The role of English in international business: the case of China

Esta tese propõe-se examinar o papel e estatuto do Inglês nos negócios internacionais na China, tomando como enquadramento a transformação deste país desde 1978 até ao presente. No quadro actual da globalização e internacionalização sociais e económicas, apresenta-se uma perspectiva das tendências demográficas e padrões económicos bem como a situação social e cultural actual da China. A relação entre a língua inglesa e práticas e valores associados e a cultura dos negócios na China também foi investigada através de um trabalho de campo realizado em empresas nacionais e internacionais, localizadas em diferentes regiões da China, em 2007 e 2008. Através dos resultados deste estudo, reconhecemos a máxima importância atribuída tanto à língua inglesa como à comunicação intercultural pela população inquirida, sublinhando a necessidade de desenvolver as competências interculturais e linguísticas orientadas para a gestão eficiente dos negócios. Com base nos nossos resultados, pode ser extraída a conclusão de que o Inglês funciona como uma ferramenta principal e um abrir de caminhos para encurtar a lacuna linguística e cultural entre as diferentes comunidades empresariais. Ajuda a China a adaptar-se e interagir com outras culturas e chegar harmoniosamente ao principio “win-win”, ou seja, alcançar o sucesso esperado nos negócios internacionais de hoje. Por outro lado, torna-se claro que os papéis, a natureza e o estatuto do Inglês/”Englishes” evoluem a par de processos de mudança social, cultural e económica. Prevê-se que esta evolução continuará, ficando a paisagem linguística mais complexa. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua para a melhor compreensão das relações entre a China e o resto do mundo.

Bullying nas escolas: prevenção e intervenção

A temática da violência (e do bullying) nas escolas em Portugal tem vindo, nos anos mais recentes, a assumir uma crescente visibilidade fruto de variados fatores, entre os quais podemos destacar o aparente aumento no número de incidentes reportados envolvendo alunos, professores e pessoal não docente ou, ainda, como resultado da maior atenção dispensada ao(s) fenómeno(s) pela comunicação social. Na relação que se estabelece entre alunos, o bullying (e ultimamente o cyberbullying) tem igualmente ocupado um maior espaço de discussão no contexto português pela elevada complexidade que o carateriza e pelas diversas consequências negativas e irreversíveis que acarreta para vítimas, agressores, famílias e escolas. Para que sejam encontradas estratégias e soluções eficazes na abordagem ao(s) fenómeno(s), torna-se necessário aprofundar – e partilhar – o(s) conhecimento(s) em torno dos fatores e das dinâmicas que caraterizam o fenómeno e que contribuem para a sua (re)ocorrência. Procurámos, portanto, refletir sobre o papel que a escola, enquanto organização com uma missão muito própria ‒ e todos os demais elementos que a integram (diretores, docentes, assistentes operacionais, alunos e respetivas famílias) ‒ devem efetivamente desempenhar no sentido de serem promovidas e implementadas políticas e medidas que possam acautelar e solucionar quaisquer manifestações de violência, com especial incidência nos episódios de bullying. Sobressai, em primeira instância, a necessidade de sensibilizar e de mobilizar toda a comunidade escolar, prestando especial atenção ao papel vital que cada sujeito desempenha. Destaque-se, por outro lado, a aposta que deve ser feita na vertente da (in)formação de professores, não docentes, alunos e pais com o claro propósito de serem criados climas de escola positivos e seguros. Dividimos o trabalho empírico da nossa investigação em dois momentos. Do estudo comparativo (resultante da recolha de informação baseada na pesquisa e análise documental) que levámos a cabo na primeira parte a um conjunto de doze programas de prevenção e de intervenção de bullying implementados (e igualmente avaliados) em países anglo-saxónicos, procurámos identificar os seus componentes fundamentais (princípios teóricos subjacentes às intervenções, objetivos pretendidos, destinatários, níveis/fases de ação, componentes/estratégias de atuação e materiais de apoio disponibilizados). Pudemos verificar que essas iniciativas assentaram numa perspetiva sistémica da problemática do bullying que sublinha a necessidade de mudanças persistentes e contibuadas ao nível da sensibilização, da consciencialização e de transformações nas atitudes da população escolar no seu todo. Este exercício possibilitou, por outro lado, a identificação e a assimiliação de algumas das boas práticas experimentadas com esses programas. Na segunda parte, desenvolvemos um projeto-piloto numa escola Secundária com o 3.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico ao longo do ano letivo de 2010/2011 (envolvendo diretamente na iniciativa duas turmas ‒ uma do 7.º e outra do 10.º ano ‒ e os respetivos professores), sendo de destacar que a temática se tornou mais familiar para a maior parte dos participantes (por via da mobilização, da sensibilização e da formação desses atores). Na sequência da aplicação de dois questionários a 190 alunos no âmbito do projeto-piloto, foi ainda possível apurar que as percentagens de vitimação de bullying presencial moderado se situam abaixo dos 10%, sendo que para as ofensas sofridas de modo mais intenso esses níveis não ultrapassam os 5% para qualquer uma das formas de agressão apresentadas. Os dados indicaram igualmente as ofensas diretas verbais e indiretas como sendo as mais frequentes entre os inquiridos, surgindo em terceiro lugar as de pendor direto físico. Os índices de vitimação apresentam valores superiores junto dos alunos mais novos, independentemente do seu género. Perto de 45% dos sujeitos objeto de agressão admitiu não ter reportado o sucedido a uma terceira pessoa. Cerca de 27% dos jovens confessou assumir uma atitude passiva ou de indiferença perante uma agressão testemunhada. Foi, por outro lado, possível constatar que um conjunto significativo de jovens admitiu conhecer um colega da escola que tenha sido já gozado ou ameaçado no ciberespaço.

Re-negotiating Ideologies of Bilingualism on the Margins of Education

This article reports on an ethnographic study carried out in three interrelated sites: two contrasting secondary schools and a Youth-Club (the principal focus of this article), in an area of southwest Wales. This article highlights the incongruence between the language at home and the language of the school and posits that the relationship between language use at school and in the wider community needs to be problematised and questioned far more than has been done thus far. This study questions whether school-based ideologies and school-based practices are re-negotiated or contested on the margins of education and whether this re-negotiation and contestation plays an important role in whether a young person chooses to use Welsh or English outside of school. It will be argued that recreational spaces, even though loosely connected to schools as institutions, function as more open spaces where institutional ideologies are actively reworked and renegotiated, either through choosing to use English or by mixing and blending different aspects of linguistic resources, or by re-negotiating and questioning which version of Welshness is more valuable, ‘the removed and authentic’ (as seen at the Welsh school) or the ‘new and hybrid’ as seen at the Youth-Club.

The Professional Legitimacy of the Taiwan-educated versus US-educated Taiwanese English Teachers

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2015

Codeswitching in Igbo-English Bilingualism

This study evaluates the Matrix Language Frame model of codeswitching with Igbo-English data and concludes that the data can indeed be considered a classic case of codeswitching, in that a Matrix Language can be clearly identified in bilingual clauses. It establishes this through both qualitative and quantitative analyses that make use of the typological contrasts between Igbo and English to uncover supportive evidence for the Matrix Language Frame model and its associated three principles: the Matrix Language Principle, the Asymmetry Principle, and the Uniform Structure Principle. The investigation goes one step further by using spectrograms and the analysis of vowel harmony between English free morphemes and Igbo bound affixes to demonstrate that two phonologies can co-exist in codeswitching and that codeswitching forms are essentially pronounced with a phonology that does not entirely resemble that of the Matrix Language variety. Furthermore, the study finds that the same language production mechanisms as detailed under the Matrix Language Frame model and its associated three principles underlie both single word and multi-word codeswitching. That is, the present study, like those before it adopting the Matrix Language framework (see Amuzu 2010: 277), underlines the importance of the assumptions underpinning the Matrix Language Principle: (1) that language production is modular; (2) that lexical structure is both complex and abstract; and (3) that languages in contact divide responsibilities in what they may contribute toward lexical structure during the production of mixed constituents. Moreover, the study finds that Igbo-English bilinguals can always sustain ready access to their mother tongue mental lexicon during online speech production and thus Igbo-English may duly be described as a ‘classic’ case of codeswitching.

Beyond time and oblivion : Sir Robert Sidney’s autograph manuscript

Dealing with ancient manuscript or old printed texts often constitutes a difficult task, especially to philologists and editors, for two main reasons: the precarious state of preservation of the documents and the uncertainty regarding their origin, authenticity and authorship. These problems are aggravated by spurious versions, due to the publication of truncated works, poorly supervised miscellanies and non-authorised editions. Sir Robert Sidney’s literary text constitutes an exception amidst such vicissitudes, once the original corpus is wholly contained in a notebook exhibiting the organisation and unity conceived by the author himself. Today, there is no evidence that any loose poems, either autograph or copied by amanuenses, were in circulation among members of the Elizabethan court society. The notebook was kept in private collections for four centuries, which probably explains why it was so well preserved. In fact, only in 1984 would P.J. Croft’s fine edition bring the youngest Sidney’s Poems into light. In this work, I approach Croft’s perceptive, accurate philological study that eventually rescued from oblivion a remarkable piece both of the Elizabethan lyric poetry and of the English Renaissance, and, at the same time, look into Robert Sidney’s peculiar, careful and original formatting of his own autograph manuscript.

Assessment of NDVI, land surface temperature and precipitation anomalies for drought monitoring in Bayankhongor province, Mongolia

During the last decade Mongolia’s region was characterized by a rapid increase of both severity and frequency of drought events, leading to pasture reduction. Drought monitoring and assessment plays an important role in the region’s early warning systems as a way to mitigate the negative impacts in social, economic and environmental sectors. Nowadays it is possible to access information related to the hydrologic cycle through remote sensing, which provides a continuous monitoring of variables over very large areas where the weather stations are sparse. The present thesis aimed to explore the possibility of using NDVI as a potential drought indicator by studying anomaly patterns and correlations with other two climate variables, LST and precipitation. The study covered the growing season (March to September) of a fifteen year period, between 2000 and 2014, for Bayankhongor province in southwest Mongolia. The datasets used were MODIS NDVI, LST and TRMM Precipitation, which processing and analysis was supported by QGIS software and Python programming language. Monthly anomaly correlations between NDVI-LST and NDVI-Precipitation were generated as well as temporal correlations for the growing season for known drought years (2001, 2002 and 2009). The results show that the three variables follow a seasonal pattern expected for a northern hemisphere region, with occurrence of the rainy season in the summer months. The values of both NDVI and precipitation are remarkably low while LST values are high, which is explained by the region’s climate and ecosystems. The NDVI average, generally, reached higher values with high precipitation values and low LST values. The year of 2001 was the driest year of the time-series, while 2003 was the wet year with healthier vegetation. Monthly correlations registered weak results with low significance, with exception of NDVI-LST and NDVI-Precipitation correlations for June, July and August of 2002. The temporal correlations for the growing season also revealed weak results. The overall relationship between the variables anomalies showed weak correlation results with low significance, which suggests that an accurate answer for predicting drought using the relation between NDVI, LST and Precipitation cannot be given. Additional research should take place in order to achieve more conclusive results. However the NDVI anomaly images show that NDVI is a suitable drought index for Bayankhongor province.

The new woman, femininity and modernity in Margery Allingham's detective novels of the 1930s /

This thesis examines Death of a Ghost (1934), Flowers for the Judge (1935), Dancers in Mourning (1937), and The Fashion in Shrouds (1938), a group of detective novels by Margery Allingham that are differentiated from her other work by their generic hybridity. The thesis argues that the hybrid nature of this group of Campion novels enabled a highly skilled and insightful writer such as Allingham to negotiate the contradictory notions about the place of women that characterized the 1930s, and that in dOing so, she revealed the potential of one of the most popular and accessible genres, the detective novel of manners, to engage its readers in a serious cultural dialogue. The thesis also suggests that there is a connection between Allingham's exploration of modernity and femininity within these four novels and her personal circumstances. This argument is predicated upon the assumption that during the interwar period in England several social and cultural attitudes converged to challenge long-held beliefs about gender roles and class structure; that the real impact of this convergence was felt during the 1930s by the generation that had come of age in the previous decade-Margery Allingham's generation; and that that generation's ambivalence and confusion were reflected in the popular fiction of the decade. These attitudes were those of twentieth-century modernity--contradiction, discontinuity, fragmentation, contingency-and in the context of this study they are incorporated in a literary hybrid. Allingham uses this combination of the classical detective story and the novel of manners to examine the notion of femininity by juxtaposing the narrative of a longstanding patriarchal and hierarchical culture, embodied in the image of the Angel in the House, with that of the relatively recent rights and freedoms represented by the New Woman of the late nineteenth-century. Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social difference forms the theoretical foundation of the thesis's argument that through these conflicting narratives, as well as through the lives of her female characters, Allingham questioned the Hsocial myth" of the time, a prevailing view that, since the First World War, attitudes toward the appropriate role and sphere of women had changed.

Attitudes toward Konglish of South Korean teachers of English in the Province of Jeollanamdo /

This study examined the attitudes of South Korean teachers of English in Jeollanamdo toward Konglish, particularly in relation to English education. The literature search shows that Konglish is a typical local variety, evolved from the borrowing and redefining of English words that became part of everyday South Korean speech. Konglish is not unique in this regard. Japlish in Japan and Chinglish in China developed for similar reasons and display the distinctive characteristics of those languages. However, Konglish is usually defined as poor and incorrect. Teachers in the study expressed embarrassment, shyness, guilt, and anger about Konglish. On the other hand, they also valued it as something uniquely theirs. Teachers believed that students should not be taught that Konglish is bad English. However, students should be taught that it is poor or incorrect. With few exceptions, they correct Konglish in their classes. Teachers exhibited considerable inner conflict. They defined Konglish as valid when used in Korea with Koreans. However, some preferred that their students not use it, even with their friends. This may cause students to judge Konglish as unacceptable or inferior. The teachers believed that students should learn to distinguish between Konglish and "Standard English," and that they should learn about the contexts in which each is appropriate or preferred. The conclusion, therefore, is that South Korean teachers see the value of teaching about varieties of English. The recommendations are that intelligibility, broader communication skills, and information about International English be included in the curriculum in South Korea.

Writing and science connections : integrated instruction and assessment

Learning to write is a daunting task for many young children. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a combined approach to writing instruction and assessment on the writing performance of students in two grade 3 classes. Five forms and traits of writing were purposefully connected during writing lessons while exhibiting links to the four strands of the grade 3 Ontario science curriculum. Students then had opportunities to engage in the writing process and to self-assess their compositions using either student-developed (experimental group/teacher-researcher's class) or teachercreated (control group/teacher-participant's class) rubrics. Paired samples t-tests revealed that both the experimental and control groups exhibited statistically significant growth from pretest to posttest on all five integrated writing units. Independent samples t-tests showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group on the persuasive + sentence fluency and procedure + word choice writing tasks. Pearson product-moment correlation r tests revealed significant correlations between the experimental group and the teacher-researcher on the recount + ideas and report + organization tasks, while students in the control group showed significant correlations with the teacher-researcher on the narrative + voice and procedure + word choice tasks. Significant correlations between the control group and the teacher-participant were evident on the persuasive + sentence fluency and procedure + word choice tasks. Qualitative analyses revealed five themes that highlighted how students' self-assessments and reflections can be used to guide teachers in their instructional decision making. These findings suggest that educators should adopt an integrated writing program in their classrooms, while working with students to create and utilize purposeful writing assessment tools.

Regulation of the memory T cell development and islet beta-cell survival by DAPK-related apoptosis-inducing protein kinase 2 (Drak2)

Drak2 est un membre de la famille des protéines associées à la mort et c’est une sérine/thréonine kinase. Chez les souris mutantes nulles Drak2, les cellules T ne présentent aucune défectuosité apparente en apoptose induite par activation, après stimulation avec anti-CD3 et anti-CD28, mais ont un seuil de stimulation réduit, comparées aux cellules T de type sauvage (TS). Dans notre étude, l’analyse d’hybridation in situ a révélé que l’expression de Drak2 est ubiquiste au stade de la mi-gestation chez les embryons, suivie d’une expression plus focale dans les divers organes pendant la période périnatale et l’âge adulte, notamment dans le thymus, la rate, les ganglions lymphatiques, le cervelet, les noyaux suprachiasmatiques, la glande pituitaire, les lobes olfactifs, la médullaire surrénale, l’estomac, la peau et les testicules. Nous avons créé des souris transgéniques (Tg) Drak2 en utilisant le promoteur humain beta-actine. Ces souris Tg montraient des ratios normaux entre cellules T versus B et entre cellules CD4 versus CD8, mais leur cellularité et leur poids spléniques étaient inférieurs comparé aux souris de type sauvage. Après activation TCR, la réponse proliférative des cellules T Tg Drak2 était normale, même si leur production d’interleukine (IL)-2 et IL-4 mais non d’interféron-r était augmentée. Les cellules T Tg Drak2 activées ont démontré une apoptose significativement accrue en présence d’IL-2 exogène. Au niveau moléculaire, les cellules T Tg Drak2 ont manifesté une augmentation moins élevée des facteurs anti-apoptotiques durant l’activation; un tel changement a probablement rendu les cellules vulnérables aux attaques subséquentes d’IL-2. L’apoptose compromise dans les cellulesT Tg Drak2 a été associée à un nombre réduit de cellules T ayant le phénotype des cellules mémoires (CD62Llo) et avec des réactions secondaires réprimées des cellules T dans l’hypersensibilité de type différé. Ces résultats démontrent que Drak2 s’exprime dans le compartiment des cellules T mais n’est pas spécifique aux cellules T; et aussi qu’il joue des rôles déterminants dans l’apoptose des cellules T et dans le développement des cellules mémoires T. En outre, nous avons recherché le rôle de Drak2 dans la survie des cellules beta et le diabète. L’ARNm et la protéine Drak2 ont été rapidement induits dans les cellules beta de l’îlot après stimulation exogène par les cytokines inflammatoires ou les acides gras libres et qui est présente de façon endogène dans le diabète, qu’il soit de type 1 ou de type 2. La régulation positive de Drak2 a été accompagnée d’une apoptose accrue des cellules beta. L’apoptose des cellules beta provoquée par les stimuli en question a été inhibée par la chute de Drak2 en utilisant petit ARNi. Inversement, la surexpression de Drak2 Tg a mené à l’apoptose aggravée des cellules beta déclenchée par les stimuli. La surexpression de Drak2 dans les îlots a compromis l’augmentation des facteurs anti-apoptotiques, tels que Bcl-2, Bcl-xL et Flip, sur stimulation par la cytokine et les acides gras libres. De plus, les expériences in vivo ont démontré que les souris Tg Drak2 étaient sujettes au diabète de type 1 dans un modèle de diabète provoqué par de petites doses multiples de streptozotocine et qu’elles étaient aussi sujettes au diabète de type 2 dans un modèle d’obésité induite par la diète. Nos données montrent que Drak2 est défavorable à la survie des cellules beta. Nous avons aussi étudié la voie de transmission de Drak2. Nous avons trouvé que Drak2 purifiée pouvait phosphoryler p70S6 kinase dans une analyse kinase in vitro. Lasurexpression de Drak2 dans les cellules NIT-1 a entraîné l’augmentation de la phosphorylasation p70S6 kinase tandis que l’abaissement de Drak2 dans ces cellules a réduit la phosphorylation. Ces recherches mécanistes ont prouvé que p70S6 kinase était véritablement un substrat de Drak2 in vitro et in vivo. Cette étude a découvert les fonctions importantes de Drak2 dans l’homéostasie des cellules T et le diabète. Nous avons prouvé que p70S6 kinase était un substrat de Drak2. Nos résultats ont approfondi nos connaissances de Drak2 à l’intérieur des systèmes immunitaire et endocrinien. Certaines de nos conclusions, comme les rôles de Drak2 dans le développement des cellules mémoires T et la survie des cellules beta pourraient être explorées pour des applications cliniques dans les domaines de la transplantation et du diabète.

Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and resporatory syndrome virus replication

Le syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (SRRP) est une des maladies les plus dévastatrices économiquement pour l'industrie mondiale du porc. L'agent étiologique du SRRP est le virus du SRRP (VSRRP) lequel est connu pour avoir une spécificité d'hôte très restreinte et pour sa transmission par voie aerosol. Les antigènes et les ARN du VSRRP ont été trouvés dans des cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire de porcs infectés par le virus. L’interaction entre les macrophages alvéolaires porcins (PAMs) et le VSRRP a été démontrée comme jouant un rôle important dans l’infection causée par le virus. Malgré cela, l’interaction prenant place entre les cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire porcin et le virus ne devrait pas être négligée. Jusqu’à présent, la réplication du VSRRP in vitro dans des cellules épithéliales du tractus respiratoire porcin n’a pas été conduite avec succès et les tentatives pour le faire ont échoué. Une nouvelle lignée de cellules épithéliales de poumon de porc (SJPL) est maintenant disponible et sera utilisée dans cette étude afin de déterminer si elle est permissive à la réplication du VSRRP et si elle peut être un modèle approprié pour l’étude de la pathogénèse virale du VSRRP. L’expérimentation a démontré que cette nouvelle lignée cellulaire était permissive à l’infection et à la réplication du VSRRP. Afin de corroborer ces résultats, la cinétique de réplication du virus à été effectuée avec les cellules MARC-145 et SJPL. Aucune différence significative dans la production virale totale n’a été trouvée entre les deux lignées cellulaires. Les cellules SJPL ont permis la réplication de plusieurs souches Nord-Américaines du VSRRP, quoiqu’elles sont légèrement moins efficaces que les cellules MARC-145 pour l’isolement du virus. De plus, les cellules SJPL sont phénotypiquement différentes des cellules MARC-145. Plus précisément, les cellules SJPL sont plus sensibles à l’activation par le VSRRP des pro-caspases 3/7 et plusieurs inducteurs apoptotiques. Elles ont également montré de 8 à 16 fois plus de sensibilité à l’effet antiviral causé par l’IFN-α sur la réplication du virus contrairement aux cellules MARC-145. Ces résultats démontrent que les cellules SJPL pourraient représenter un substitut intéressant aux cellules MARC-145 pour la production d’antigènes pour un vaccin anti-VSRRP. Également, dû à leurs origines (poumon de l’hôte naturel), elles pourraient s’avérer être un modèle in vitro plus approprié pour l’étude de la pathogénèse du VSRRP.

A Framework of Statistical Machine Translator from English to Malayalam

In this paper we describe the methodology and the structural design of a system that translates English into Malayalam using statistical models. A monolingual Malayalam corpus and a bilingual English/Malayalam corpus are the main resource in building this Statistical Machine Translator. Training strategy adopted has been enhanced by PoS tagging which helps to get rid of the insignificant alignments. Moreover, incorporating units like suffix separator and the stop word eliminator has proven to be effective in bringing about better training results. In the decoder, order conversion rules are applied to reduce the structural difference between the language pair. The quality of statistical outcome of the decoder is further improved by applying mending rules. Experiments conducted on a sample corpus have generated reasonably good Malayalam translations and the results are verified with F measure, BLEU and WER evaluation metrics

English to Malayalam Translation: A Statistical Approach

This paper underlines a methodology for translating text from English into the Dravidian language, Malayalam using statistical models. By using a monolingual Malayalam corpus and a bilingual English/Malayalam corpus in the training phase, the machine automatically generates Malayalam translations of English sentences. This paper also discusses a technique to improve the alignment model by incorporating the parts of speech information into the bilingual corpus. Removing the insignificant alignments from the sentence pairs by this approach has ensured better training results. Pre-processing techniques like suffix separation from the Malayalam corpus and stop word elimination from the bilingual corpus also proved to be effective in training. Various handcrafted rules designed for the suffix separation process which can be used as a guideline in implementing suffix separation in Malayalam language are also presented in this paper. The structural difference between the English Malayalam pair is resolved in the decoder by applying the order conversion rules. Experiments conducted on a sample corpus have generated reasonably good Malayalam translations and the results are verified with F measure, BLEU and WER evaluation metrics