas fezes e urina geradas por cabras da C4 e alimentadas pela D3. O substrato preparado com dejetos oriundos da D3 apresentou 45% de redução nos teores de sólidos voláteis (SV). Os substratos preparados com dejetos obtidos de animais alimentados com a D3 produziram mais biogás (P<0,01) por kg de sólidos totais e SV adicionados.

Drip pulses and soil mulching effect on american crisphead lettuce yield

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Lavras cultivated with American lettuce, cv. Raider-Plus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of irrigation water depths applied by drip pulses and of soil coverage on crop yields and efficiency of water use. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with eight treatments and three replications, totaling twenty-four plots. The treatments consisted of soil with and without coverage (double-sided white and black plastic) associated with four irrigation management levels. Irrigation management consisted in reposition of irrigation depths based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) with D1-100% of ETc, applied continuously (control), and D2 - 100% of ETc, D3 - 75% of ETc, and D4-50% of ETc, applied by pulses. Irrigation by pulses consisted in splitting the depths into six irrigation pulses with intervals of fifty minutes of rest. It was observed that pulse irrigation saved 25% of water in treatment without mulching and 50% when plastic mulching was used, contributing substantially to improve irrigation water efficiency.

Conduta terapêutica atual no adenocarcinoma da cárdia e da junção esofagogástrica

Adenocarcinomas of the cardia and gastroesophageal junction are peculiar entities with three different origins, which differ somewhat from other adenocarcinomas of the stomach in their clinical presentation and pathogenesis, and have a poorer prognosis. In this article the authors reviewed definitions, incidence and epidemiology, etiologic factors, genetic implications, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging and treatment, with emphasis on the surgical approach, discussing the current management of these cancers. The prognostic factors related specifically to the cardia cancers are: esophageal invasion greater than 3cm, microscopic residual tumor and wall penetration (>T2). Preoperative workup should include computed tomography, and endoscopic ultrasonography and laparoscopy when available. Preoperative recognition of T3/ T4/N2 lesions should indicate inclusion in neo-adjuvant protocols whenever possible. The authors present the results of 46 resected cases of adenocarcinomas of the cardia and GE junction of the Instituto Nacional do Câncer- Brazil (1981-1995). Cure was intended in 29 and palliation in 17 patients. The most common type of resection was total gastrectomy with abdominal esophagectomy (28 cases). Morbidity (major and minor) occurred in 50% of the patients. The main causes were of respiratory origin and fistulas (19.6% each). Death occurred in 44% of the patients with fistula. Postoperative death until the 30th day occurred in 17.24% of the curative cases and in 23.52% of the palliative ones. The median survival time was 68.5 months for stage I, 25 months for stage II, 31 months for stage III and 12.5 months for stage IV diseases. The median survival time was 8 months for palliation and 28.5 months for cure. No long-term survival was obtained with the palliative group, whereas 25% survived five years of more in the curative group. The authors conclude that the surgical approach should be the one the surgeon feels more comfortable with. Complete removal of the disease proved by frozen section, splenectomy and D2 lymphadenectomy should be the standard therapy with curative intent.

Metabolic syndrome in young adults – prevalence, childhood predictors and association with subclinical atherosclerosis

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors including central obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The prevalence of MetS is increasing worldwide in all age groups. MetS is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence, secular trends and childhood predictors of MetS in young adults. Furthermore, the relations between MetS and subclinical atherosclerosis were studied and whether apolipoproteins (apo) B and A-I, C-reactive protein (CRP) and type II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) were associated with MetS, and to what extent the atherogenicity of MetS was explained by these factors. Participants and Methods: The present thesis is part of the large scale population-based, prospective study, the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. The first cross-sectional study was conducted in 1980 and included 3,596 participants aged 3-18 years. Carotid and brachial ultrasound studies were performed for 2,283 of these participants in 2001 and 2,200 of these participants in 2007. Results: The overall prevalence of MetS in young adults aged 24-39 years in 2001 was 10-15 % and 6 years later in 30-45 year-old adults it was 15-23 % depending on the MetS definition used. Between the years 1986 and 2001, MetS prevalence increased from 1.0 % to 7.5 % (p<0.0001) in 24-year-old participants that was mostly driven by the increased central obesity. Participants with MetS had increased carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and decreased carotid elasticity compared to those without the syndrome. Impaired brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was not related to MetS but it modified the relationship between MetS and cIMT (P for interaction 0.023). High levels of apoB, CRP, sPLA2 and low levels of apoA-I associated with MetS in young adults. In prospective analysis both MetS and high apoB predicted (P<0.0001) incident high cIMT, defined as cIMT>90th percentile and/or plaque. The association between MetS and incident high cIMT was attenuated by ~40 % after adjustment with apoB. Conclusions: MetS is common in young adults and increases with age. Screening for risk factors, especially obesity, at an early life stage could help identify children and adolescents at increased risk of developing MetS and cardiovascular disease later in life. MetS identifies a population of young adults with evidence of increased subclinical atherosclerosis. Impaired brachial endothelial response is not a hallmark of MetS in young adults, but the status of endothelial function modifies the association between metabolic risk factors and atherosclerosis. In addition, the atherogenicity of MetS in this population assessed by incident high cIMT appears to be substantially mediated by elevated apoB.

Câncer gástrico precoce: contribuição ao diagnóstico e resultado do tratamento cirúrgico

OBJETIVOS: Analisar o diagnóstico e tratamento de pacientes portadores de câncer gástrico precoce. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 34 pacientes portadores de neoplasia gástrica precoce (CGP) tratados no Serviço de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo Alto da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da PUC- Campinas durante o período de janeiro de 1978 a dezembro de 1998. RESULTADOS: O diagnóstico foi feito através da endoscopia digestiva alta e biópsia, sendo que em dois deles (5,9%) a biópsia revelou apenas atipias em lesão ulcerada gástrica. O estudo histopatológico das peças cirúrgicas confirmou a existência de adenocarcinoma em todos os pacientes. A localização mais freqüente da neoplasia foi o antro gástrico e os tipos macroscópicos mais encontrados foram IIc e IIc + III. Quanto à profundidade na parede do estômago, verificou-se a prevalência da localização na mucosa. Em nenhum dos casos constatou-se invasão linfonodal. Todos os doentes foram submetidos à gastrectomia subtotal com linfadenectomia D2 e a reconstrução mais freqüente foi a gastro-jejunostomia em Y de Roux (67,6%). O seguimento pós-operatório dos pacientes variou de 17 dias a 21 anos e meio, o qual mostrou complicações em três deles (8,8%). Apenas dois óbitos ocorreram (5,8%), um por complicações pós-operatórias e outro, tardiamente, por recidiva da doença. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de câncer gástrico precoce (CGP) encontrada no presente estudo (8,7%), mostrou-se semelhante àquela referida pela literatura dos países ocidentais, sendo, entretanto, pobre em relação à incidência referida nas séries japonesas. Este fato valoriza a necessidade da realização de exames endoscópicos periódicos nos pacientes que compõem o chamado grupo de risco para a doença neoplásica do estômago. Finalmente, entendeu-se que quando o CGP está localizado na mucosa e não apresenta invasão de linfonodos e nem metástases à distância, a sobrevida é muito boa.

Pesquisa do linfonodo sentinela em câncer gástrico com o corante azul patente

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a factibilidade e os resultados de uma técnica pouco invasiva para a pesquisa do linfonodo sentinela (LFNsn) com o uso do corante vital azul patente. MÉTODO: A pesquisa do LFNsn foi realizada em 12 pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma gástrico que não apresentavam linfonodos suspeitos de metastases durante o estadiamento clínico pré-operatório. Injetou-se nos quatro quadrantes do tumor, 0,5 ml de corante vital azul patente. Os linfonodos que se coraram de azul foram classificados como LFNsn e foram obtidos após a gastrectomia com linfadenectomia D2. Utilizou-se a coloração HE para avaliação anatomopatológica dos LFNsn, e nos casos com LFNsn negativo para HE, foi realizada imuno-histoquímica com pan-citoqueratinas AE1/AE3. RESULTADOS: Dos 12 pacientes, oito eram mulheres, com média de idade de 64,5 (48-87) anos. Identificaram-se em média 3,25 (2-6) LFNsn por paciente. A factibilidade da técnica foi de 100%. A acurácia do método foi de 91,6% . Em 11 de 12 casos foi possível predizer as características linfonodais regionais pela concordância da análise anatomopatológica entre os LFNsn e não sentinelas(LFNñsn). CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa do linfonodo sentinela em câncer gástrico é factível com o uso da técnica do corante azul patente. O método mostrou ser promissor como técnica minimamente invasiva para estadiar tumores gástricos, nesta casuística inicial.

Adenocarcinoma e tumor estromal (GIST) sincrônicos no estômago: uma rara ocorrência

A concomitant epithelial and stromal tumor in stomach is unusual in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to report the case and it's therapeutic management. A 72 year old black male patient , which upper digestive endoscopy showed a gastric neoplasm (Borrmann III) at incisura angularis and the biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma. A subtotal gastrectomy with D2 limphadenectomy and Roux-en-Y reconstruction was performed. The histopathology studies confirmed an adenocarcinoma and a gastric stromal tumor, whose immunohistochemical exam was compatible to GIST. Seventeen months after surgery, a computadorized tomography revealed a retrogastric tumor and laparotomy was indicated to remove the lesion.

Linfadenectomia no câncer gástrico com hook laparotômico

O câncer gástrico é uma neoplasia frequente e de tratamento cirúrgico. Gastrectomia com linfadenectomia D2 é o procedimento padrão com intuito curativo. Os autores relatam o uso do hook laparotômico como alternativa técnica para linfadenectomia.

Identification of novel regulators for tumor progression in breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most frequent solid tumor among women and the leading cause of cancer related death in women worldwide. The prognosis of breast cancer patients is tightly correlated with the degree of spread beyond the primary tumor. In this thesis, the aim was to identify novel regulators of tumor progression in breast cancer as well as to get insights into the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer progression and metastasis. First, the role of phospholipid remodeling genes and enzymes important for breast cancer progression was studied in breast cancer samples as well as in cultured breast cancer cells. Tumor samples displayed increased de novo synthesized fatty acids especially in aggressive breast cancer. Furthermore, RNAi mediated cell based assays implicated several target genes critical for breast cancer cell proliferation and survival. Second, the role of arachidonic acid pathway members 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) and phospholipase A2 group VII (PLA2G7) in tumorigenesis associated processes was explored in metastatic breast cancer cells. Both targets were found to contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition related processes. Third, a high-throughput RNAi lysate microarray screen was utilized to identify novel vimentin expression regulating genes. Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2) was found to promote cellular features connected with metastatic disease, thus implicating MTHFD2 as a potential drug target to block breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Taken together, this study identified several putative targets for breast cancer therapy. In addition, these results provide novel information about the mechanisms and factors underlying breast cancer progression.

Lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the incidence of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer, identifying risk factors for its development. METHODS: we conducted a prospective study of patients with gastric cancer admitted to the Section of the Esophago-Gastric Surgery of the Surgery of Service HUCFF-UFRJ, from January 2006 to May 2012. RESULTS: the rate of early gastric cancer was 16.3%. The incidence of nodal metastases was 30.8% and occurred more frequently in patients with tumors with involvement of the submucosa (42.9%), in those poorly differentiated (36.4%), in tumors larger than 2 cm (33.3%) and in type III ulcerated lesions (43.8%). CONCLUSION: the incidence of lymph node metastases in patients was very high and suggests that one should keep the radicality of resection in early gastric cancer, particularly in relation to D2 lymphadenectomy, recommended for advanced gastric cancer. Conservative resections, with lymphadenectomies smaller than D2, should be performed only in selected cases, well-studied as for the risk factors of lymph node metastasis. Despite the small number of cases did not permit to relate the rate of lymph node metastasis to the risk factors considered, we noted a strong tendency for the occurrence of these metastases in the poorly differentiated, type III, larger than 2 cm tumors, and in the Lauren diffuse types.

Total esophagogastrectomy in the neoplasms of the esophagus and esofagogastric junction: when must be indicated?

Objective: to analyse the indications and results of the total esophagogastrectomy in cancers of the distal esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Methods: twenty patients with adenocarcinomas were operated with a mean age of 55 ± 9.9 years (31-70 years), and 14 cases were male (60%). Indications were 18 tumors of the distal esophagus and esophagogastric junction (90%) and two with invasion of gastric fundus (10%) in patients with previous gastrectomy. Preoperative colonoscopy to exclude colonic diseases was performed in ten cases. Results: the surgical technique consisted of median laparotomy and left cervicotomy, followed by transhiatal esophagectomy associated with D2 lymphadenectomy. The reconstructions were performed with eight esophagocoloduodenoplasty and the others were Roux-en-Y esophagocolojejunoplasty to prevent the alkaline reflux. Three cases were stage I / II, while 15 cases (85%) were stages III / IV, reflecting late diagnosis of these tumors. The operative mortality was 5 patients (25%): a mediastinitis secondary to necrosis of the transposed colon, abdominal cellulitis secondary to wound infection, severe pneumonia, an irreversible shock and sepsis associated with colojejunal fistula. Four patients died in the first year after surgery: 3 (15%) were due to tumor recurrence and 1 (5%) secondary to bronchopneumonia. The 5-year survival was 15%. Conclusion: the total esophagogastrectomy associated with esophagocoloplasty has high morbidity and mortality, requiring precise indication, and properly selected patients benefit from the surgery, with the risk-benefit acceptable, contributing to increased survival and improved quality of life