Uncertainty associated with Monte Carlo radiation transport in radionuclide metrology

In radionuclide metrology, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is widely used to compute parameters associated with primary measurements or calibration factors. Although MC methods are used to estimate uncertainties, the uncertainty associated with radiation transport in MC calculations is usually difficult to estimate. Counting statistics is the most obvious component of MC uncertainty and has to be checked carefully, particularly when variance reduction is used. However, in most cases fluctuations associated with counting statistics can be reduced using sufficient computing power. Cross-section data have intrinsic uncertainties that induce correlations when apparently independent codes are compared. Their effect on the uncertainty of the estimated parameter is difficult to determine and varies widely from case to case. Finally, the most significant uncertainty component for radionuclide applications is usually that associated with the detector geometry. Recent 2D and 3D x-ray imaging tools may be utilized, but comparison with experimental data as well as adjustments of parameters are usually inevitable.

Contribución a la Podología al estudio de la intervención del Hallux Valgus

Técnica de Mc. Bride modificada por el Dr. José Ma. Soler Minoves. - Paciente en QUIROFANO. - Anestesia de la extremidad...

Caractéristiques des femmes victimes de violences graves dans un échantillon clinique

Bien que la violence contre les femmes en général soit actuellement reconnue comme un problème de santé publique, la sévérité des violences subies par les femmes est une problématique encore peu étudiée. Cette recherche vise à identifier le profil des femmes victimes des violences les plus graves parmi les patientes ayant consulté auprès d'une Unité de Médecine des Violences d'un hôpital Universitaire Suisse. Les données ont été récoltées à partir des dossiers complétés par l'infirmière pour chaque patiente ayant consulté à l'Unité durant l'année 2006. Une quinzaine de caractéristiques relatives à la victime elle-même ainsi qu'à l'évènement violent ont été systématiquement documentées par le consultant. Les résultats montrent que parmi les 183 cas de femmes analysés, 28% ont subi des violences graves et 72% des violences modérées. Si aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes de femmes n'a été relevée concernant l'âge, la nationalité, les expériences de violence dans l'enfance et la religion, les femmes victimes de leur partenaire (actuel ou ex) étaient plus à risque de subir des violences graves que celles victimes d'un autre agresseur. Les programmes de prévention devraient se centrer sur la gravité potentielle des actes de violence dans la sphère conjugale.

Differences in pandemic influenza vaccination policies for pregnant women in Europe.

BACKGROUND: An important component of the policy to deal with the H1N1 pandemic in 2009 was to develop and implement vaccination. Since pregnant women were found to be at particular risk of severe morbidity and mortality, the World Health Organization and the European Centers for Disease Control advised vaccinating pregnant women, regardless of trimester of pregnancy. This study reports a survey of vaccination policies for pregnant women in European countries. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to European competent authorities of 27 countries via the European Medicines Agency and to leaders of registries of European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies in 21 countries. RESULTS: Replies were received for 24 out of 32 European countries of which 20 had an official pandemic vaccination policy. These 20 countries all had a policy targeting pregnant women. For two of the four countries without official pandemic vaccination policies, some vaccination of pregnant women took place. In 12 out of 20 countries the policy was to vaccinate only second and third trimester pregnant women and in 8 out of 20 countries the policy was to vaccinate pregnant women regardless of trimester of pregnancy. Seven different vaccines were used for pregnant women, of which four contained adjuvants. Few countries had mechanisms to monitor the number of vaccinations given specifically to pregnant women over time. Vaccination uptake varied. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in pandemic vaccination policy and practice might relate to variation in perception of vaccine efficacy and safety, operational issues related to vaccine manufacturing and procurement, and vaccination campaign systems. Increased monitoring of pandemic influenza vaccine coverage of pregnant women is recommended to enable evaluation of the vaccine safety in pregnancy and pandemic vaccination campaign effectiveness.

A evolução da indústria petroquímica brasileira

The Brazilian Petrochemical Industry is about to turn fifty years old, and endures profound changes. In less than four years, it has moved from a system of centralized decisions and a national lever of planning, to another which is spread, without massive actions and with less integration with the raw material supplying company. On this issue it is presented, briefly, a small history of the development of this industrial type, including issues on how the growth of this activity, so important to the development of Brazil, shall be lead.