1000 resultados para Natureza da ciência


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We analyze Dr. Bellido"s discourse at the Spanish National Library in Madrid (1927) in the framework of what has been called Medical Catalanism. Further development of this case study will provide a better understanding of Catalan as a scientific language, the importance of the role played by Catalan publishing industry and the cultural and political relationship between Madrid and Barcelona.

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Editorial del volum 1, número 1 de la Revista Iberoamericana de Turismo

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La ciència, definida com el conjunt de coneixences d"un cert ordre de coses, i la tècnica, que es nodreix dels avenços científics, tenen un impacte cabdal en tots els aspectes de la nostra vida, i hi confiem bona part del nostre futur. Només cal que fem una ullada al nostre voltant. Des dels objectes més quotidians fins als més sofisticats tractaments biomèdics tenen el seu origen en la ciència o bé en són conseqüència. Paradoxalment, però, per a moltes persones la ciència és una gran desconeguda, la qual cosa genera incomptables contradiccions. D"una banda, perquè de vegades-o sovint- la tècnica es percep com un element deshumanitzador, i hi ha qui associa progrés a destrucció, malgrat pràcticament ningú renunciï al progrés. D"altra, perquè no sempre resulta senzill explicar conceptes aparentment complexos amb un llenguatge planer sense que es perdi rigor i precisió, i sense induir interpretacions capcioses. És aquí on la difusió de la ciència troba el seu camp natural d"actuació, com el repte d"assolir el nivell adequat i també com la responsabilitat del divulgador envers la societat.

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L'abril de 1989 el Ministeri d'Educació i Ciencia va presentar a la comunitat educativa un Pla de Formació del Professorat per sis anys que passo a descriure breument. El document pretén ser un marc d'actuació; alhora, descriu el context social i educatiu sobre el qual s'elabora el Pla, del qual deriva un nou perfil del professorat. Així mateix, estableix el que s'anomena «model de formació permanent', que comentaré més endavant. En aquest apartat s'enuncien les concepcions, principis basics i directrius que orienten I'execució del Pla, coherents amb el contingut i les característiques de I'actual reforma del sistema educatiu. Segueix en el document una definició de les estructures de formació, amb un desplegament especial de I'apartat corresponent als centres de professors. A I'apartat «Pla d'Actuació' s'estableixen les finalitats i objectius del PI a, i així mateix les línies d'actuació mitjanyant les quals es pretén atenyer els objectius proposats. Tot seguit s'estableixen els criteris d'avaluació previstos tant per als programes com per al conjunt del Pla. Finalment, es fa una valoració aproximada del cost económic que, tal com s'indica, s'haura d'anar concretant als diferents plans anuals. A continuació, en vint-i-nou annexos, es descriuen les línies generals dels programes que hauran de fer realitat els objectius i els fins que ens proposem.

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El segle XX ha estat un segle de contrastos durant el qual s¿ha produït la més gran contribució del coneixement científic a la solució de problemes de tota la història de la humanitat. Seguint en aquesta línia, la cultura científico-tècnica serà clau al segle XXI, per la qual cosa la capacitat intel·lectual, la imaginació, la invenció i la innovació esdevindran, cada cop més, els eixos motors de la competitivitat dels països. La riquesa de les nacions es basarà en la riquesa de les nocions. La salut intel·lectual i la prosperitat de la nostra nació, i amb ella, el que és més important, el benestar dels seus habitants, dependran de què sapiguem impregnar tots els sectors socials de la cultura de la innovació. I la innovació s'ha d'assolir des del foment sòlid de la creativitat

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The SEC and VPO behaviour of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene resins was investigated using toluene as solvent and polybutadiene and polystyrene as standards. The results show that molar mass obtained depend on the nature of the standards used in the calibration, specialy in SEC analysis.

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xThe aim of this article is to present a contribution of the school knowledge research to Chemistry Teaching. The object of research is school knowledge on physical sciences, considering the existence of a rupture between scientific knowledge and everyday knowledge. The differences between analogies and metaphors and the process of didactic mediation were thoroughly examined. The conclusion is that the process of didactic mediation is built on their own cognitive configurations, which not always make public the private scientific knowledge to certain social groups.

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The Brazilian industrialisation process, which occurred from World War II up to the early eighties, was almost totally based on imported technology and has thus not demanded local S&T capability. National S&T expenditures were limited to 0.7 % of the GNP, covering mainly expenses with basic research and training of scientists and engineers. Federal Government was then responsible for 90% of the national S&T expenditures. The globalisation of the economy, associated with the reduction of tariff barriers, has, since the early nineties, exposed Brazilian industries to international competition and, thus, forced them to invest in research and development. S&T policy fosters research activities, provides research infrastructure and human resources training. The goal is to raise national expenditures to 1.5% of GDP by 1999, with a share of the private sector of about 40%. In 1996, national S&T expenditures have already attained 1.1% of the GDP and private sector investments in this area reached a share of 30%.

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In the past decade several articles have been published in this journal and elsewhere by different authors, dealing with the institutionalization of science in Brazil, its origins and subsequent history. The emphasis has often been directed to the work of Brazilian scientists working abroad, to foreigners in Brazil, or to a few private individuals within the country, as well as to cultural, social, economic and political considerations. Much of the attention has also been focused on "academic" science, rather than on empirical or technical developments. The present article presents some of these situations, particularly in the mining district, where the application of technology, sometimes quite up-to-date for the time, tended to blur somewhat the distinction between science and its applications. It is hoped that this may start a debate which will enrich our historiography in this field and be of interest to those who want to assess Brazil's position in the history of science.

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The structural characteristics of foams are responsible for a broad range of applications of this system. Foams produced by aqueous solutions of surfactant concentrates are used in fire-fighting due to their special properties as extinguishing agents. In the present paper we discuss the main aspects involved in fire-fighting, based on some properties of foams. Thermal and chemical stability, good wetting of surfaces, cooling effect by water drained from the bubbles, isolation of the air from the burning surface and suppression of flammable vapors are some of the factors involved in the extinguishment of fire by foams.

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The physical-chemical process of swelling in water-based gel of natural polymers is investigated with the purpose of applying these systems to biomedical materials for controlled release of drugs. In this work we develop a study about the sol-gel transition of solutions of chitosan in the presence of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde like crosslinking agents and we have determined the effect of many aditives in the time of gelification from the elaborated sistems. The phisical-chemistry process of swelling of the formed gels was evaluated in function of the degree of crosslinking of the incorporated aditives and the pH. Gelling times of chitosan solutions were obtained using viscosimetric measurement, in the pre-gel state, as well as condutivity ones.The results obtained suggest that component concentration modifies the kinetic profile of the transition and the swelling behavior. Regarding H+ content, the gels were highly susceptible to swelling in acidic conditions, which characterize this system as pH - sensitive.