Viabilidade econômica de diferentes sistemas de sangria em clones de seringueira

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e os aspectos econômicos de três clones de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg.], sob nove sistemas de sangria. O experimento foi instalado sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Os tratamentos principais foram os clones PR 255, RRIM 600 e GT 1, submetidos aos seguintes sistemas de sangria: ½S d/3 6d/7.11m/y.ET 2,5% Pa La 8/y; ½S d/3 6d/7.11m/y.ET 5,0% Pa La 8/y; ½S d/4 6d/7.11m/y.ET 2,5% Pa La 8/y; ½S d/4 6d/7.11m/y.ET 5,0% Pa La 8/y; ½S d/5 6d/7.11m/y.ET 2,5% Pa La 8/y; ½S d/5 6d/7.11m/y.ET 5,0% Pa La 8/y; ½S d/7 6d/7.11m/y.ET 2,5% Pa La 8/y; ½S d/7 6d/7.11m/y.ET 5,0% Pa La 8/y e ½S d/2 6d/7.11m/y (testemunha). As variáveis estudadas foram: perímetro do caule, produtividade de borracha seca e secamento do painel. Também foi avaliada a viabilidade econômica dos sistemas de sangria. Observaram-se maior produtividade e rentabilidade dos sistemas ½S d/3.ET 2,5% 8/y para os clones PR 255 e RRIM 600 e ½S d/7.ET 2,5% 8/y para o clone GT 1, comparados com a testemunha. A maior e a menor porcentagem de secamento do painel foram observadas nos sistemas ½S d/3 ET 5,0% 8/y e ½S d/7.ET 5,0% 8/y, respectivamente.

Sistemas de explotação de seringueira utilizados em clones asiáticos Prang Besar no Oeste paulista

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e os aspectos fisiológicos e econômicos de quatro clones asiáticos Prang Besar de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.], sob diferentes sistemas de sangria. O experimento foi instalado na Fazenda Santa Gilda, Município de Guararapes, SP, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Os tratamentos principais foram os clones PB 260, PB 235, PB 330 e PB 217, submetidos a nove sistemas de sangria: ½S d/3.ET 2,5% 8/y; ½S d/3.ET 5% 8/y; ½S d/4.ET 2,5% 8/y; ½S d/4.ET 5% 8/y; ½S d/5.ET 2,5% 8/y; ½S d/5.ET 5% 8/y; ½S d/7.ET 2,5% 8/y; ½S d/7.ET 5% 8/y e ½S d/2 (testemunha). As variáveis avaliadas foram: perímetro do caule, produção de borracha seca, secamento do painel; foi avaliada, também, a viabilidade econômica. Os resultados mostram a superioridade econômica dos sistemas ½S d/5.ET 2,5% 8/y e ½S d/7.ET 5% 8/y, para o clone PB 260; ½S d/7.ET 2,5% 8/y para o clone PB 235; e ½S d/3.ET 2,5% 8/y e ½S d/3.ET 5% 8/y, para os clones PB 330 e PB 217, comparados com a testemunha. A menor incidência de secamento do painel foi observada no sistema ½S d/7.ET 5% 8/y, exceto para o clone PB 235.

Controle biológico de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos em clima semi-árido pelo fungo Monacrosporium thaumasium

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do fungo nematófago Monacrosporium thaumasium, no controle de larvas infectantes de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos em campo, no Semi-Árido cearense. Uma área de 20 ha, com pasto recém-formado, livre de vermes, foi dividida em quatro piquetes de 5 ha. Em cada piquete, foi formado um grupo constituído por nove caprinos, onde cada animal recebeu os seguintes tratamentos, durante os meses de abril a junho de 2002: grupo 1, 10 g de péletes por via oral, semanalmente; grupo 2, 10 g de péletes por via oral, quinzenalmente; grupo 3, 0,5 mL de moxidectin por 25 kg de peso vivo; grupo 4, controle, não tratado. Mensalmente, dois caprinos traçadores foram colocados junto ao rebanho por 30 dias, e após esse período, foram sacrificados e necropsiados. O grupo de animais que recebeu o tratamento com o fungo uma vez por semana apresentou redução no número de ovos por grama de fezes, menor carga parasitária e maior ganho de peso, em relação aos animais dos demais grupos. O fungo M. thaumasium é eficiente no controle de larvas infectantes nas pastagens e pode ser utilizado no controle e profilaxia de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos, no Semi-Árido cearense.

Phenytoin-associated severe hypocalcemia with seizures in a patient with a TSC2-PKD1 contiguous gene syndrome.

We report the case of an inaugural episode of generalized seizures in a 40-year-old male with a history of chronic kidney disease associated with TSC2-PKD1 contiguous gene syndrome. This patient was under prophylactic treatment of phenytoin since 2 years because of a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Laboratory results revealed therapeutic range of phenytoin levels, but severe hypocalcemia associated with profound vitamin D deficiency that could not be explained by secondary hyperparathyroidism alone. The interaction of phenytoin on the P-450 cytochromes activity has been demonstrated to accelerate the rate of 25-hydroxivitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 catabolism into inactive metabolites, leading to hypocalcemia. Physicians should be aware of significant phenytoin interactions on vitamin D metabolism which may lead to symptomatic hypocalcemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Gériatrie [Geriatry]

This review discuss several studies published in 2007 that will modify current therapeutic attitudes. New evidence confirm that antipsychotics increase mortality in demented elderly persons with behavioral symptoms. Unfortunately, donepezil was no more effective than placebo to treat agitation in these patients. Aspirine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, as well as supplementation with folate, vitamines B6 and B12 did not prove beneficial to prevent cognitive decline. Hormonal substitution with DHEA, testosterone, and growth hormone is ineffective as anti-aging medicine, while calcium and vitamin d'effectiveness was confirmed in fracture prevention. Finally, several studies report prognostic information that will prove important to improve preparation plan for future heat wave.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE CALOS EM EXPLANTES DE CUPUAÇUZEIRO (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) EM FUNÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE AUXINAS E DO MEIO LÍQUIDO

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito da concentração de auxina e do meio líquido sobre o desenvolvimento de calos de cupuaçuzeiro. Segmentos de eixos embrionários e cotilédones, obtidos de frutos de cupuaçu dos tipos Mamorana e Redondo, foram cultivados em 4 meios de cultura diferentes: 1) meio MS (50%), suplementado com 2,4-D (1; 2; 4; 8 mg/L); 2) sais N6 (SIGMA) (4 g/L), acrescidos de 2,4-D (0; 2; 4 mg/L) e ANA (0; 3; 5 mg/L); 3) igual ao anterior, suplementado apenas com ANA (3 mg/L); e 4) meio MS, acrescido com ANA (1 mM). Calos com aspecto branco e brilhante foram observados em segmentos de eixos embrionários e cotilédones, cultivados nas menores concentrações de meio 1 (1 e 2 mg/L), enquanto nas maiores concentrações (4 e 8 mg/L) se observou a formação de calos e massa calosa branco-opaca, em eixos embrionários e em segmentos cotiledonares, estas estruturas tornaram-se escuras dentro de oito semanas. Usando o meio 2, um grande número de raízes foram formadas, enquanto o mesmo meio suplementado apenas com ANA (3; 5 mg/L) originou uma massa calosa. A combinação de ANA e 2,4-D, 3 e 2 mg/L, respectivamente, promoveu a formação de calos brancos e raízes. A transferência das culturas para meio líquido, sem regulador de crescimento, promoveu aumento de tamanho dos explantes e escurecimento dos mesmos. O cultivo desses explantes no meio 3 resultou no aparecimento de calos amarelos, com aspecto friável, que permaneceram com a mesma aparência no meio 4.

Development of fluid conduits in the auriferous shear zones of the Hutti Gold Mine, India: evidence for spatially and temporally heterogeneous fluid flow

The gold mineralization of the Hutti Mine is hosted by nine parallel, N - S trending, steeply dipping, 2 - 10 m wide shear zones, that transect Archaean amphibolites. The shear zones were formed after peak metamorphism during retrograde ductile D, shearing in the lower amphibolite facies. They were reactivated in the lower to mid greenschist facies by brittle-ductile D-3 shearing and intense quartz veining. The development of a S-2-S-3 crenulation cleavage facilitates the discrimination between the two deformation events and contemporaneous alteration and gold mineralization. Ductile D, shearing is associated with a pervasively developed distal chlorite - sed cite alteration assemblage in the outer parts of the shear zones and the proximal biotite-plagioclase alteration in the center of the shear zones. D3 is characterized by development of the inner chlorite-K-feldspar alteration, which forms a centimeter-scale alteration halo surrounding the laminated quartz veins and replaces earlier biotite along S-3. The average size of the laminated vein systems is 30-50 m along strike as well as down-dip and 2-6 m in width. Mass balance calculations suggest strong metasomatic changes for the proximal biotite-plagioclase alteration yielding mass and volume increase of ca. 16% and 12%, respectively. The calculated mass and volume changes of the distal chlorite-sericite alteration (ca. 11%, ca. 8%) are lower. The decrease in 6180 values of the whole rock from around 7.5 parts per thousand for the host rocks to 6-7 parts per thousand for the distal chlorite-sericite and the proximal biotite-plagioclase alteration and around 5 parts per thousand for the inner chlorite-K-feldspar alteration suggests hydrothermal alteration during two-stage deformation and fluid flow. The ductile D-2 deformation in the lower amphibolite facies has provided grain scale porosities by microfracturing. The pervasive, steady-state fluid flow resulted in a disseminated style of gold-sulfide mineralization and a penetrative alteration of the host rocks. Alternating ductile and brittle D3 deformation during lower to mid greenschist facies conditions followed the fault-valve process. Ductile creep in the shear zones resulted in a low permeability environment leading to fluid pressure build-up. Strongly episodic fluid advection and mass transfer was controlled by repeated seismic fracturing during the formation of laminated quartz(-gold) veins. The limitation of quartz veins to the extent of earlier shear zones indicate the importance of preexisting anisotropies for fault-valve action and economic gold mineralization. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis [Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis]

Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is recognized as a disorder involving the immune system, the interplay of environmental factors and individual genetic susceptibility seems to influence MS onset and clinical expression, as well as therapeutic responsiveness. Multiple human epidemiological and animal model studies have evaluated the effect of different environmental factors, such as viral infections, vitamin intake, sun exposure, or still dietary and life habits on MS prevalence. Previous Epstein-Barr virus infection, especially if this infection occurs in late childhood, and lack of vitamin D (VitD) currently appear to be the most robust environmental factors for the risk of MS, at least from an epidemiological standpoint. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) activates VitD production but there are also some elements supporting the fact that insufficient UVR exposure during childhood may represent a VitD-independent risk factor of MS development, as well as negative effect on the clinical and radiological course of MS. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional neuro-hormonal communication system between the intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, components of the intestinal microbiota may be pro-inflammatory, promote the migration of immune cells into the CNS, and thus be a key parameter for the development of autoimmune disorders such as MS. Interestingly most environmental factors seem to play a role during childhood. Thus, if childhood is the most fragile period to develop MS later in life, preventive measures should be applied early in life. For example, adopting a diet enriched in VitD, playing outdoor and avoiding passive smoking would be extremely simple measures of primary prevention for public health strategies. However, these hypotheses need to be confirmed by prospective evaluations, which are obviously difficult to conduct. In addition, it remains to be determined whether and how VitD supplementation in adult life would be useful in alleviating the course of MS, once this disease has already started. A better knowledge of the influence of various environmental stimuli on MS risk and course would certainly allow the development of add-on therapies or measures in parallel to the immunotherapies currently used in MS.

Predictors of trabecular bone score in school children.

UNLABELLED: Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a DXA-based tool that assesses bone texture and reflects microarchitecture. It has been shown to independently predict the risk of osteoporotic fracture in the elderly. In this study, we investigated the determinants of TBS in adolescents. INTRODUCTION: TBS is a gray-level textural measurement derived from lumbar spine DXA images. It appears to be an index of bone microarchitecture that provides skeletal information additional to the standard BMD measurement and clinical risk factors. Our objectives were to characterize the relationship between TBS and both age and pubertal stages and identify other predictors in adolescents. METHODS: We assessed TBS by reanalyzing spine DXA scan images obtained from 170 boys and 168 girls, age range 10-17 years, gathered at study entry and at 1 year, using TBS software. The results are from post hoc analyses obtained using data gathered from a prospective randomized vitamin D trial. Predictors of TBS were assessed using t test or Pearson's correlation and adjusted using regression analyses, as applicable. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 13.2 ± 2.1 years, similar between boys and girls. Age, height, weight, sun exposure, spine BMC and BMD, body BMC and BMD, and lean and fat mass are all significantly correlated with TBS at baseline (r = 0.20-0.75, p < 0.035). Correlations mostly noted in late-pubertal stages. However, after adjustment for BMC, age remained an independent predictor only in girls. CONCLUSIONS: In univariate exploratory analyses, age and pubertal stages were determinants of TBS in adolescents. Studies to investigate predictors of TBS and to investigate its value as a prognostic tool of bone fragility in the pediatric population are needed.

Modelling body mass index and endometrial cancer risk in a pooled-analysis of three case-control studies.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the relation between body mass index (BMI) and endometrial cancer risk, and to describe the shape of such a relation. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of three hospital-based case-control studies. SETTING: Italy and Switzerland. POPULATION: A total of 1449 women with endometrial cancer and 3811 controls. METHODS: Multivariate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were obtained from logistic regression models. The shape of the relation was determined using a class of flexible regression models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The relation of BMI with endometrial cancer. RESULTS: Compared with women with BMI 18.5 to <25 kg/m(2) , the odds ratio was 5.73 (95% CI 4.28-7.68) for women with a BMI ≥35 kg/m(2) . The odds ratios were 1.10 (95% CI 1.09-1.12) and 1.63 (95% CI 1.52-1.75) respectively for an increment of BMI of 1 and 5 units. The relation was stronger in never-users of oral contraceptives (OR 3.35, 95% CI 2.78-4.03, for BMI ≥30 versus <25 kg/m(2) ) than in users (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.56-2.67), and in women with diabetes (OR 8.10, 95% CI 4.10-16.01, for BMI ≥30 versus <25 kg/m(2) ) than in those without diabetes (OR 2.95, 95% CI 2.44-3.56). The relation was best fitted by a cubic model, although after the exclusion of the 5% upper and lower tails, it was best fitted by a linear model. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm a role of elevated BMI in the aetiology of endometrial cancer and suggest that the risk in obese women increases in a cubic nonlinear fashion. The relation was stronger in never-users of oral contraceptives and in women with diabetes. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Risk of endometrial cancer increases with elevated body weight in a cubic nonlinear fashion.

Computing the diameter of Coxeter groups

This thesis addresses the problem of computing the minimal and maximal diameter of the Cayley graph of Coxeter groups. We first present and assert relevant parts of polytope theory and related Coxeter theory. After this, a method of contracting the orthogonal projections of a polytope from Rd onto R2 and R3, d ¸ 3 is presented. This method is the Equality Set Projection algorithm that requires a constant number of linearprogramming problems per facet of the projection in the absence of degeneracy. The ESP algorithm allows us to compute also projected geometric diameters of high-dimensional polytopes. A representation set of projected polytopes is presented to illustrate the methods adopted in this thesis.

Principais substâncias responsáveis pelo aroma de mangas comerciais brasileiras identificadas por cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução/olfatometria/espectrometria de massas

Six Brazilian commercial mangoes were analysed by HRGC-O-AEDA-MS, viz., Carlota, Haden, Espada, Coração de boi, Rubi and Tommy Atkins. All them showed ethyl butanoate as the main aroma character impact compound by AEDA evaluation. The ethyl esters of 2 and 3-methylbutanoic acids are also important, the main contribution in Carlota variety being 2(S) enantiomer. In Rubi variety, both 2(R) enantiomer and 3-methyl isomer contributes to the caprylic fruity note observed. In four varieties, viz., Haden, Espada, Rubi and Tommy Atkins, d-3-carene showed to be the second impact aroma compound presented. In Tommy Atkins variety, a-pinene also has a significant contribution, mainly due to its (1R,5R)(+)-enantiomer.

Espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con tubo en la llama: aplicación en la determinación total de cadmio, plomo y zinc en aguas frescas, agua de mar y sedimentos marinos

Thermospray flame furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) was used for the total determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in fresh water and seawater samples at µg L-1 levels, and in marine sediment samples at µg g-1 levels. Using a sample loop of 50 µL and a peristaltic pump the samples were transported into the metallic tube placed over an air/acetylene flame, through a ceramic capillary (o.d. = 3.2 mm) containing two parallel internal orifices (i.d = 0.5 mm). The detection limits determined for Cd, Pb and Zn using a synthetic water matrix (2.5% m/v NaCl, 0.5% m/v MgCl2 and 0.8% m/v CaCl2) were 0.32 µg L-1; 2.6 µg L-1 and 0.21 µg L-1 respectively. The methodology by TS-FF-AAS was validated by determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in certified reference materials of water and marine sediment, and the t-test for differences between means was applied. No statistically significant differences were established in fresh water and seawater (p>0.05), whereas differences became apparent in marine sediment (p<0.03).

Upfostrings-sålskaptes tidningar

Sisältää numerot: n:o 178, 179, Stockholm. d. 18. Nov 1782 n:0 192, 193. Stockholm d. 12 Dec. 1782 n:o 38. Stockholm, d. 15 Maj 1783 n:o 40,Stockholm, d. 3 Junii 1784 N:o 42. Stockholm, d. 10 Junii 1784