A case study on the improvement of eco-efficiency ratios: application to a composite processing industry

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) defines Eco-Efficiency as follows: ‘Eco- Efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced-goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earth’s estimated carrying capacity’. Eco-Efficiency is under this point of view a key concept for sustainable development, bringing together economic and ecological progress. Measuring the Eco-Efficiency of a company, factory or business, is a complex process that involves the measurement and control of several and relevant parameters or indicators, globally applied to all companies in general, or specific according to the nature and specificities of the business itself. In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of WBCSD [1] and the directives of ISO 14301 standard [2] were followed and applied. The analysis was restricted to the main business branch of the company: the production and sale of standard GFRP pultrusion profiles. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined according to ISO 14031 recommendations. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent eco-efficiency’s ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and ecoefficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, both in upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: a) Adoption of new heating system for pultrusion die in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; b) Implementation of new software for stock management (raw materials and final products) that minimize production failures and delivery delays to final consumer; c) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. In particular, the last approach seems to significantly improve the eco-efficient performance of the company. Currently, by-products and wastes generated in the manufacturing process of GFRP profiles are landfilled, with supplementary added costs to this company traduced by transport of scrap, landfill taxes and required test analysis to waste materials. However, mechanical recycling of GFRP waste materials, with reduction to powdered and fibrous particulates, constitutes a recycling process that can be easily attained on heavy-duty cutting mills. The posterior reuse of obtained recyclates, either into a close-looping process, as filler replacement of resin matrix of GFRP profiles, or as reinforcement of other composite materials produced by the company, will drive to both costs reduction in raw materials and landfill process, and minimization of waste landfill. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

Design of New Materials for Passive Vibration Control

The objective of this contribution is to extend the models of cellular/composite material design to nonlinear material behaviour and apply them for design of materials for passive vibration control. As a first step a computational tool allowing determination of optimised one-dimensional isolator behaviour was developed. This model can serve as a representation for idealised macroscopic behaviour. Optimal isolator behaviour to a given set of loads is obtained by generic probabilistic metaalgorithm, simulated annealing. Cost functional involves minimization of maximum response amplitude in a set of predefined time intervals and maximization of total energy absorbed in the first loop. Dependence of the global optimum on several combinations of leading parameters of the simulated annealing procedure, like neighbourhood definition and annealing schedule, is also studied and analyzed. Obtained results facilitate the design of elastomeric cellular materials with improved behaviour in terms of dynamic stiffness for passive vibration control.

Effects of Soil Compaction and Organic Carbon Content on Preferential Flow in Loamy Field Soils

Abstract: Preferential flow and transport through macropores affect plant water use efficiency and enhance leaching of agrochemicals and the transport of colloids, thereby increasing the risk for contamination of groundwater resources. The effects of soil compaction, expressed in terms of bulk density (BD), and organic carbon (OC) content on preferential flow and transport were investigated using 150 undisturbed soil cores sampled from 15 × 15–m grids on two field sites. Both fields had loamy textures, but one site had significantly higher OC content. Leaching experiments were conducted in each core by applying a constant irrigation rate of 10 mm h−1 with a pulse application of tritium tracer. Five percent tritium mass arrival times and apparent dispersivities were derived from each of the tracer breakthrough curves and correlated with texture, OC content, and BD to assess the spatial distribution of preferential flow and transport across the investigated fields. Soils from both fields showed strong positive correlations between BD and preferential flow. Interestingly, the relationships between BD and tracer transport characteristics were markedly different for the two fields, although the relationship between BD and macroporosity was nearly identical. The difference was likely caused by the higher contents of fines and OC at one of the fields leading to stronger aggregation, smaller matrix permeability, and a more pronounced pipe-like pore system with well-aligned macropores.

Modelling and optimization of the ion exchange membrane bioreactor for removal of anionic pollutants from drinking water streams

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Química, especialidade de Engenharia Bioquímica

Epidemiology of multiple congenital anomalies in Europe: a EUROCAT population-based registry study.

BACKGROUND: This study describes the prevalence, associated anomalies, and demographic characteristics of cases of multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) in 19 population-based European registries (EUROCAT) covering 959,446 births in 2004 and 2010. METHODS: EUROCAT implemented a computer algorithm for classification of congenital anomaly cases followed by manual review of potential MCA cases by geneticists. MCA cases are defined as cases with two or more major anomalies of different organ systems, excluding sequences, chromosomal and monogenic syndromes. RESULTS: The combination of an epidemiological and clinical approach for classification of cases has improved the quality and accuracy of the MCA data. Total prevalence of MCA cases was 15.8 per 10,000 births. Fetal deaths and termination of pregnancy were significantly more frequent in MCA cases compared with isolated cases (p < 0.001) and MCA cases were more frequently prenatally diagnosed (p < 0.001). Live born infants with MCA were more often born preterm (p < 0.01) and with birth weight < 2500 grams (p < 0.01). Respiratory and ear, face, and neck anomalies were the most likely to occur with other anomalies (34% and 32%) and congenital heart defects and limb anomalies were the least likely to occur with other anomalies (13%) (p < 0.01). However, due to their high prevalence, congenital heart defects were present in half of all MCA cases. Among males with MCA, the frequency of genital anomalies was significantly greater than the frequency of genital anomalies among females with MCA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although rare, MCA cases are an important public health issue, because of their severity. The EUROCAT database of MCA cases will allow future investigation on the epidemiology of these conditions and related clinical and diagnostic problems.

Pollution and pollutant transport in the geosphere - An introduction to the symposium

Environmental research in earth sciences is focused on the geosphere, i.e. (1) waters and sediments of rivers, lakes and oceans, and (2) soils and underlying shallow rock formations,both water-unsaturated and -saturated. The subsurface is studied down to greater depths at sites where waste repositories or tunnels are planned and mining activities exist. In recent years, earth scientists have become more and more involved in pollution problems related to their classical field of interest, e.g. groundwater, ore deposits, or petroleum and non-metal natural deposits (gravel, clay, cement precursors). Major pollutants include chemical substances, radioactive isotopes and microorganisms. Mechanisms which govern the transport of pollutants are of physical, chemical (dissolution, precipitation, adsorption), or microbiological (transformation) nature. Land-use planning must reflect a sustainable development and sound scientific criteria. Today's environmental pollution requires working teams with an interdisciplinary background in earth sciences, hydrology, chemistry, biology, physics as well as engineering. This symposium brought together for the first time in Switzerland earth and soil scientists, physicists and chemists, to present and discuss environmental issues concerning the geosphere.

Transfer of ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles from human brain-derived endothelial cells to human glioblastoma cells.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are being used or explored for the development of biomedical applications in diagnosis and therapy, including imaging and drug delivery. Therefore, reliable tools are needed to study the behavior of NPs in biological environment, in particular the transport of NPs across biological barriers, including the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), a challenging question. Previous studies have addressed the translocation of NPs of various compositions across cell layers, mostly using only one type of cells. Using a coculture model of the human BBTB, consisting in human cerebral endothelial cells preloaded with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO NPs) and unloaded human glioblastoma cells grown on each side of newly developed ultrathin permeable silicon nitride supports as a model of the human BBTB, we demonstrate for the first time the transfer of USPIO NPs from human brain-derived endothelial cells to glioblastoma cells. The reduced thickness of the permeable mechanical support compares better than commercially available polymeric supports to the thickness of the basement membrane of the cerebral vascular system. These results are the first report supporting the possibility that USPIO NPs could be directly transferred from endothelial cells to glioblastoma cells across a BBTB. Thus, the use of such ultrathin porous supports provides a new in vitro approach to study the delivery of nanotherapeutics to brain cancers. Our results also suggest a novel possibility for nanoparticles to deliver therapeutics to the brain using endothelial to neural cells transfer.

Pollen and grain size records in abyssal sediments of the northwest Pacific Ocean as proxies of Plio-Pleistocene climate change /

A distinctive period of global change occurred during the PUocene between the warm Miocene and subsequent Quaternary cooling. Samples from Ocean Drilling Project Site 11 79 (-5586 mbsl, 41°4'N, 159°57'E), Site 881 (-5765 mbsl, 47°6.133'N, 161°29.490'E) and Site 882 (-3255 mbsl, 50°22'N, 167°36'E) were studied to determine the magnitude and composition ofterrigenous flux to the western mid-latitude North Pacific and its relation to climate change in East Asia since the mid-Pliocene. Dust-sized particles (including pollen), sourced from the arid regions and loess plateaus in East Asia are entrained by prevailing westerly winds and transported to the midlatitude northwest North Pacific Ocean. This is recorded by peaks in the total concentration of pollen and spores, as well as the mean grain size of allochthonous and autochthonous silicate material in abyssal marine sediments. Aridification of the Asian interior due to the phased uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau created the modem East Asian Monsoon system dominated by a strengthening of the winter monsoon. The winter monsoon is further enhanced during glacials due to the expansion of desert and steppe environments at the expense ofwoodlands and forests recorded by the composition of palynological assemblages. The late Pliocene-Pleistocene glacials at ODP Sites 1 179, 881, and 882 are characterized by increases in grain size, magnetic susceptibility, pollen and spore concentrations around 3.5-3.3, 2.6-2.4, 1.7-1.6, and 0.9-0.7 Ma (ages based on magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic datums). The peaks during these times are relatively rich in pollen taxa derived primarily from steppe and boreal vegetation zones, recording cool, dry climates. The overall size increase of sediment and abundance of terrestrial palynomorphs record enhanced wind strength. The increase in magnitude of pollen and spore concentrations as well as grain size record global cooling and Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The peaks in grain size as well as pollen and spore abundance in marine sediments correlate with the mean grain size of loess in East Asia, consistent with the deflation of unarmoured surfaces during glacials. The transport of limiting nutrients to marine environments enhanced sea surface productivity and increased the rate of sediment accumulation.

Textual characteristics of coarse sediments in selected streams of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario

The streams flowing through the Niagara Escarpment are paved by coarse carbonate and sandstone sediments which have originated from the escarpment units and can be traced downstream from their source. Fifty-nine sediment samples were taken from five streams, over distances of 3,000 to 10,000 feet (915 to 3050 m), to determine downstream changes in sediment composition, textural characteristics and sorting. In addition, fluorometric velocity measurements were used in conjunction with measured -discharge and flow records to estimate the frequency of sediment movement. The frequency of sediments of a given lithology changes downstream in direct response to the outcrop position of the formations in the channels. Clasts derived from a single stratigraphic unit usually reach a maximum frequency within the first 1,000 feet (305 m) of transport. Sediments derived from formations at the top of waterfalls reach a modal frequency farther downstream than material originating at the base of waterfalls. Downstream variations in sediment size over the lengths of the study reaches reflect the changes in channel morphology and lithologic composition of the sediment samples. Linear regression analyses indicate that there is a decrease in the axial lengths between the intial and final samples and that the long axis decreases in length more rapidly than the intermediate, while the short axis remains almost constant. Carbonate sediments from coarse-grained, fossiliferous units - iii - are more variable in size than fine-grained dolostones and sandstones. The average sphericity for carbonates and sandstones increases from 0.65 to 0.67, while maximum projection sphericity remains nearly constant with an average value of 0.52. Pebble roundness increases more rapidly than either of the sphericity parameters and the sediments change from subrounded to rounded. The Hjulstrom diagram indicates that the velocities required to initiate transport of sediments with an average intermediate diameter of 10 cm range from 200 cm/s to 300 cm/s (6.6 ft./sec. to 9.8 ft./sec.). From the modal velocitydischarge relations, the flows corresponding to these velocities are greater than 3,500 cfs (99 m3s). These discharges occur less than 0.01 p~r cent (0.4 days) of the time and correspond to a discharge occurring during the spring flood.

Physical volcanology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and petrochemistry of the Berry Creek metavolcanics: an Archean calc-alkaline complex, Lake of the Woods, Ontario

The steeply dipping, isoclinally folded early Precambrian (Archean) Berry Creek Metavolcanic Complex comprises primary to resedimented pyroclastic, epiclastic and autoclastic deposits. Tephra erupted from central volcanic edifices was dumped by mass flow mechanisms into peripheral volcanosedimentary depressions. Sedimentation has been essentially contemporaneous with eruption and transport of tephra. The monolithic to heterolithic tuffaceous horizons are interpreted as subaerial to subaqueous pumice and ash flows, secondary debris flows, lahars, slump deposits and turbidites. Monolithic debris flows, derived from crumble breccia and dcme talus, formed during downslope collapse and subsequent gravity flowage. Heterolithic tuff, lahars and lava flow morphologies suggest at least temporary emergence of the edifice. Local collapse may have accompanied pyroclastic volcanism. The tephra, produced by hydromagmatic to magmatic eruptions, were rapidly transported, by primary and secondary mechanisms, to a shallow littoral to deep water subaqueous fan developed upon the subjacent mafic metavolcanic platform. Deposition resulted from traction, traction carpet, and suspension sedimentation from laminar to turbulent flows. Facies mapping revealed proximal (channel to overbank) to distal facies epiclastics (greywackes, argillite) intercalated with proximal vent to medial fan facies crystal rich ash flows, debris flows, bedded tuff and shallow water to deep water lava flows. Framework and matrix support debris flows exhibit a variety of subaqueous sedimentary structures, e.g., coarse tail grading, double grading, inverse to normal grading, graded stratified pebbly horizons, erosional channels. Pelitic to psammitic AE turbidites also contain primary stru~tures, e.g., flames, load casts, dewatering pipes. Despite low to intermediate pressure greenschist to amphibolite grade metamorphism and variably penetrative deformation, relicts of pumice fragments and shards were recognized as recrystallized quartzofeldspathic pseudomorphs. The mafic to felsic metavolcanics and metasediments contain blasts of hornblende, actinolite, garnet, pistacitic epidote, staurolite, albitic plagioclase, and rarely andalusite and cordierite. The mafic metavolcanics (Adams River Bay, Black River, Kenu Lake, Lobstick Bay, Snake Bay) display _holeiitic trends with komatiitic affinities. Chemical variations are consistent with high level fractionation of olivine, plagioclase, amphibole, and later magnetite from a parental komatiite. The intermediate to felsic (64-74% Si02) metavolcanics generally exhibit calc-alkaline trends. The compositional discontinuity, defined by major and trace element diversity, can be explained by a mechanism involving two different magma sources. Application of fractionation series models are inconsistent with the observed data. The tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites are probably derived by low pressure fractionation of a depleted (high degree of partial melting) mantle source. The depleted (low Y, Zr) calc-alkaline metavolcanics may be produced by partial melting of a geochemically evolved source, e.g., tonalitetrondhjemite, garnet amphibolite or hydrous basalt.

La limitation de responsabilité dans le transport multimodal

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de L.L.M. en droit des affaires"

Multimodal carrier liability in the U.S. and Canada : towards uniformity of applicable rules?

"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Droit (LL.D.) et à la Faculté de Droit et de Sciences Politiques de l'Université de Nantes en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur"

Étude des propriétés de transport dans les hydrogels de curdlan

Les hydrogels de polysaccharide sont des biomatériaux utilisés comme matrices à libération contrôlée de médicaments et comme structures modèles pour l’étude de nombreux systèmes biologiques dont les biofilms bactériens et les mucus. Dans tous les cas, le transport de médicaments ou de nutriments à l’intérieur d’une matrice d’hydrogel joue un rôle de premier plan. Ainsi, l’étude des propriétés de transport dans les hydrogels s’avère un enjeu très important au niveau de plusieurs applications. Dans cet ouvrage, le curdlan, un polysaccharide neutre d’origine bactérienne et formé d’unités répétitives β-D-(1→3) glucose, est utilisé comme hydrogel modèle. Le curdlan a la propriété de former des thermogels de différentes conformations selon la température à laquelle une suspension aqueuse est incubée. La caractérisation in situ de la formation des hydrogels de curdlan thermoréversibles et thermo-irréversibles a tout d’abord été réalisée par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FT-IR) en mode réflexion totale atténuée à température variable. Les résultats ont permis d’optimiser les conditions de gélation, menant ainsi à la formation reproductible des hydrogels. Les caractérisations structurales des hydrogels hydratés, réalisées par imagerie FT-IR, par microscopie électronique à balayage en mode environnemental (eSEM) et par microscopie à force atomique (AFM), ont permis de visualiser les différentes morphologies susceptibles d’influencer la diffusion d’analytes dans les gels. Nos résultats montrent que les deux types d’hydrogels de curdlan ont des architectures distinctes à l’échelle microscopique. La combinaison de la spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) à gradients pulsés et de l’imagerie RMN a permis d’étudier l’autodiffusion et la diffusion mutuelle sur un même système dans des conditions expérimentales similaires. Nous avons observé que la diffusion des molécules dans les gels est ralentie par rapport à celle mesurée en solution aqueuse. Les mesures d’autodiffusion, effectuées sur une série d’analytes de diverses tailles dans les deux types d’hydrogels de curdlan, montrent que le coefficient d’autodiffusion relatif décroit en fonction de la taille de l’analyte. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que l’équivalence entre les coefficients d’autodiffusion et de diffusion mutuelle dans les hydrogels de curdlan thermo-irréversibles est principalement due au fait que l’environnement sondé par les analytes durant une expérience d’autodiffusion est représentatif de celui exploré durant une expérience de diffusion mutuelle. Dans de telles conditions, nos résultats montrent que la RMN à gradients pulsés peut s’avérer une approche très avantageuse afin de caractériser des systèmes à libération contrôlée de médicaments. D’autres expériences de diffusion mutuelle, menées sur une macromolécule de dextran, montrent un coefficient de diffusion mutuelle inférieur au coefficient d’autodiffusion sur un même gel de curdlan. L’écart mesuré entre les deux modes de transport est attribué au volume différent de l’environnement sondé durant les deux mesures. Les coefficients d’autodiffusion et de diffusion mutuelle similaires, mesurés dans les deux types de gels de curdlan pour les différents analytes étudiés, suggèrent une influence limitée de l’architecture microscopique de ces gels sur leurs propriétés de transport. Il est conclu que les interactions affectant la diffusion des analytes étudiés dans les hydrogels de curdlan se situent à l’échelle moléculaire.

A mechanism for co-transcriptional recruitment of mRNA localization factor on nascent mRNAs in budding yeast

Le transport et la localisation des ARN messagers permettent de réguler l’expression spatiale et temporelle de facteurs spécifiques impliqués dans la détermination du destin cellulaire, la plasticité synaptique, la polarité cellulaire et la division asymétrique des cellules. Chez S.cerevisiæ, plus de trente transcrits sont transportés activement vers le bourgeon cellulaire. Parmi ces transcrits, l’ARNm ASH1 (asymetric synthesis of HO) est localisé à l’extrémité du bourgeon pendant l’anaphase. Ce processus va entrainer une localisation asymétrique de la protéine Ash1p, qui sera importée uniquement dans le noyau de la cellule fille, où elle entraine le changement de type sexuel. La localisation asymétrique de l’ARNm ASH1, et donc de Ash1p, implique la présence de différents facteurs de localisation. Parmi ces facteurs, les protéines She (She1p/Myo4p, She2p et She3p) et les répresseurs traductionnels (Puf6p, Loc1p et Khd1p) participent à ce mécanisme. La protéine navette She2p est capable de lier l’ARNm ASH1 et va entrainer le ciblage de cet ARNm vers l’extrémité du bourgeon en recrutant le complexe She3p-Myo4p. Des répresseurs traductionnels régulent la traduction de cet ARNm et évitent l’expression ectopique de la protéine Ash1p pendant son transport. Alors que la fonction cytoplasmique de She2p sur la localisation des ARNm est connue, sa fonction nucléaire est encore inconnue. Nous avons montré que She2p contient une séquence de localisation nucléaire non classique qui est essentielle à son import nucléaire médié par l’importine α (Srp1p). L’exclusion de She2p du noyau par mutation de son NLS empêche la liaison de Loc1p et Puf6p sur l’ARNm ASH1, entrainant un défaut de localisation de l’ARNm et de la protéine. Pour étudier plus en détail l’assemblage de la machinerie de localisation des ARNm dans le noyau, nous avons utilisé des techniques d’immunoprécipitation de chromatine afin de suivre le recrutement des facteurs de localisation et des répresseurs traductionnels sur les ARNm naissants. Nous avons montré que She2p est recruté sur le gène ASH1 pendant sa transcription, via son interaction avec l’ARNm ASH1 naissant. Puf6p est également recruté sur ASH1, mais d’une manière dépendante de la présence de She2p. De façon intéressante, nous avons détecté une interaction entre She2p et la plus grande sous-unité de l’ARN polymérase II (Rpb1p). Cette interaction est détectée avec la forme active en élongation de l’ARN polymérase II. Nous avons également démontré que She2p interagit avec le complexe d’élongation de la transcription Spt4p/Spt5p. Une délétion de SPT4 ou une mutation dans SPT5 (Ts spt5) à température restrictive empêche l’interaction entre She2p et Rpb1p, et diminue le recrutement de She2p au gène ASH1, entrainant un défaut de localisation de l’ARNm et un défaut de localisation asymétrique de la protéine Ash1p. De manière globale, nos résultats montrent que les facteurs impliqués dans la localisation cytoplasmique des ARNm et dans leur contrôle traductionnel sont recrutés de façon co-transcriptionnelle sur les ARNm naissants via leur interaction avec la machinerie de transcription, suggèrant un rôle important de la machinerie transcriptionelle dans la localisation des ARNm.

Transport d’iode par le transporteur de sodium/acide monocarboxylique SMCT1

Le transporteur de Na+/ acide monocarboxylique sensible à l’ibuprofène (SMCT1) est exprimé dans la membrane apicale de plusieurs épithélia. Son rôle physiologique dans la glande thyroïde reste cependant obscur mais on présume qu’il pourrait agir comme un transporteur apical d’iode nécessaire pour la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes. Récemment, on a montré que SMCT1 possède un courant de fuite anionique sensible à [Na+]e qui permettrait de transporter l’iode de façon électrogénique. Cependant, un efflux d’iode sensible à l’ibuprofène, mais indépendant de la [Na+]e a été aussi observé sur des cultures primaires des thyrocytes porcins, suggérant un autre mécanisme de transport d’iode par SMCT1. Ce travail vise à comprendre les caractéristiques de ce genre de transport en utilisant comme modèle d’expression les ovocytes de Xenopus laevis. Les résultats obtenus des essais de captation d’iode radioactif montrent que SMCT1 présente un transport d’iode sensible à l’ibuprofène de l’ordre de 30nmol/ovocyte/h. Si ce transport est non saturable en iode (0-100 mM), il nécessite du Na+ dans la solution externe. En effet, le remplacement du Na+ extracellulaire par le NMDG inhibe complètement le transport. En outre, on s’est intéressé à exclure la possibilité de différents artefacts. En ayant trouvé que la grande majorité de l’iode radioactif se trouve dans la partie soluble de l’ovocyte, on exclut une liaison non spécifique de l’iode à la membrane cellulaire. Cependant, une bonne proportion de l’iode transporté pourrait être liée à des protéines à l’intérieur de l`ovocyte. En effet, on observe une réduction du transport d’iode dans les ovocytes exprimant SMCT1 de 81,6 ± 2 % en présence de 2 % BSA dans la solution extracellulaire. Également, on écarte la possibilité que le transport d’iode soit le résultat de la surexpression de protéines de transport endogènes dont les canaux chlore. Le transport d’iode semble spécifique à l’expression de SMCT1 et de manière intéressante à l’expression d’un autre transporteur de monocarboxylates, MCT1. L’analyse de l’ensemble des essais, y compris le fait que l’amplitude du transport observé est 20 fois plus grande que celle du courant de fuite nous mène à proposer que SMCT1 puisse transporter l’iode de façon électroneutre. Cependant, le mécanisme par lequel ceci est accompli n’est pas évident à identifier. L’utilisation d’un autre modèle cellulaire serait surement utile pour répondre à cette question.